Department of Chemical Engineering

Seminar (CH220) -Project Presentation

Measurement of Viscosity of Various Liquid

Group Members:
Hitesh Kumawat(2019chb1046)
Jai Singh(2019chb1047) Under the Guidance of Dr. Swati Patel
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 Abstract

To discuss how we measure of viscosity of wide range of liquids.

Viscosity of fluids is temperature dependent. In all viscosity
measurements it is essential that the temperature be closely controlled.
It is assumed that close temperature control is an essential feature of
each system. Fluids are used as lubricants in mechanical systems to
reduce system wear and tear. The various types of viscometers can be
classified according to the principle on which they work.
Falling sphere techniques are widely used for measuring low to
medium viscosity Newtonian fluids because of their high degree of
accuracy, ease of operation, and low cost. We will use the falling sphere
techniques method to calculate the coefficient of viscosity of Glycerine.
We will use the Ostwald viscometer method to calculate the coefficient
of viscosity of toluene and nitrobenzene, assuming that the viscosity of
water is known. Lab view is used to interface the entire process.
A rotational viscometer measures viscosity of liquids at different
temperatures. The test has been carried out within the temperature
range 35oC to 80oC for water, diesel and kerosene. Equation of
correction coefficient for each sample. can be applied to any
temperature. The torque experienced by the solid cylinder due to
viscous effect of the test sample is measured and viscosity can be
calculated.

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 Introduction:
 The viscosity is measures the resistance of a liquid to flow, while
the fluidity measures the ease with which a liquid can flow.
 The viscosity and the fluidity are reciprocal to
each other. Those liquids which have lower
fluidity are said to be viscous.
 The viscosity is very much influenced by the
shape, size and the chemical nature of the
liquid molecules.
 The greater the size of the molecules and the
higher the molar mass, the higher will be the viscosity because
the greater will be the intermolecular interactions
The coefficient of viscosity of a liquid at a given temperature may be
defined as, the force per unit area required to maintain a unit difference
of velocity between two parallel layers at unit distance apart. SI unit of
coefficient of viscosity is Pa.s

Objective:
 To calculate coefficient of Viscosity of Newtonian Fluid by
measuring the Terminal Velocity of a Spherical body/Falling
Sphere Technique.
 To calculate coefficient of Viscosity of Newtonian Fluid by
Ostwald Viscometer.
 To calculate coefficient of Viscosity of Non-Newtonian Fluid by
Rotary Viscometer.

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 Falling Sphere Technique for Newtonian Fluid:
The falling ball viscometer is used for precise measurement of the
viscosity of transparent "Newtonian" liquids and gases.
When a spherical body (r ,σ) falls freely
through a viscous liquid (ρ ,η, v) than the
sum of the upward buoyant force and
viscous drag force F, is balanced by the
downward weight of the ball = Buoyant
force on the ball + Viscous force. For the
velocity to be steady (no change in linear
momentum)
Fig. 1 Balancing Forces on
spherical Ball

This Equation gives a relationship between terminal velocity, radius

and viscosity.
The terminal velocity depends directly on the square of the size
(diameter) of the spherical ball. Therefore, if several spherical balls of
different radii are made to fall freely through the viscous liquid then a
plot of v vs r² would be a straight line.
Assumptions:
 The liquid through which the spherical body(r) falls freely is in a
cylindrical vessel of radius R >> r.
 The height of the cylinder is sufficient enough to let the ball attain
terminal velocity.
 Spherical ball never touches the wall to avoid wall effect.
 Fluid is Newtonian.

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Apparatus Used:
 A long cylindrical glass jar
 Transparent viscous fluid
 Metre scale
 Spherical ball
 Screw gauge
 Vernier callipers
 Stop clock
 Thread
Procedure:
 First we measure the diameter of the sphere and measure it
multiple times to gain an accurate measurement and to
determine the relative error in the measurement.
 The viscosity can be determined by measuring the position of
the sphere as a function of time as it settles through the fluid.
For each sphere
 First place the sphere near the top of the fluid reservoir. Try to
get the sphere as close as possible to the air-fluid interface.
 Then release the sphere and start the stopwatch as soon as the
sphere reaches the top line marked on the glass tube and stop
it as it reaches the bottom marked line.
 As the sphere settles, record its position as a function of time.
Result:
This data is obtained by Online simulation.
Value of Coefficient of Viscosity of Glycerine is 0. 95Pa.s

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 Simulation Model

Fig.Simulation Model

Ostwald Viscometer Technique:

Ostwald viscometer is also known as U-tube viscometer or capillary
viscometer. Ostwald Viscometer is a device used to measure the
viscosity of the liquid with a known density.
Poiseuille developed an expression known as Poiseuille's equation for
measuring the coefficient of viscosity of liquids with laminar or
streamlined flow. This expression is provided below.

We know that in a tube:

Therefore,

Figure: Ostwald Viscometer

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If equal volumes of the two liquids (1 and 2) are allowed to fall through
the same capillary tube under identical conditions of temperature and
pressure then,

For the density of solution,

Assumptions:
 Flow is Laminar and steady.
 Fluid is incompressible and Newtonian.
Disadvantages
1) Large volume of solution is required.
2) Shearing forces generated by the flow gradient are large.
Apparatus Used:
 Ostwald Viscometer

 Stop watch

 Thermostat

 Specific gravity bottle

 Distilled Water

 Sample Solution

 Rubber tubing

 Thermometer Figure: Ostwald Viscometer Setup

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 Manual Data:
Compound name: Density Value: (KG/M3)
Water 995.65
Toluene 857.4
Nitrobenzene 1199
Coefficient of Viscosity Of water: 0.7972 mPa.S

Procedure:
 Introduce a definite volume of the toluene solution into the bulb
B, and suck the liquid up into the bulb A with the help of the
rubber tube attached to the end somewhere above the mark C.
 Make sure there is no air bubble inside 'the liquid.
 Now, allow the liquid to flow freely through the capillary up to
the mark C. Start a stop watch and note the time t for the flow of
the liquid from mark C to mark D.
 Repeat this process twice or thrice by sucking the liquid into the
bulb A up to the mark C and noting the time t for the flow of the
liquid from mark C to mark D.
 Fill the liquid again and repeat the same for second filling.
 Repeat the experiment by taking an exactly the same volume of
water in bulb B and note the note the note the values of time, t2,
taken for water to flow from mark C to mark D.
 Repeat the same for second filling.
 Repeat the experiment by taking an exactly the same volume of
nitrobenzene in bulb B and note the note the note the values of
time, t2, taken for water to flow from mark C to mark D.
 Repeat the same for second filling.
 Determine the density of the oil solution with the help of specific
gravity bottle. This can be done by taking a definite volume of
liquid in the specific gravity bottle and determining its mass.
 After experiment is completed, we clean the viscometer tube and
pipette.

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Calculation:
At 30oC
Coefficient of viscosity of water (n2) = 0.7279 mPa.S
Density of water(d2) = 995.65 kg/m3

For toluene d1 = 857.4 kg/m3 ,and value of t1 and t2 are given in table.
Therefore, from above formula n1 = (857.4*35.63)/(995.65*42.425) =
0.57 mPa.S
Finally, coefficient of viscosity of Toluene(n1) = 0.57 mPa.s
Results:

Sr. No Time of flow of Time of flow of Time of flow of

water (Sec) Toluene (Sec) Nitrobenzene
t1 t2 (Sec)t3
1. 42 35 69
2. 42.2 35.2 69.9
3. 42.6 36 69.98
4. 42.9 36.3 69.99
Average: 42.425 35.63 69.72

Coefficient of Viscosity
Compound name: Viscosity Value (mPa.S)
Water 0.7279
Toluene 0.57
Nitrobenzene 1.58

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 Rotary Viscometer:
Rotational viscometers work by getting the measurements of the torque
on a vertical stand that moves the spindle in a rotational direction. The
rotation of the spindle is usually
proportional to how viscous the
sample is. Rotational viscometers
are used to measure viscosity.
The viscosity of liquids is to be
determined with a rotary
viscometer, in which a variable-
speed motor drives a cylinder
immersed in the liquid to be
investigated via a spiral spring.
The viscosity of the liquid generates a moment of rotation at the
cylinder which can be measured with the aid of the torsion of the
spiral spring and read on a scale.
Some of the correlations for rotary viscometer:

Benefits of Rotary Viscometer:

Classic experiment to determine the viscosity of a huge variety of
fluids.
Watch all results directly on the built-in Multilanguage display
Use several spindles that come with a storage rack
Wear less torque measuring system with high accuracy
Digital speed control
Interdisciplinary use also in applied sciences or physical
chemistry.

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Conclusion:
 After Performing this Experiment Virtual we get the Value of
Coefficient of Viscosity for Glycerine is 0.95Pa.s
 The Value of Coefficient of Viscosity for Toluene and
Nitrobenzene are 0.57 mpa.s and 1.58 mpa.s
 The coefficient of viscosity of liquid drops as the temperature of
liquid increases such that for each degree rise in temperature there
is about 2% decrease in the viscosity.
 In long Glycerol chain hydrocarbons or polymeric compounds,
the viscosity increases with the increase in the length of the
molecular chain.
 Rotary Viscometer is easy and useful method for calculating
coefficient of viscosity.

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 Nomenclature:
𝜂 : coefficient of viscosity of the liquid
𝜎 : 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 spherical body
𝜌 : Density of viscous liquid
r : Radius of spherical body
V : Terminal velocity of sspherical body
V : volume of the liquid flowing out of the tube
t : time in which the volume V flow
l : length of the tube
p : driving pressure necessary to maintain uniform
rate of flow of volume V, of the liquid
h : height of the liquid and
d : density
W1 : Weight of empty specific gravity bottle
W2 : Weight of bottle + Sample weight
W3 : Weight of bottle + Same volume of water
T : Moment of rotation
𝜔 : Angular velocity
D : Velocity gradient
𝜏 : Shear stress

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References:
https://www.newhaven.edu/_resources/documents/academics/surf/past-
projects/2015/jack-rothstein-paper.pdf
https://www.ese.iitb.ac.in/sites/default/files/Falling%20Ball%20Viscometer.pdf
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1202/1202.1400.pdf
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/am-pdf/10.1063/1.4948314
https://www.niser.ac.in/sps/sites/default/files/basic_page/viscosity_2016.pdf
https://www.pharmaguideline.com/2011/05/determination-of-viscosity-by-
using.html
http://www.autex.spb.ru/download/wavelet/books/sensor/CH30.PDF
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2019.00071/full
http://phys.chem.elte.hu/turi/SysPhysChem/Materials/Viscosity_Ostwald.pdf
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-
6596/1294/2/022002/pdf#:~:text=Falling%20ball%20in%20a%20liquid,the%20
viscosity%20of%20that%20liquid.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Newtonian_fluid
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259026858_Flow_of_Newtonian_and
_Non-Newtonian_Fluids_in_Concentric_and_Eccentric_Annuli
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Newtonian-and-non-Newtonian-
Fluids_fig1_269279687
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscometer
Simulation Model Link:
Ostwald Viscometer Setup
Simulation Model
Books:
[R._P._Chhabra,_J.F._Richardson]_Non-Newtonian_Flo(bookzz.org)

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