University of Technology and Applied Sciences

-
Suhar
Department of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Unit

…………..
Second Year Diploma
of Engineering

(ChemicalEngineering)

Students Name ID Group No

3

Supervisor Name:
---------------------------------------------------------------

May/2024

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this report entitled Liquids Viscosity Determination is the
result of our own project work except for quotations and citations which have been duly
acknowledged. We also declare that is it has not been previously or concurrently
submitted for any other degree at University of Technology and Applied Sciences

Sohar.

Name: Ashwaq Qasim Al-Jabri.

ID: 2021298036

Name: Raytha Fadhil Al-mamari

ID: 2021298049

Name: Hajer Suliman Ali ALBadi

ID: 2021298122

Name: Fadwa Abdulaziz ALMasuudi

ID: 2021298073

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................... II

List of
Figures........................................................................................................................................ V
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................1

CHAPTER ONE :..........................................................................................................................2

Introduction...................................................................................................................................2

List of Table................................................................................................................................ VII

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... VIII

CHAPTER TWO : ........................................................................................................................ 7

Literature Review ..................................................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER THREE :....................................................................................................................

15

Materials and Methods ...............................................................................................................

15

CHAPTER FOUR :......................................................................................................................

22

Results and Discusson .............................................................................................................. 22

CHAPTER FIVE: ........................................................................................................................ 28

Conclusions & Recomendations................................................................................................. 28

5.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 28

5.2 Further work ............................................................................................................... 28

References ................................................................................................................................
29

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(Appendices) .............................................................................................................................. 31

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure1.1: ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Figure1.2: ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Figure1.3: ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Figure1.4: ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure1.5:
6

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Table 1.2:
13

Table 2.1: .................................................................................................................................. 15

Table 3.1: ................................................................................................................................... 23

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V
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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 ABSTRACT

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

The term "viscosity" refers to the resistance to motion that most fluids provide. When there is
relative motion between the fluid's layers, viscosity arises. More accurately, it quantifies the
resistance to flow that results from internal friction that occurs as fluid layers slide past one another
during fluid flow. Another way to conceptualize viscosity would be as a fluid's thickness or resistance
to objects traveling through it.( Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow) [1]

When studying "fluid mechanics", viscosity in general measures the force necessary for a liquid to
flow across a fixed surface over a certain period of time. It can be considered a measure of a
material's resistance to flow. Viscosity is measured in International System of Units (SI) units in
pascal seconds (Pa.s) or newton seconds per square meter (N.s/m²). Using this value, substances are
classified into two groups: low-viscosity liquids, such as water, and high-viscosity liquids, such as
heavy oils or honey. [2]

The viscosity of fluids should be measured since this information allows manufacturers to forecast
a material's behaviour in real-world situations. For instance, toothpaste that is not the proper vi scosity
may be too difficult to pump out of the tube or may pump out excessively. [3]

Petroleum viscosity classification:

API > 31.1 API between 22.3 and 31.1 API < 22.3

Light viscosity oil Medium viscosity oil Heavy viscosity oil

API is American Petroleum Institute.

Viscometers are essential in a number of sectors where accuracy and dependability are vital. These
instruments, which vary in design and technology to meet customer requirements, are used to measure
a fluid's resistance to flow.

Types of Viscometer Devices:

1) Rotational Viscometers: is a device used to measure the dynamic viscosity of fluids, which is
the fluid's resistance to flow. Viscometers are used in various industries such as food, paint,
and petroleum to measure and monitor the viscosity of materials. Viscometers vary in their
techniques, but the basic idea is to measure the force required to move a layer of fluid at a
certain speed. This can be done by rotating a blade in the fluid or by loading the fluid with a
known weight and measuring its deformation during flow.

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 Figure1.1: Rotational Viscometers

2) Capillary Viscometers: Capillary viscometers are instruments used to measure the viscosity of
fluids. They operate on the principle of measuring the time it takes for a fluid to flow through
a narrow capillary under the influence of gravity. The viscosity of the fluid is determined by
the rate at which it flows through the capillary. Capillary viscometers are used in various
industries, including Chemical industry for quality control of liquids, Food industry for
measuring the viscosity of syrups, sauces, and other liquids.

.Figure1.2: Single Ball Viscometer Glass Capillary Viscosity Meter

3) Electronic viscometers: also known as digital viscometers, are advanced instruments used to
measure the viscosity of fluids. These viscometers employ electronic sensors and
microprocessors to provide accurate and reliable viscosity measurements in various
industries.[4]

Figure1.3: Electronic viscometers

References

[1]

(2024). viscosity. India: BYJUS. https://byjus.com/physics/viscosity/

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[2] Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., Okiishi, T. H., & Huebsch, W. W. (2013). Fundamentals of fluid
mechanics. John Wiley & Sons

[3] (2023). Viscosity Testing. CSC Scientific Company, Inc. https://www.cscscientific.com/viscosity

[4] Viscosity Measurement: A Guide to Measuring Viscosity for Quality Control Purposes" by A.
Smith, Springer, 2019.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

1) Poiseuille's Experiment:
Scientist: Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille

Experiment: Poiseuille conducted experiments in the 19th century to study the flow of fluids through
tubes. He developed Poiseuille's law, which describes laminar flow through cylindrical tubes and
quantifies the relationship between flow rate, pressure, viscosity, and tube geometry.
Results: Poiseuille's law states that the flow rate (Q) of a fluid through a cylindrical tube is directly
proportional to the pressure difference (ΔP) across the tube and the fourth power of the tube radius
(r), and inversely proportional to the viscosity (η) of the fluid and the length (L) of the tube.
References:
Poiseuille, J.L.M. "Recherches expérimentales sur le mouvement des liquides dans les tubes de très-
petits diamètres." Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 9 (1846): 638-689.

2) Reynolds' Experiment:

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 Scientist: Osborne Reynolds

Experiment: Reynolds conducted experiments in the late 19th century to investigate the
transition from laminar to turbulent flow in pipes. He used a glass tube with dyed water to
visualize different flow regimes and introduced the concept of the Reynolds number to
characterize flow behavior.

Results:
Reynolds observed that flow transitions from laminar to turbulent when the Reynolds number
exceeds a critical value, typically around 2000. Laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds
numbers, characterized by smooth, orderly flow, while turbulent flow is chaotic and
characterized by mixing and eddies.

References:
Reynolds, Osborne. "An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine
whether the motion of water shall be direct or sinuous, and of the law of resistance in parallel
channels." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London 174 (1883): 935-982.

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 3) iot's Experiment:

Scientist: Jean-Baptiste Biot

Experiment: Biot conducted experiments in the early 19th century to study the flow of fluids
and investigate the effects of temperature and pressure on viscosity. He developed Biot's
formula, which relates the viscosity of a gas to its pressure and temperature.

Results: Biot's formula for the viscosity of a gas (μ) states that μ = μ ₀(1 + αΔT), where μ ₀ is
the viscosity at a reference temperature, α is the coefficient of viscosity-temperature
dependence, and ΔT is the temperature deviation from the reference temperature.

References:
Biot, Jean-Baptiste. "Traité de physique expérimentale et mathématique." Firmin Didot
(1816).

4) determination of the kinematic viscosity of glycerol-water mixtures

Experiment:

Scientist: P. N. Shankar and Manoj Kumar

Experiment: He conducted an experiment to measure the kinematic viscosity of mixtures of

glycerin and water, with mass fractions of glycerin ranging from 0 to 10, in a temperature
range of 10 to 50 degrees Celsius. The measurements were made using a series of Ubbelohde
viscometers.

Results: It is shown that all the data can be reasonably represented by the empirical
correlation (In νm - In νw)/(In νg - In νw) = xg [1 + (1 - xg) {a + bxg + cxg2}],
where νw, vg and νm are the kinematic viscosities of water, glycerol and the mixture
respectively and xg is the mass fraction of glycerol in the mixture. The constants a,
b and c are tabulated in the paper as functions of temperature. This correlation can
now be used at a given temperature to tailor make a mixture of prescribed kinematic
viscosity. While this paper is addressed, principally, to fluid dynamicists these results
should be of interest to physicists studying the liquid state and physical chemists
interested in mixtures.

References:
P. N. Shankar and Manoj Kumar. “determination of the kinematic viscosity of glycerol-water
mixtures” https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1994.0039

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 CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS

(MATERIALS RESOURCES AND PREPARATION EXPERIMENTAL SETUP,

EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCER, - APPARTOUS)

CHAPTER FOUR

(RESULTS, AND DISCUSSION)

CHAPTER FIVE

( CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION)

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 REFERENCES APPENDICES

[1] Petrucci, et al. General Chemistry: Principles & Modern Applications. 9th ed. Upper
Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007.

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