Department of Chemical Engineering

Seminar (CH220) -Project Presentation

Water distribution system in three-story house.

Group Members:

Gauransh Kanwat(2019chb1333)
Under guidance of : Dr. Swati Patel
Amit Bhuradia(2019chb1037)
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Introduction
The desire to build high into the sky has been a part of human existence for
thousands of years.Further with the increase in density of population in
Indian cities, there is an exponential vertical development
calling for high rise structures sprawling
the city skylines.
This poses a huge challenge when
it comes to design of efficient water
distribution systems in these high-rise
structures.
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For plumbing purposes, the term “multi-storey” is applied to buildings that are too tall to
be supplied throughout by the normal pressure in the public water mains. These buildings

have particular needs in the design of their

sanitary drainage and venting systems. Water

main supply pressures of 8–12 metres (25–40 feet)

can supply a typical two-storey building, but higher

buildings may need pressure booster systems.

If the public water pressure is inadequate,

suitable means shall be provided within the building

to boost the water pressure.

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Systems for boosting water pressure
Pressure-boosting systems can be of several different types:
• pumping from a ground level or basement gravity tank to a gravity roof
tank;
• pumping from a gravity storage tank or public water main into a hydro-
pneumatic pressure tank that uses captive air pressure to provide adequate
drinking-water supply pressure;
• installation of booster pump sets consisting of multiple staged pumps or
variable speed pumps that draw water directly from a gravity storage tank
or the public water main. Multistage booster pump sets typically include
discharge pressure regulating valves to maintain a constant drinking-water
supply pressure. 4
System Elements & Layout
Below, the most important elements are described briefly about the
functionality and role in the booster application in general.
1) Break tanks or Underground tanks:
Break tanks are implemented in boosting systems
in order to supply the system if the mains supply
becomes insufficient during peak demand,
or if it is unstable.
2) Booster Pumps: High-quality pumps are crucial in booster
systems. Multi-stage pumps for boosters are all in-line
multi-stage pumps. That means water pressure is gradually
Built up when the water passes through the different stages.
When the final pressure level is met, the water exits the pump at the same level it entered.

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3) Risers and branches: Building supply system is
normally divided into risers and branches. In the risers,

the geodetic height has been overcome, and the water is

distributed to the different floors. The branches

distribute water to each tap point.

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4) Pressure reduction valves (PRV): To equalize
 pressure on all floors, PRVs are often  used in
 multi-story buildings. The pressure is mechanically 
reduced directly by the spring, making it possible
 to adjust the pressure precisely for each floor.

Booster systems may be designed in several different ways with the elements
described above. Which layout to choose depends on many factors and the specific
task.
Single booster system: A single booster system is perhaps the simplest booster system
available. It relies on a single set of pumps supplying pressure boosting from the
basement to the point farthest away from the booster system.
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Zone-divided booster systems: The 3 storey building is

divided into pressure zones of 3 floors with a booster

supplying each zone from the basement

through dedicated risers.

Overhead tanks with terrace booster system:

Overhead tank systems use a transfer pump in the

basement to fill the overhead tank by a level

switch-operated control.

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A Water Supply System and Calculations
There are basically two equations needed to design gravity flow water systems :

1. The Continuity Equation

2. The Bernoulli Equation including the friction term as a pressure (fp).

With these two relations and an understanding of frictional effects most systems can be
designed and/or analysed.

Pumps and Turbines : The Bernoulli Equation: In the Bernoulli Equation the pump pressure (Pp) is
added to the left-hand side of the equation and the turbine pressure (Pt) is added to the right.
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Distribution systems : the general equation
Consider a reservoir tank distribution system of the form shown in
Figure

The general equation  for the residual head for any tap in the distribution system is
derived :
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If we assume the kinetic energy term is negligible and write the residual head at
any tap as Hn, then we get :

This is the simplified general equation for the residual head of any tap in a
distribution system of the form shown in Figure

Head loss equation for pipes :

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Determination of suitable pipe size :
So in a 3-storey building we have to also care about the pipes. Because
the pipes play an important role in the distribution of water.
Factors Influencing Selection of Water Distribution Pipe Size in
Buildings:
● Cost effectiveness
● Pressure at the source of water supply
● Required pressure at each outlet fixture (examples of outlet fixture
are bathtubs, channel drains, bidets, drinking fountains, kitchen
sinks, bathroom sinks, showers and others)
● Restriction on water flow velocity to avoid noises and pipe erosion.
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Plumber:The Plumbing Design Software
Plumber is a software for the calculation and design of plumbing water supply installations in buildings.

We implement plumbing design through the HUNTER

method (fixture units) to define, for each plumbing

fixture, the physical, operational and design

characteristics required by the corresponding Sanitary

Standards.

Performs calculation of pipe diameters according

to two criteria: based on a design flow speed

or based on a unitary head loss.

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Plumber allows the user to specify values

for each fitting to be used in the calculation:

Automatically generates lists of fittings and

plumbing fixtures for each plumbing system,

for the riser and the project’s total.

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Conclusion
● We understood the basic design of water supply in a multi-storey building. We
got to know about different systems for boosting water pressure and
system elements and layout.
● We found out the mathematical requirements to design gravity flow water
systems. We use the Continuity Equation and the Bernoulli Equation along
with adding different terms like friction or pump pressure to analyze systems.
● The general equation  for the residual head for any tap in the
distribution system have been studied and a equation for the head loss.
● The factors which influences the selection of water distribution pipe size in
buildings have been added and finally we study about the Plumber software
which is a plumbing design software and used for the calculation and design of
plumbing water supply installations in buildings.
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 Thank You
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