COVENANT UNIVERSITY

CANAANLAND OTA

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

LABORATORY (PET 527)

LIQUID VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT USING CAPILLARY TYPE VISCOMETER

(GROUP 2)

BY

AKINBOBOLA OLUWATENIREFUNMI (Matric No: 19CN026125)

DATE PERFORMED: 10-04-2024

DATE SUBMITTED: 15-04-2024

 ABSTRACT
The accurate characterization of reservoir fluids is pivotal in petroleum engineering, as it
directly influences the precision of reservoir and production engineering calculations. This study
aimed to measure the kinematic and dynamic viscosities of four distinct fluid samples—distilled
water, crude oil, crude oil condensate, engine oil and Diesel—utilizing the capillary method with
a U- Tube viscometer. Despite the narrow density range of the fluids, the experiment
demonstrated each fluid’s unique behavior at a given temperature. The U-Tube viscometer, a
vertical glass apparatus with a narrow capillary section, was calibrated with fluids of known
viscosities to ensure accuracy. The flow time of each test fluid through the capillary was
meticulously recorded, and the viscosity was calculated in accordance with Poiseuille’s Law.
The findings highlight the capillary tube viscometer’s precision and practicality in measuring
fluid viscosity, confirming its applicability across various industrial applications and engine oil a
fluid with the highest viscosity. The experiment not only reinforces the significance of viscosity
measurement in fluid characterization but also contributes to the optimization of fluid
performance in diverse sectors.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................2

TABLE OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................7
RELEVANCE TO COURSE OF STUDY......................................................................................7
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT....................................................................................................9

OBJECTIVES OF THE EXPERIMENT.....................................................................................9

SCOPE OF THE EXPERIMENT................................................................................................9

LIMITATIONS OF THE EXPERIMENT..................................................................................9

CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................10
METHDOLOGY...........................................................................................................................10
EQUIPMENT/APPARTUS USED...........................................................................................10

MATERIALS/SAMPLE USED................................................................................................11

EQUIPMENT PREPARATION................................................................................................12

MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE............................................................................................13

CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................14

PRECAUTIONS........................................................................................................................15

DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................15

CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................17
CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................17

RECOMMENDATION.............................................................................................................17

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18
 TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1. U-Tube/Capillary type viscometer.................................................................................10
Figure 2. Sucker/Suction bulb.......................................................................................................10
Figure 3. Stopwatch.......................................................................................................................11
Figure 4. Deionized water.............................................................................................................11
Figure 5.Crude Oil.........................................................................................................................11
Figure 6. Crude Oil condensate.....................................................................................................12
Figure 7. Diesel.............................................................................................................................12
Figure 8. Engine Oil......................................................................................................................12
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
Viscosity can be thought of as a fluid's 'thickness' or its internal friction. It represents how much
a fluid resists the relative motion between its layers. This characteristic is crucial for various
applications. For instance, lubricants are formulated with specific viscosities to meet the
operational requirements of different types of machinery, and the incorrect viscosity can hinder
a machine's performance. It is denoted by the symbol (µ). In the case of this study there are two
forces involved: (1) Gravity force and (2) Capillary force.

The dynamic viscosity of a fluid is its opposition to deformation under an applied shear force. It
is expressed in units of Pascal-seconds (Pa·s) or Newton-seconds per square meter (N·s/m²). Due
to viscosity, when a denser solid is immersed in a fluid, it descends through the fluid, applying a
shear force to the surrounding fluid layers. While kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic
viscosity to the fluid’s density.
µ
υ=
𝜌

Where υ = kinematic viscosity, µ = dynamic viscosity and 𝜌 = density

The shear stress (𝜏) is directly proportional to the velocity gradient within the fluid, for
most common fluids.
δu
𝜏=µ
δx

The difference between Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids lies in their viscosity
behavior under applied shear stress:

Newtonian Fluids: These fluids have a constant viscosity that doesn’t change with the rate of
shear stress. This means that no matter how much force is applied, the fluid’s resistance to flow
remains the same. Water, mineral oil, and glycerin are examples of Newtonian fluids.

Non-Newtonian Fluids: In contrast, Non-Newtonian fluids have a variable viscosity that

changes with the rate of shear stress. This means their flow behavior can change depending on
the force
applied. They can exhibit behaviors such as shear thinning (viscosity decreases with increased
stress) or shear thickening (viscosity increases with increased stress). Examples include ketchup.

The effects of temperature and pressure on the fluids are significant. Generally, for liquids, as
the temperature increases, viscosity decreases. This is because higher temperatures tend to
reduce the intermolecular forces that contribute to a fluid’s viscosity, making it ‘thinner’ or less
resistant to flow. This phenomenon is often referred to as thermal softening. For liquids,
viscosity typically increases with pressure. This is due to the fact that as pressure increases, the
molecules are forced closer together, which enhances the intermolecular forces and makes the
fluid ‘thicker’ or more resistant to flow. In lubricants, this pressure dependence is crucial for
creating a sufficiently thick film in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) conditions.

In a laboratory setting, various types of equipment are used to determine the viscosity of fluids.
Here are some commonly used devices:

 Glass Capillary Viscometers: These include Ostwald or Ubbelohde viscometers, which

consist of a U-shaped glass tube held vertically in a controlled temperature bath. The
time it takes for a liquid to flow between two marks is measured to calculate viscosity.
 Rotational Viscometers: These devices use torque to measure the effort required to
turn a disk or bob in a fluid. There are several types, including Stabinger viscometers
(developed in 2000) and Stormer viscometers (commonly used for paints).
 Falling Ball Viscometers: These measure the time it takes for a sphere of known size
and density to descend through a stationary liquid, which can be done electronically
for opaque fluids.
 Falling Piston Viscometers: Similar to falling ball viscometers, they measure
resistance to a piston moving through a fluid. They are durable, simple to operate, and
require little maintenance, making them popular in industry.

It is important to note that When selecting an instrument for viscosity measurement, it’s
essential to consider the required analysis type and the characteristics of the fluid.
Rotational viscometers are typically favored for non-Newtonian fluids due to their variable
viscosity, while glass capillary viscometers are suited for Newtonian fluids, which have a
consistent viscosity.
 CHAPTER TWO

RELEVANCE TO COURSE OF STUDY

Viscosity determination is indispensable throughout the petroleum industry, serving as a
foundational parameter from upstream exploration and production activities to downstream
refining processes and product development. At the upstream level, where exploration and
extraction occur, understanding the viscosity of crude oil is crucial for reservoir engineers. This
knowledge enables them to assess how easily the oil can flow through geological formations,
thereby informing decisions related to extraction techniques. For instance, high-viscosity oils
may require specialized methods like artificial lift techniques including pumps or gas injection
to facilitate extraction, while low-viscosity oils may naturally flow more easily.

Moving along the petroleum value chain, viscosity plays a significant role in transportation
logistics. Crude oil and its derivatives are transported via various means, including pipelines,
ships, and trucks. The viscosity of these fluids directly impacts their flow behavior during
transportation. High-viscosity oils require more energy to pump through pipelines, potentially
leading to increased operational costs and energy consumption. Additionally, high-viscosity
fluids may be more prone to pipeline corrosion and erosion due to increased friction,
necessitating careful consideration in pipeline design and maintenance. Conversely, low-
viscosity oils may present challenges such as increased risk of leakage, especially in older
pipelines or during transportation via tankers. Thus, understanding and controlling viscosity are
essential for ensuring efficient and safe transportation of petroleum products.

In the realm of refining, viscosity is a critical parameter that influences various processes and
product characteristics. Refineries process crude oil into a wide range of products, including
gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and lubricants, each with specific viscosity requirements. During
refining operations such as distillation, cracking, and blending, the viscosity of feedstock and
intermediate products must be carefully monitored and controlled to optimize process efficiency
and ensure the desired product quality. For example, in the production of gasoline, blending
different fractions of hydrocarbons with specific viscosities allows refiners to achieve the
desired octane rating and other performance characteristics.
Moreover, viscosity directly impacts the performance of petroleum products in various
applications. In automotive engines, for instance, motor oil viscosity affects lubrication
efficiency, engine wear, and fuel economy. Engine manufacturers specify viscosity grades for
motor oils based on operating conditions and performance requirements. Similarly, in industrial
machinery, the viscosity of lubricants influences equipment performance, maintenance
intervals, and overall reliability. Understanding the viscosity requirements of different
applications is therefore essential for formulating lubricants that meet performance expectations
and prolong equipment lifespan.

Furthermore, viscosity standards are often regulated by government agencies to ensure product
quality, safety, and environmental protection. Compliance with viscosity specifications is
necessary for market access and to avoid penalties or legal issues. Regulatory agencies may
establish viscosity limits for various petroleum products to ensure they meet performance
requirements and pose no harm to users or the environment. Consequently, petroleum
companies must invest in robust quality control measures and testing protocols to ensure
compliance with applicable regulations.

In addition to its practical applications, viscosity determination also drives research and
development efforts within the petroleum industry. Researchers continually seek to innovate
new technologies and products to enhance efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and meet
evolving market demands. Understanding the viscosity of crude oil and its derivatives is
fundamental to these research endeavors, as it informs the development of novel refining
processes, advanced lubricants, and other value-added products. By leveraging insights into
viscosity behavior, researchers can optimize processes, improve product performance, and
address emerging challenges facing the industry.

In summary, viscosity determination is integral to every stage of the petroleum industry, playing
a fundamental role in exploration, production, transportation, refining, product development,
and regulatory compliance. Its influence extends beyond operational considerations to
encompass product quality, safety, environmental impact, and technological innovation. As the
industry continues to evolve and face new challenges, the importance of viscosity determination
remains paramount, underscoring its status as a cornerstone parameter in the complex landscape
of petroleum engineering and operations.
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
 To determine the density of four various samples which includes; deionized water,
crude oil condensate, crude oil, engine oil and Diesel at room temperature (240C).

OBJECTIVES OF THE EXPERIMENT

 To measure the time it takes for the fluid sample to drop in the U tube (Capillary
type viscometer).

SCOPE OF THE EXPERIMENT

To conduct this experiment, 5 different fluid samples were provided; deionized water, crude oil
condensate, crude oil, diesel and engine oil. Each fluid was poured into the U tube (Capillary
type viscometer) and the time it took the fluid to drop from one point in the tube to another after
the capillary tube inside the U-tube was measured. This time was noted and used to obtain
kinematic viscosity then dynamic viscosity using the density of the fluid samples.

LIMITATIONS OF THE EXPERIMENT

 Temperature Sensitivity: Viscosity is often temperature-dependent, and Capillary type
viscometer viscometers typically operate at a constant temperature. Variations in temperature
can affect viscosity measurements, especially for non-Newtonian fluids whose viscosity changes
significantly with temperature. Controlling and maintaining a precise temperature throughout
the experiment can be challenging and may introduce errors.
 Time-consuming: The measurement process with Capillary viscometer can be relatively
time- consuming, especially for highly viscous fluids or when multiple measurements are
required to ensure accuracy. This can be impractical when dealing with time-sensitive
experiments or when testing a large number of samples.
 Sample Volume: A minimum sample volume is typically required for accurate
measurements, which might be a limitation when the available fluid quantity is
limited.
 CHAPTER THREE

METHDOLOGY
This chapter outlines the methodology employed to determine the viscosity of petroleum
fluid samples through the utilization of a Capillary type viscometer. The experiment follows a
systematic procedure aimed at ensuring accuracy and reliability in the measurement process.

EQUIPMENT/APPARTUS USED
1. U-tube Viscometer: It is a device used to measure the viscosity of fluids. It operates on the
principle of fluid flow through a narrow capillary tube under the influence of gravity. The rate
at which the fluid flows through the capillary is directly related to its viscosity. The size used
was 350.

Figure 1. U-Tube/Capillary type viscometer

2. Sucker/ Suction bulb: It is used to draw the fluid sample up the U-tube such that it
rises through the capillary tube inside the U-tube.

Figure 2. Sucker/Suction bulb

 3. Stopwatch: In a U-tube viscometer experiment for measuring viscosity, a stopwatch is
used to record the time it takes for the liquid to flow from one mark to another within
the capillary tube.

Figure 3. Stopwatch

MATERIALS/SAMPLE USED
 Deionized water

Figure 4. Deionized water

 Crude oil

Figure 5.Crude Oil

  Crude Oil condensate

Figure 6. Crude Oil condensate

 Diesel

Figure 7. Diesel

 Engine Oil

Figure 8. Engine Oil

EQUIPMENT PREPARATION
Prior to commencing the experiment, the U-tube viscometer and associated apparatus are
thoroughly cleaned to eliminate any contaminants that could influence the results. The
following steps are undertaken:
 1. Cleaning with Surfactant (soap): The U-tube viscometer and stopper are cleansed
using a surfactant cleaning fluid(soap) to remove any residues or impurities adhering to
their surfaces.
2. Rinsing with Distilled Water: After cleaning, the U-tube viscometer and stopper
are rinsed
with distilled water to remove traces of the cleaning fluid and any
remaining contaminants.
3. Final Rinse with Acetone: A final rinse with acetone is conducted to ensure
complete elimination of water and to facilitate drying.
4. Drying Process: Following the rinsing steps, the U-tube viscometer and stopper are
dried thoroughly to remove any residual moisture. This is essential to prevent
interference with the measurement process.

MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE
Once the equipment is prepared, the viscosity measurement procedure is carried out according to
the following steps:

1. Secure the viscometer in a vertical position to ensure accurate measurements.

2. Fill the viscometer with the fluid sample up to a marked level. This is usually done
by suction using a suction bulb.
3. Allow the fluid to flow through the capillary under the influence of gravity.
4. Record the time it takes for the fluid to pass between two marked points on
the viscometer.
5. Use the recorded time, along with the viscometer’s constants (provided by
the manufacturer), to calculate the fluid’s viscosity.
6. Repeat for each fluid sample and record their respective time taken.
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS

Sample Constant Time (s) Hagenbach Kinematic Density, ρ Dynamic

C, (cSt/s) factor, ϑ viscosity ʋ (g/cm3) viscosity,
µ (cp)
Deionized 0.5 3.069 0.0256 1.5345 1.08 1.6573
water
Crude Oil 0.5 9.056 0.0756 4.5280 0.90 4.0752
Crude Oil 0.5 8.027 0.0668 4.0135 0.88 3.5319
Condensate
Engine Oil 0.5 534.043 0 267.0215 0.94 251.0002
Diesel 0.5 18.006 0.1501 9.0030 0.82 7.3825
µavg = 53.5294

Formulas used:
υ = C(t −ϑ)

For each sample, the kinematic viscosity was obtained by: υ = C x t

For each sample, the dynamic viscosity was obtained by: µ = 𝜌 x υ
For each sample, the hagenbach factor was obtained by : ϑ = (C x t x υ)/60

Average dynamic viscosity: (1.6573 + 4.0752 + 3.5319 + 251.0002 + 7.3825)/5 = 53.5294

PRECAUTIONS
1. I ensured that I handled the viscometer properly to avoid breakage
2. I made sure to clean all components of the viscometer, especially the capillary
tube, before each use
3. I took care to fill the capillary tube with the fluid sample without introducing any air
bubbles. I used a slow and steady filling technique to ensure the capillary tube was
completely filled and free of air gaps, which could disrupt the flow of the fluid and
affect viscosity measurements.
4. I avoided error when measuring the time at which the liquid crossed the mark in the
viscometer.
5. I made sure to always wear the laboratory coat and covered my hair.

DISCUSSION
In this experiment, we investigated the viscosity properties of several fluids using a capillary
tube viscometer. The fluids tested included deionized water, crude oil, crude oil condensate,
engine oil, and diesel. By measuring the flow times through the capillary tube and applying the
Hagenbach correction factor, we were able to determine the dynamic viscosity for each fluid.
Additionally, the experiment provided valuable data on the kinematic viscosity and density of
the fluids, shedding light on their flow characteristics and behavior.

The Hagenbach factor for deionized water is relatively low, indicating a minor correction
factor. Deionized water exhibits a moderate kinematic viscosity, suggesting typical viscosity for
water at room temperature. With a density consistent with expectations, deionized water
demonstrates expected fluid properties. The dynamic viscosity of deionized water is calculated
as 1.6573 cP.

Crude oil presents a higher Hagenbach factor compared to water, reflecting its
significantly higher viscosity. Its kinematic viscosity suggests a notably thicker
consistency compared to water. The density of crude oil aligns with typical values for
crude oil. Crude oil's dynamic viscosity is calculated as 4.0752 cP.

Crude oil condensate follows a pattern similar to crude oil, with higher Hagenbach and
kinematic viscosity factors. Its density is slightly lower than crude oil, consistent with its
condensed form. The dynamic viscosity of crude oil condensate is calculated as 3.5319 cP.
The kinematic viscosity is considerably higher, typical for engine oils. Engine oil's density
matches expectations for this type of fluid. The dynamic viscosity of engine oil is calculated as
251.0002 cP. Diesel showcases a higher Hagenbach factor, indicating significant correction due
to its elevated viscosity. Its kinematic viscosity suggests a thicker consistency compared to
water. Diesel’s density aligns with typical values for this fuel. The dynamic viscosity of diesel is
calculated as 7.3825 cP.
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
The experiment conducted with a capillary tube viscometer provided valuable insights into the viscosity
properties of a range of fluids. It revealed significant variations in viscosity among the tested fluids, with
some, such as crude oil and engine oil, exhibiting notably higher viscosities compared to others like
deionized water and crude oil condensate. These differences highlight the diverse behaviors of fluids
and highlight the importance of viscosity in understanding their flow characteristics and applications in
industrial processes.

Furthermore, the experiment emphasized the significance of accurate viscosity measurements for
optimizing processes and designing efficient systems in various industries. By employing standardized
procedures and calibration methods with the capillary tube viscometer, reliable viscosity values were
obtained, enabling meaningful comparisons between different fluid samples. This emphasizes the critical
role of viscosity in fluid dynamics and engineering, providing valuable insights for process optimization
and product quality assurance.

RECOMMENDATION
I recommend that for the material selection of equipment, the material chosen should be less
fragile and resistant to breakage while handling. Opting for durable materials such as reinforced
plastics or metals can mitigate the risk of damage during handling and use.
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Guy. https://studiousguy.com/working-principle-viscometer/

2. Determination of Viscosity by Ostwald's Viscometer: Easy Explanation - Chemistry

Notes. (2023, April 8). Chemistry Notes.

https://chemistnotes.com/physical/determination-of-viscosity-by-ostwalds-viscometer-

easy-explanation/

3. Hossein, A. (2014). Reservoir Fluid Laboratory Course. Retrieved from Slide

Share: https://www.slideshare.net/alaminia/q923rfll03

4. Torsæter, O., & Abtahi, M. (2000). Experimental Reservoir Engineering

Laboratory Work Book.