The World After World War II

• Europe lost its supremacy.

• USA and USSR became superpowers -each had nuclear weapons.
• Imperialist countries became weak by war and lost control of colonies.
• Rapid industrialization started – particularly in Asia.
• New inventions and developments such as jet engines for planes, radar, electronics, and nuclear power

League of Nations 1920-1946

• Devastation after WW1 led to the formation of League of Nations – to prevent another war and to keep
world peace.
• This idea was promoted by US President Woodrow Wilson
• League of nations failed to prevent WW2, take care of health issues, protect refugees, establish court of
international justice and promote cultural preservation and scientific development – did not have
military capability.
• USA was not a member of League of Nations
• Britain and France were weakened by war and could not provide military support.
The United Nations
• Started 1945
• Headquarters in New York City, USA
• Main bodies United Nations are:
• The General Assembly – the main body
• The Security Council – most powerful body with five permanent members (USA, UK, France, Russia, and
China) and 15 other members
• The Secretariat – security general is the head of the Secretariat.
• Economic and Social Council – help the developing world to improve their facilities regarding health,
education, and poverty.
• International Court of justice – to settle disputes between countries.
• 1947 – Jinnah made Pakistan a member of UN
• 1948 – war in Kashmir – UN intervened to establish a ceasefire
• UN decided that a vote will be taken to decide whether Kashmiris wished to be part of India or Pakistan
• The vote has not taken place and India has kept a large military force in Kashmir.
Reasons behind formation of United Nations
• To keep peace in the world
• To avoid war, especially with nuclear weapons
• To help the developing world to improve their facilities regarding, health, education, and poverty.
• To settle disputes between countries
The Creation of Israel
• UN ordered Britain and France to govern the middle eastern countries until they became independent.
• Countries under Britain and France: Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Palestine.
• Under Zionist pressure the British Government gave Jews the right to settle in Palestine (Balfour
Declaration)
 The Balfour Declaration 1917
• Zionist movement – the movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
• Britain wanted USA to join WW2 – thought that supporting Jews would mean they would persuade USA
to join the war.
• 1917 – Lord Balfour wrote a letter to Baron Rothschild (leader of the British Jewish community) to send
the letter to the Zionist Federation of Britain and Ireland.
• The declaration gave open support of British to Jews.
• Arabs contested the declaration.
• Palestine was 90% of Arabs and only 50000 Jews.
• Jews kept immigrating into Palestine.
• 1939 – Britain reveres their commitment to the Jewish state and issued the White Paper
• White Paper – declared that creating a Jewish state was not a part of British policy.
• However, illegal immigration continued
• 1948 – Israel declared its independence

Cold War
• Cold war means a war without armed conflict.
• USA and USSR had different ideologies.
• USA (capitalist) and USSR (Communism)
• USA and USSR started a cold war as both superpowers tried to stop the influence of the other.
• Two actual wars during the cold war:
1. Vietnam vs USA – USA tried to take over Vietnam, but North Vietnam supported by
communist countries won the war in 1975.
2. Russia vs Afghanistan – Russia invaded Afghanistan in 1979 (USA provided weapons to
Afghanistan in support) After eight years Russia left – leading to the fall of Russia.
• After this - despite building more weapons and nuclear bombs, both USA and USSR leaders talked at
meetings and the arms raced slowed down as the cold war was beginning to end.
 Communal Accords
Background:
• Muslims felt disadvantaged compared to Hindus due to educational and economic disparities.
• Bengal Partition highlighted Muslim concerns about representation and economic conditions.
Muslim League Formation (1906):
• Established in December 1906 at Dacca, with its inaugural session in Karachi (1907).
• Led by prominent figures like Nawab Salim Ullah of Dacca, Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, and Mazhar-ul-Haq.
Objectives:
• Foster loyalty to British government.
• Safeguard political interests of Indian Muslims.
• Promote understanding between Muslims and other communities.
Minto-Morley Reforms (1909):
• Introduced in response to Indian political agitation and demands.
Key features:
• Sixty Indian representatives elected to the Imperial Legislative Council (37 officials, 23 non-officials).
• Provincial councils expanded with non-official majorities.
• Muslims granted separate electorates for representation.
Lord Minto's Remarks (1912):
• Expresses British betrayal of promises made during Bengal Partition.
• British reassurances to Eastern Bengal's Muslim population about loyalty and interest protection were
not upheld.
Indian National Congress and Sir Syed:
• Some Muslims joined the Indian National Congress, but Sir Syed advised Muslims to stay away from
political agitation due to concerns about Hindu majority rule.
• Sir Syed emphasized education and cooperation with British rulers to strengthen the Muslim community.
Rise of Hindu Nationalism and Revivalist Movements:
• Hindu community developed a national identity based on religious revivalism, highlighted by movements
like Arya Samaj (1875) and works like "Anandamath" by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Gopal Krishna Gokhale pursued conservative and modernist approaches
respectively to gain self-rule rights from the British.
Partition of Bengal (1905):
• Viceroy Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal to improve administration, creating East Bengal and Assam (with
Dacca as capital) and West Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa (with Calcutta as capital).
• Muslims in East Bengal benefited from majority status, while West Bengal Hindu business interests
suffered.
• Congress led violent protests with Hindu support against the partition, leading to the Swadeshi
Movement (boycott of British goods and systems).
• Partition was reversed in 1911 due to sustained protests.
 King George V and Queen
Mary and Delhi Darbar 1911
Partition of Bengal Reversed (1911)
• Protests organized by Congress in Calcutta, including attempts on the life of
Viceroy Lord Minto.
• Boycott of British manufactured goods, especially cotton, as part of the
Swadeshi movement.
• Indians promoted use of khadi (hand-spun cloth) to support local industries.
• Pressure from the Hindu community of Bengal led to the annulment of the
Partition of Bengal during the Delhi Durbar of 1911, where King George V announced the reversal.
Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy (1919)
• Occurred on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar.
• General Dyer, responding to a banned public gathering, ordered his soldiers to
fire on unarmed civilians trapped in Jallianwala Bagh.
• Approximately 379 people died, and 1,200 were wounded.
• General Dyer defended his actions as necessary to enforce the law and prevent
rebellion.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah's Role

• Joined the Muslim League in 1913 and advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity.
• Influenced by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
• Transitioned from Congress to the Viceroy's Central Legislative Council in 1910 on a
Muslim seat before joining the Muslim League.
• Introduced the Waqf Validating Bill in 1911 to protect gifted Muslim property, which
was accepted by the British government in 1913.
• Advocated for a common platform between Congress and Muslim League. Dadabhai Naoroji
• League's insistence on separate electorates for Muslims led to the Lucknow Pact of 1916, showcasing
unity.

Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919)

• Legislative Councils expanded to include a Legislative Assembly with 144 members and a Council of State
with 60 members.
• Introduced 'Diarchy' at the provincial level, dividing power into 'reserved' and 'transferred' subjects:
• Transferred subjects (e.g., Indian education, agriculture) under provincial control.
• Reserved subjects (e.g., military matters, currency) retained by the British.
• Franchise extended based on property qualifications.
• Reserved seats in provincial legislatures for religious groups like Muslims, Sikhs, and Indian Christians.
• Aimed to involve Indians in provincial governance but fell short of Congress's expectations for self-rule.

Congress Response to 1919 Reforms

• Congress leaders found the reforms disappointing as they did not grant full self-rule.
• Congress rejected the reforms and did not participate in the first elections held under the Act of 1919.
 Indian Councils Act of 1861
• Allowed for the inclusion of non-officials of Indian descent on the Viceroy's Executive Council, nominated
by the Viceroy.
• Limited Indian participation to advisory roles on matters related to their welfare and culture.
• Viceroy had the power to veto laws passed by Legislative Councils.
Indian Councils Act of 1892
• Increased the strength of the Legislative Council of the Viceroy and included two-fifths non-official
members.
• Indian members could question the government on financial policy but could not propose resolutions.
• Held elections in India under pressure from the Indian National Congress but criticized for not providing
significant concessions to Indians in administration.

Ilbert Bill (1884)

• Introduced by Viceroy Lord Ripon to allow Indian judges to preside over cases involving British subjects in
India.
• Faced violent opposition from Calcutta's European commercial community, leading to its withdrawal.
• Stirred Indian national sentiments and contributed to the formation of the Indian National Congress.

Formation of Indian National Congress (1885)

• Supported by the British government to involve educated Indians in governance.
• Created as a platform for Indians to voice concerns and views on British governance.
• Founded by British retired civil servant A.O. Hume with support from retired Indian civil service
members.
• First session in Bombay (1885) had 72 delegates; second session in Calcutta (1886) had 434 delegates.
Objectives:
• Reversal of the Ilbert Bill (1884) restrictions.
• Opening Indian Civil Service to Indians.
• Opportunities for Indians to serve on various councils.
• Abolition of the Secretary of State's council in Whitehall.

Role of A.O. Hume

• Considered the "father" and guardian angel of the Congress, serving as its general secretary for 21 years
and advocating for its cause in England.
Shuddhi Movement
• Objective to convert Muslims to Hinduism, particularly targeting poorer and backward Muslim sections.
• Led by Swami Shraddhanand.
Sangathan Movement
• Initiated by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya.
• Aimed to reunite various Hindu sections into a strong nationalist force.
• Gave rise to the Hindu Mahasabha, advocating for an India exclusively for Hindus.
Impact of Movements
• Increased communal tensions and confrontations between Hindus and Muslims.
• Seed of religious distrust sowed, leading to hardened attitudes and polarization.
Congress Changes in the 1920s
Gandhi's Role
• Released from jail in 1924 after the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• Focused on village industries and literacy in Ahmedabad, moving away from Congress politics.
Internal Changes in Congress
• Congress influenced by the Hindu Mahasabha, achieving a mass following by the 1920s.
• Establishment of the Congress Working Committee to formulate policies and serve as an alternative
administrative structure for post-Raj India.
Influential Figures
• Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Jayaprakash Narayan advocated for dominion status as the
goal for Indian Independence.
• British government reviewed the mood of Indian people before the 1929 elections and potential
amendments to the 1919 reforms.

Lucknow Pact, 1916

Objective
• Joint session between Congress and Muslim League in Lucknow.
• Congress conceded separate electorates for Muslims and other demands.
• Muslim League committed to supporting Congress's demand for self-rule (swaraj).
Impact
• First political settlement between Hindus and Muslims.
• Paved the way for further unity during the Non-Cooperation Movement led by Gandhi.
• Mr. Jinnah's efforts earned him the title of "Hindu-Muslim Unity Ambassador."
Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, 1919
• World War I led to Indian assistance with nearly one million soldiers.
• British Government sought to pacify Indian demands for autonomy.
Reforms
• Government of India Act of 1919 introduced under Montague and Chelmsford.
• Viceroy's advisory council expanded to include six members, three of whom were Indians.

British Policy (Montagu's Declaration)

• Aimed at increasing Indian participation in administration and developing self-governing institutions.
• Progressive realization of responsible government in India within the British Empire.
General Dyer and the 'Crawling Order’
• General Dyer's order for individuals to crawl on all fours in mud on a street had severe consequences.
• This incident fueled opposition to British rule and strengthened the Indian people's demand for self-rule.
Khilafat Movement, 1919-1924
• Supported Turkey and its Khalifa (head of the Muslim Ummah worldwide) after World War I.
• Indian Muslims demanded fair treatment for Turkey from the British government.
• Delegation including Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, and Gandhi met the Viceroy in
Delhi but received no assurances.
• Treaty of Sevres divided the Ottoman Empire among Allied victors, despite Khilafat Movement pressure.
• Mustafa Kemal Pasha's reforms in Turkey led to the abolition of the Khilafat in 1924.
• The movement's end in India taught important political lessons to Indian Muslims.

Simon Commission, 1927

• Birkenhead, the Secretary of State, formed the Simon Commission in 1927 to gather views for India's
future.
• The Commission faced mass demonstrations and boycotts by political leaders of Congress and Muslim
League.
• Abandoned in 1930, its failure signaled that Indian opinions, not British politicians, would determine
India's fate.

Nehru Report, 1928

• All Parties Conference in 1927 formed a committee led by Motilal Nehru and T.B. Sapru to draft India's
future constitution.
• Nehru Report of 1928 demanded dominion status for India, proposing a federation with all power
centralized.
• Muslim League rejected the report due to concerns about Hindu majority dominance.

Jinnah's Fourteen Points, 1929

• Mr. Jinnah's Fourteen Points outlined Muslim demands for any future constitutional arrangement.
• These points became the Muslim League's charter of demands until 1947, suggesting partition as a
solution to communal issues.

Hijrat Movement (1920)

• In 1920, around 18,000 Muslims from Sindh and NWFP attempted to migrate to Afghanistan, viewing
India as Dar-ul-Harb (land of conflict).
• Inspired by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Maulana Abdul Bari, they sold their land and properties but
were unable to settle in Afghanistan due to government constraints.
• The Hijrat Movement ended in failure, disillusioning many participants about the Khilafat Movement.
 Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)
• Led by Mr. Gandhi in collaboration with Muslims during the Khilafat cause.
• The movement aimed to achieve Indian independence through non-violent non-cooperation with British
authorities.
• Participants boycotted British institutions like schools, colleges, courts, and councils.
• The movement ended abruptly after the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, where violence resulted in
casualties, prompting Gandhi to call off the movement due to his commitment to non-violent principles.
Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali
• Active participants in the Khilafat Movement and advocates of self-rule in India.
• Educated at Aligarh, with Shaukat Ali serving as the cricket team captain.
• Collaborated in publishing journals like "Comrade" (English) and "Hamdard" (Urdu) to support the cause
of Turkey and Khilafat in India.
• Served prison sentences for inciting Indian Muslims against British rule to protect the Khilafat in Turkey.
• Shaukat Ali was elected president of the first Khilafat Conference in Delhi in November 1919.

Muhammad Ali Jauhar

• Deeply devoted to Islam and the cause of freedom, supported the Muslim League efforts.
• Notable orator and writer, studied at Aligarh and Oxford.
• Advocated for Turkey and Khilafat through his journals.
• Continued the struggle for Khilafat after release in 1919, despite facing trials and sentences.
• Attended the First Round Table Conference in 1930 as president of the Khilafat Committee.
• Passed away in January 1931 and was buried in Jerusalem per his wish, symbolizing his refusal to return
to India under British rule.
• Regarded as one of the greatest Muslim leaders of the 20th century before the emergence of Quaid-e-
Azam.
Allama Iqbal's Address in Allahabad, 1930
• Allama Iqbal proposed a separate state for Muslims where they were in the majority.
• Emphasized that his proposal was not based on hostility towards Hindus but on the necessity to preserve
and protect Muslim faith, culture, and identity.
• His vision laid the groundwork for the demand for a separate Muslim state, echoed later in the Lahore
Resolution of 1940
• Allama Iqbal's address highlighted the need for a Muslim homeland to safeguard their interests and
cultural identity.

Allama Iqbal as the 'Poet of the East'

• Known for his poetic excellence and philosophical insights, Allama Iqbal's works inspired generations of
Muslims.
• His poetry, including "Tarana-e-Hindustan," fueled Indian nationalism and later addressed the aspirations
of Indian Muslims.
• Works like "Shikwa" and "Jawab-i-Shikwa" analyzed the causes of Muslim decline and inspired a revival.
• "Bang-i-Dra" and "Bal-i-Jibril" delved into Muslim history and motivated them to realize their destiny as a
distinct nation.
• Allama Iqbal's poetry instilled a sense of identity and purpose among Indian Muslims, leading to
aspirations for a separate homeland.
 Iqbal's Support for Jinnah
• Allama Iqbal recognized Jinnah's leadership potential
• Encouraged the Muslim League to rally behind Jinnah, believing that only Jinnah was capable of guiding
Muslims through the challenges ahead.
Salt March Initiation (1930)
• Gandhi led a symbolic protest British salt monopoly.
• Chose salt as a protest target due to its universal use and British
taxation.
• Thousands joined Gandhi in the Salt March from Sabarmati Ashram
to Dandi.
• Followers collected salt from coastal areas, defying British laws.
• Protest evolved into a nationwide boycott of British goods and cloth.
• Gandhi, Nehru, and others were arrested for civil disobedience.
• Except for Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Khudai Khidmatgars, Muslims were not heavily involved.
• Civil disobedience and boycotts pressured the British to reconsider their policies.

Government of India Act of 1935

• Instituted a federal system of government with full provincial autonomy.
• Abolished diarchy at the provincial level but retained it at the Centre.
• Created two new provinces (Sindh and Orissa) and made Burma independent.
• Introduced separate electorates for minority communities.
• Rejected by the Muslim League due to perceived lack of autonomy for Muslims in provinces and fears of
unfair treatment in Hindu-majority areas.
• Rejected by Congress for not granting full self-rule (Swaraj) and retaining British control at the federal
level.

Elections of 1937
• Congress Party won majority in seven out of eleven provinces.
• Indians gained full authority to run provincial governments.
• Congress's focus on Hindu-oriented policies led to concerns among Muslims about safeguarding their
culture.
Wardha Scheme
• Introduced during Congress rule (1937-39), emphasized Hindu religion and culture in schools.
• Required singing "Bande Mataram" and bowing to Gandhi's portrait, which conflicted with Muslim
religious teachings.
• Vidya Mandir scheme in Central Provinces promoted Hindi as the medium of instruction.

Now or Never (1933) by Chaudhry Rehmat Ali

• Advocated for a separate Muslim state called Pakistan.
• Introduced the name "Pakistan" as an acronym representing Punjab, Afghan (North-West Frontier
Province), Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan.
 Communal Award (1932)
• Announced by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald in August 1932.
• Granted separate electorates to minority communities including Muslims, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians,
Christians, Parsees, and Untouchables.
• Controversial among Hindus due to objections to recognizing Untouchables as a separate minority.
• Muslims were dissatisfied with the reduction of their majority in Punjab and Bengal but accepted the
award in the interest of the country.

All-India Muslim League Resolution (1933)

• Passed in November 1933, accepting the Communal Award despite falling short of Muslim demands.

Government of India Act of 1935

• Enacted by Conservative Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin's government.
• Aimed to grant as much self-government to Indians as possible.
• Established a federal system with provincial autonomy and retained diarchy at the federal level.
• Created new provinces (Sindh and Orissa) and made Burma independent.
• Included separate electorates for minority communities.
• Laid the foundation for the future constitutions of independent India and Pakistan after 1947.
First Round Table Conference (1930)
• Congress Party boycotted the conference due to the absence of Mr. Gandhi and other members.
• Participants agreed on the necessity of Indian participation in the government of British India.
• Congress recognized the need to safeguard minority rights.

Second Round Table Conference (1931)

• Mr. Gandhi represented the Congress, Allama Iqbal represented the Muslim League, Master Tara Singh
represented the Sikhs, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar represented the Dalits (Untouchables).
• Congress's insistence that it alone represented all of India led to the failure of the conference to reach an
agreement on constitutional issues, particularly regarding separate electorates.

Third Round Table Conference (1932)

• Poor attendance, with hardly any key delegates present.
• Mr. Jinnah and Mr. Gandhi did not attend, and representatives of the Labour Party were also absent.
• The conference ended without producing any results.

British Reaction
• The failure of the conferences led the British government to work with willing parties.
• Mr. Gandhi and Congress members were jailed again upon their return from London.
 Congress Ministries and Muslim Concerns
• Congress policies harmed Muslim landowners, and actions such as cow slaughter bans in Bihar created
discontent among Muslims.
• Congress ministries' non-acceptance of Muslim culture and traditions contributed to Muslim
dissatisfaction with Congress rule.

The Pirpur Report (1938)

• The Muslim League conducted an inquiry under Raja Muhammad Mehdi of Pirpur to document injustices
against Muslims under Congress rule.
• The Pirpur Committee Report highlighted unfair measures and policies that negatively affected the
Muslim community.

The Day of Deliverance (1939)

• Congress ministries resigned in 1939 when Britain declared war on Germany, leading to the onset of
World War II.
• Mr. Jinnah declared a 'Day of Deliverance' from Congress rule, seen as oppressive to Muslim minorities.

Reorganisation of the Muslim League (1937-39)

• Mr. Jinnah capitalized on discontent with Congress rule, launching a mass campaign to unite Muslims
under the Muslim League flag.
• Mr. Jinnah's leadership and popularity earned him the title 'Quaid-e-Azam' (Great Leader), symbolizing
Muslim aspirations for a distinct identity.
• The Lahore Resolution in 1940 would call for Pakistan as a separate state within India, reflecting the
culmination of Muslim League aspirations under Mr. Jinnah's leadership.
 Towards Partition 1940-1947
1940 Lahore Resolution
• The All India Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution in March 1940, calling for a separate state for
Muslims in India, known as Pakistan.

End of World War II (1945)

• World War II ended, and Britain's economic challenges led to plans for the transfer of power in India.
• The Simla Conference in 1945 failed due to disagreements between the Muslim League and Congress
over representation.

Elections of 1945-46
• Elections were held, with the Muslim League winning the Muslim vote and Congress winning non-
Muslim votes, highlighting the divide.

Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)

• The British Cabinet Mission proposed an All-India Union to include British India and Princely States,
aiming for a unified India with autonomy.

Mountbatten Plan (1947)

• Lord Mountbatten proposed the partition of India into two dominions, India and Pakistan, based on
religious demographics.
• The plan was accepted by Congress and the Muslim League, leading to the creation of India and Pakistan
on August 15, 1947.

Jinnah Becomes Governor-General of Pakistan

• Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor-General of Pakistan on August 15, 1947,
emphasizing Pakistan's sovereignty and independence.

Independence Day (August 15, 1947)

• India and Pakistan gained independence from British rule.
• Jawaharlal Nehru addressed the Constituent Assembly, emphasizing India's journey towards freedom
and the dawn of a new era.

Jinnah's Role in Pakistan's Creation

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah's leadership in the Pakistan movement and the creation of Pakistan solidified his
role as Quaid-e-Azam, the Great Leader, for the people of Pakistan.
 Lord Mountbatten's Appointment as Viceroy (1947)
• Lord Louis Mountbatten was appointed as India's last Viceroy to oversee the process of partition and
independence.
• Mountbatten sought full powers to regulate the partition process without interference from London.

Mountbatten's Role in Partition

• Mountbatten assumed his role in March 1947, focusing on the logistics and timing of the partition.
• He negotiated with Indian leaders like Nehru, Patel, and Jinnah to determine the specifics of partition.

Challenges and Decisions

• Mountbatten faced challenges, including Nehru's concerns about the accession of princely states.
• VP Menon played a critical role in advising on the division of India into clear boundaries.
• *Mountbatten's Plan and Presentation (1947):*
• Lord Mountbatten's plan for partition was accepted by the British Cabinet, and he decided to advance
the date of partition to August 15, 1947.
• The plan was formally presented to Indian leaders in Delhi, with acceptance expressed by key figures
representing different communities.

The Independence Act (July 1947)

• The Indian Independence Act was passed in July 1947, marking the end of British rule in India.
• It provided directives for the creation of two independent dominions (India and Pakistan), governance
transition, and division of assets.

The Radcliffe Award and Boundary Division

• The Radcliffe Award determined the division of territory between India and Pakistan based on
recommendations from Boundary Commissions.
• The fate of princely states was decided, with many opting to join either India or Pakistan based on
religious demographics.
• Provincial Grouping and All-India Union:*
• The Cabinet Mission Plan proposed grouping provinces into A, B, and C clusters based on religious
demographics.
• Each group would elect its own government to manage day-to-day affairs, and representatives from
these groups would form the All-India Union.

Congress and Muslim League Reactions

• The Congress objected to the provincial grouping proposed by the plan.
• The Muslim League objected to the partition of large provinces like Punjab and Bengal but ultimately
accepted the proposal due to the grouping of mainly Muslim provinces together.
 Formation of the Interim Government (1946)
• The Cabinet Mission aimed to form an interim government, with Nehru asked to lead.
• Initially, the Muslim League refused to join, feeling betrayed, but later agreed, with Liaquat Ali Khan
accepting the post of Finance Minister.
Direct Action Day (1946)
• Quaid-e-Azam announced Direct Action Day on August 16, 1946, due to frustration over negotiations
favoring Congress and British plans over the idea of Pakistan.

Role of Women in the Pakistan Movement

• The women's wing of the Muslim League became active from the Lahore Resolution onwards,
representing various social classes.
• Prominent figures like Miss Fatima Jinnah, Begum Raana Liaquat Ali Khan, Begum Shaista Ikramullah,
Begum Jahan Ara Shahnawaz, and Begum Salma Tasadduq played key roles in supporting the Pakistan
Movement.
Involvement of People from Other Religions
• Hindus like Jogendra Nath Mandal and Jagannath Azad actively participated in the movement for
Pakistan.
• Notable personalities such as Sir Victor Turner and Alvin Robert Cornelius, a Hindu and a Christian
respectively, contributed to and served Pakistan after independence.
The Cripps Proposals (1942)
• The Cripps Mission aimed to secure Indian cooperation and loyalty for Britain's war efforts during World
War II.
• The proposals promised full self-government after the war, with the option for states or provinces to opt
out if desired.
• Both Congress and the Muslim League rejected the proposals for different reasons—Gandhi opposed
any separation of states from a united India, while Jinnah saw potential for Pakistan but was cautious
about compromising on the constitution-making process.
Purpose of the Quit India Movement
• The movement aimed to disrupt the functioning of the British government in India and demand
immediate independence.
• Congress leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, were arrested by the British
authorities shortly after the movement began on August 8, 1942.

Impact and Outcome

• Despite being quelled by government actions and arrests of its leaders, the movement caused
substantial disruptions and loss of lives and property.
• The Quit India Movement demonstrated a strong surge of nationalist sentiment and defiance against
British colonial rule, paving the way for future independence movements.
 Jinnah's Reaction - 'Divide and Quit
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, responded to the Quit India Movement by
emphasizing the idea of "Divide and Quit," advocating for the division of India along communal lines,
leading to the creation of Pakistan.

Gandhi-Jinnah Talks (1944)

• In 1944, efforts were made to facilitate talks between Mahatma Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah with
the aim of finding a settlement between Congress and the Muslim League.
• Jinnah sought acceptance of the Lahore Resolution of 1940, which demanded a separate state for
Muslims (Pakistan), but Gandhi was reluctant to accept the division of India along religious lines.
• The talks highlighted Jinnah's growing influence as the leader of the Muslim League and his role as a
significant negotiator representing the Muslim interests in India.
Minorities Concern
• Emphasized fair treatment for Muslims in India and non-Muslims in Pakistan.
Religious Freedom
• Citizens have the right to worship freely without state interference.
Separation of Religion and State
• Advocated for a secular state where religious matters are separate from governance.
Citizenship Based on Identity
• Citizenship defined by region, caste, or creed, not solely by religious identity.
Vision for Pakistan
• Envisioned Pakistan as a model state, honoring sacrifices made during partition.
Impact of Partition
• Acknowledged the tragic consequences of partition, including mass displacement and loss of life.