03.

Drainage System
(Topic 1: Sanitary Fixture Units and Pipe
Sizing)
1 Water sewage system

What is sewage system?

Sewage system
It is the arrangement provided in a house or building for
collecting or conveying waste water through drain pipes by
gravity, to join either a public sewer or a domestic septic tank is
termed as house drainage or building drainage

www.civilengineerspk.com www.cambridgema.gov/theworks/ourservices/stormwatermanagement/ www.pipelt.com/condominium/building-drainage-system

2 Type of water discharge’s pipe

Soil pipe:
A soil pipe is a pipe through which
human excreta flows

Waste Pipe:
It is a pipe which carries only the liquid
waste. It does not carry human excreta

Vent pipe:
It is a pipe which is provided for the purpose of
the ventilation of the system. A vent is open at
top and bottom, to facilitate exit of foul gases. It
is carried at least one meter higher than the roof
level.
2 Type of water discharge’s pipe

Rain water pipe: it is a pipe which

carries only the rain water.

Anti-siphonage pipe: it is pipe

which is installed in the house
drainage to preserve the water
seal of traps.
3 Role of discharge (sewage) systems
The design sewage system in building in order to:
1 Maintain healthy conditions in the building

2 Dispose off waste water as early and quickly as possible

3 Avoid the entry of foul gases from the sewer or the septic tank

4 Facilitate quick removal of foul matter

5 Collect and remove waste matters systematically

4 Design concept

– Should be preferable laid by side of the

building to facilitate easy repair and
better maintenance.
– Should be leak proof.
– Should flow under the force of gravity.
– Should always be straight.
– Should be well ventilated from start to
the end of the entire system.
4 Design concept

– Should be connected to the manhole such that the invert

level is sufficiently higher to avoid back flow of sewage in
house sewer.
– Where ever there is change in direction of sewer line in the
premises, provide inspection chamber at the junction.

– Rain water from roofs or open courtyards should not be

allowed to flow through the house sewers.
– Siponage action can never be permitted and therefore
adequate ventilation systems should be installed.
5 Component of waste water discharge system
The main components of drainage system are
Traps, Pipes and Sanitary Fitting

Traps: is a fitting or device so

constructed as to prevent the
passage of air, gas, and some
vermin through a pipe without
materially affecting the flow of
sewage or waste water through it.
5 Component of waste water discharge system
Type of trap is divided in to:
- According shape

1. P trap
2. Q trap
3. S trap
5 Component of waste water discharge system
- According to use
1. Floor trap (Nahni)
2. Gully trap
3. Intercepting traps
4. Grease traps

Nahni Trap
5 Component of waste water discharge system

Gully Trap
6 Type of discharge system in building

Plumbing systems for building drainage such as:

1. Single stack system

2. One pipe system (The most popular)
3. Single stack partially ventilated
4. Two pipe system (Second popular)
6 Type of discharge system in building
6 Type of discharge system in building

6.1. One pipe system

In the system all soil and waste

water discharge into one common
pipe and all branch ventilating
pipes into one main ventilating
pipe. This system largely replaces
the two pipe system and lent itself
very well to use in multi storey
developments. It is far more
economical than the two pipe
system

Example of one pipe system

6 Type of discharge system in building

6.2. Two pipe system

The soil stack receives the discharge from

soil appliances and delivered it direct to the
underground drainage system. The waste
and soil water did not combine until they
reached the below ground drainage system

– Water closets, bath traps, kitchen traps

and wash basin traps all are connected
to vent pipes.
– Two vent pipes are provided.
– There are four stakes in this system
– It is efficient system but costlier than
other systems.
Example of two pipe system
7. Fixture Drain

– Fixtures generally have discharge orifices sized to provide suitable rates

of drainage

– In establishing proper sizes for fixture drains, consideration should be

given to the diameter of the orifice in the waste-outlet fitting and tailpiece,
the size of the trap, and the desired velocity of flow for proper fixture
drainage and scouring action in the fixture drain

– In no case should the fixture drain size be reduced to less than that of the
discharge orifice, for to do so would cause a reduction in the rate of fixture
discharge.

– Instead, the size of the fixture trap and the fixture drain should be slightly
larger than that of the discharge orifice so that they will not affect the
discharge rate adversely after a moderate degree of fouling in normal service.
7. Fixture Drain

– Similarly, the size of the fixture drain should

not be smaller than that of the fixture trap, so
as to avoid constriction of flow and resultant
increased fouling in the fixture trap.
8. Sanitary Drainage Fixture Units

– The suggested values of DFU (Table 16.7) were designed

for application in conjunction with the probability of
simultaneous use of fixtures so as to establish maximum
permissible drainage loads, in terms of fixture units rather
than in numbers of specific types of fixtures or gallons per
minute of drainage flow, for each of the various parts of
sanitary drainage systems.

– In general, the sanitary drainage fixture unit value assigned

to a particular fixture is based on the average volume
discharged and the average rate of discharge for the fixture.
Based on: Standard Plumbing Code
Based on: Standard Plumbing Code
IPC = International Plumbing Code
UPC = Uniform Plumbing Code
9. Drainage stack and branches

Stack Capacities:
– In any event, as soon as the water enters the stack, the force of
gravity rapidly accelerates it downward, and as it falls, the water
assumes the form of a sheet around the wall of the stack, leaving the
center of the pipe open for the flow of air.
– This sheet of water continues to accelerate until the frictional force
exerted by the wall of the stack on the falling sheet of water equals the
force of gravity.
9. Drainage stack and branches

Stack Capacities:
– The investigation from both F.M. Dawson and Dr. Hunter, in entirely
independent, came to the conclusion that slugs of water, with their
accompanying violent pressure fluctuations, did not occur until the
stack flowed one-quarter to one-third full. Most model codes have
based their stack loading tables on a value of r = ¼ or 7/24 (Table
1-2).
– Based on the computed drainage stack flow capacity for stacks
flowing 7/24 full at terminal velocity, the corresponding number of
fixture units may be determined from design load charts or Tables
1-3 so as to establish the total load which may be placed on a tall
drainage stack.
9. Drainage stack and branches

Design load: the capacity of stack pipe diameter corresponding to the ratio of the cross-
sectional area of the sheet of water to the cross-sectional area of the stack (r)
9. Drainage stack and branches

 Pipe connected to at least 1WC

cannot smaller than 3 inch.

 Pipe size 3 inch can be used when

there are only 2WC maximum (not
include other fixture) connected
and it can accommodate only
1bathroom (normally bathroom
consists of WC+ other appliances such
as lavatory, shower, etc).
9. Drainage stack and branches

Stack Capacities:
The procedure for sizing a multistory stack (greater than three floors) is:
– First to size the horizontal branches connected to the stack. This is done
by totaling the fixture units connected to each branch and using the
corresponding figure in column 2 of Table 1-3.
– Next, total all of the fixture units connected to the stack and determine
the size from the same table, under column 4.
– Check the next column, total at one branch interval, to determine if this
maximum is exceeded by any of the branches.
– If it is exceeded, the stack as originally determined must be increased at
least one size, or the loading of the branches must be redesigned so the
maximum conditions are satisfied
9. Drainage stack and branches

For example 1-1

– The computed flow capacity of a 4in (10cm) stack flowing at

7/24 (Table 1-2 is value designed for 7/24) full is 145 gpm
(9.14 l/s) [Table 1-2 column r= 7/24].

– From design load charts or tables, it may be found that this

rate of flow is equivalent to 500 fixture units. This is the total
load that may be received from all branches on a 4-in (10
cm) tall stack.
9. Drainage stack and branches

– However, to avoid excessive interference between flow

entering the stack and that coming down the stack, it is
necessary to limit the amount of flow, which may be,
allowed to enter the stack at each of the branches.

– Thus, in a building of just a few stories in height, the

amount of flow entering the stack through a branch
may be greater than what would be permissible in a
building of many stories
9. Drainage stack and branches

For example 1-2,

– Consider a 4-inch (100-mm) stack more than three stories high.
─ The maximum loading for a 4-inch (100-
mm) branch is 160 fixture units, as
shown in column 2 of Table 1-3.
─ This load is limited by column 5 of the
same table, which permits only 90 fixture
units to be introduced into a 4-inch (100-
mm) stack in any one branch interval.
─ The stack would have to be increased in
size to accommodate any branch load
exceeding 90 fixture units
9. Drainage stack and branches

Example 1-3:
Calculate the total number of DFU, and size the horizontal branch connecting
the two adjacent bathrooms, knowing that, the total fixture unit of each
bathroom consists of (water closet, bidet, lavatory and bathtub or shower) = 8
FUs

Solution:
Total fixture unit of two adjacent bath rooms connected to
the same horizontal branch pipe is : 8 x 2 = 16 FU’s.

As can be seen from table 1-3 for any horizontal branches, the 3” can handle
up to 20DFU but, due to the presence of the W.C.’s the 4” pipe diameter is
selected which can handle up to 160 DFU
9. Drainage stack and branches
Sizing stack in a 12-story building, with one offset
between the fifth and sixth floors and another offset
below the street floor as shown in figure. Step:

1) Compute the fixture units connected to the stack. In this

case, assume 400 fixture units are connected to the stack
from the 6th floor through the top floor. Then size the
portion of the stack  D = 4-inch (100-mm) stack.

2) Size the offset on the fifth floor. An offset is sized and

sloped like a building drain.

3) The lower portion (below fifth floor) of the stack must be

large enough to serve all of the fixture units connected to it,
from the top floor down (in this case, assumed 1,200 fixture
units)  D= 6-inch (150-mm)

4) Size and slope the offset below the street floor the same as
a building drain.
9. Slope for horizontal drainage piping

Horizontal drains are designated to flow at half-full capacity under

uniform flow conditions to minimize the generation of pneumatic
pressure fluctuations. The minimum slopes are as follows:
– Pipe 3 inches (80 mm) and smaller: 1/4 inch per foot (6.4 mm/m)
– Pipe 4 - to 6-inch (100- to 150-mm) pipe: 1/8 inch per foot (3.2 mm/m)
– Pipe 8 inches (200 mm) and larger: 1/16 inch per foot (1.6 mm/m)

These minimum slopes are required to maintain a velocity of flow greater than 2
fps for scouring action.

Table 1-5 gives the approximate discharge rates and velocities in sloping drains
based on the Manning formula for half-full pipe and n = 0.015.
9. Slope for horizontal drainage piping
 9. Load for drainage piping

─ Table 1-7 shows the

maximum number of
fixture units that may be
connected to any portion
of the building drain or
building sewer for given
slopes and diameters of
pipes.
─ For example, an offset
below the lowest branch
with 1,300 fixture units at a
slope of ¼ inch per foot
(6.4 mm/m) requires an 8-
inch (200-mm) pipe.
 Table 18.7
10. Slope for horizontal drains

• The slopes are applicable

for building underground
sewers and drains as well
as those running at the
level of the ceiling of
basements, etc.

• Readers should note that

the carrying capacity of
horizontal drains is
substantially lower than
that for vertical pipes.

• Diameter of a vertical stack

may have to be increased
when it runs horizontally
due to its reduced capacity
in that position.
11 Connect to sanitary building drain

─ Sanitary building drains are designed to flow half full at peak load. To avoid backup of flow
from the building drain into branches, each branch connection to the building drain should
be made to its upper half or its air-space portion.

─ This may be achieved for 90 degrees branch connections by means of a one-sixth bend
and a 45 degrees Y branch or a long-sweep one-quarter bend and a Y branch. The Y-
branch fitting may be rotated so that the branch is at 45 degrees angle above the
horizontal when the one-sixth bend is to be used and at a vertical angle when the long-
sweep one-quarter bend is to be used.

─ Less invert elevation is lost with the one-sixth bend and Y combination
03. Drainage System
(Topic 2: Vent System)
1 Introduction

─ Sanitary drainage system of a building should

be provided with an attendant system of vent
piping designed so as to permit gases and
odors in all parts of the drainage piping to
circulate up through the system.
─ Ventilation of a plumbing system is that portion
of the drainage installation provided to
maintain a balanced atmospheric pressure
inside the system in order to prevent problems
like:
 Trap seal loss
 Retardation of flow
 Deterioration of the materials
1 Introduction

─ Sizing, arrangement, and installation of attendant vent piping

should be designed so as to limit air-pressure variations in all fixture
drains to a differential not exceeding 1 in (2.5 cm) of water column
above or below atmospheric pressure.
1 Introduction
A vent system is a pipe in a drainage
system used:

To provide a flow of air to and from a drainage

system so as to ventilate it

To provide a circulation of air within such a

system to eliminate trap siphonage and reduce
back pressure and vacuum surge

To insure the rapid and silent flow of

waste
2 The main vent

The main vent is that

portion of the vent
pipe system serving
as terminal for the
smaller forms of
individual and
grouped fixture trap
ventilation. It is
sometimes referred
to as collecting vent
line.
2 The main vent
Some general conditions for the main vent such
as:

─ Shall be in full size at there base to the main soil or

waste pipe or below the lowest fixture branch.
─ Should extend undiminished in size above the roof
or shall be reconnected with the main soil vent at
least 1m above the highest fixture branch

Sizing of the main vent:

─ The size of main vent is determined by knowing the
sum of the fixture units it will serve (Table 16-7)
─ The usual practice is to continue the main vent full
size from its base connection.
3 Size of vent pipe
Table 2-1: Size and maximum permissible length of vent pipe
─ This table is used in sizing
vents in accordance with
drainage capacity loads.

─ The total (maximum) length

determined in this manner
should be understood to be
the sum of the total developed
length of the vent stack,
measured from its base
connection to its terminal in
the to atmosphere above the
roof of the building, plus the
total equivalent pipe length
allowable for the pipe fittings

Maximum Length of pipe =

straight length of pipe
+
equivalent length of fittings
4. Vertical developed length

The developed length of individual,

branch, circuit and relief vents shall
be measured from the farthest point
of vent connection to the drainage
system to the point of connection to
the vent stack, stack vent or
termination outside of the building
5. Horizontal developed length

Horizontal developed length measured from the central line

of the vent stack, waste or soil stack from the vertical inlet of
the trap to vent opening.

The developed length of individual,

branch, circuit and relief vents shall
be measured from the farthest point
of vent connection to the drainage
system to the point of connection to
the vent stack, stack vent or
termination outside of the building.
6. Drainage stack and branches

Example 2-1
Determine the size of the main vent that will serve 30 fixture
units in case:

1) 30 FUs derived from 3 branches interval building, equivalent length =

10.5m

2) 30 FUs derived from more than 3 branches interval building,

equivalent length = 20 m

Note: assumed that at least 1WC per floor

6. Drainage stack and branches

Example 2-2
How large is the main vent required for
fixture consisting 4 water closets, 4
lavatories, 3 showers and 2 kitchen
sinks installed on the first floor of a two
storey building 6.0m high?
6. Drainage stack and branches

Solution 2-2
– Solving for total fixture units with
the aid of table 16.7
4 x 4WC =16FUs
1 x 4LV = 4FUs
2 x 3SW = 6FUs
2 x 2KS = 4FUs
Total = 30FUs

– Under the column of vent pipe require

– Referring to the Table 2-1, a 51mm (2”) could ventilate 100FUs as high
100mm soil or waste can as 10.7m
accommodate till 100 FUs. – Therefore, specify 51mm (2”) vent pipe
6. Drainage stack and branches

Example 2-3
Determine the size of the main vent required for a drainage
installation serving 90 fixture units installed on the first floor
of a 5 storey building with height of 19m.

Solution 2-3
– Referring to the Table 2-1, it shows that a 100mm (4”) pipe could
serve up to 100 FUs.
– Under the column of vent pipe require 63mm (2 ½”) could ventilate
100FUs as high as 30.5m
– Therefore, specify 63mm (2 ½ ”) vent pipe
7 Traps
─ The only separation between the unpleasant and dangerously unhealthy gases
in sanitary drainage pipes and the air breathed by room occupants is the water
caught in the fixture trap after each discharge from a fixture. Sufficient water
must flow, especially in water closets, to keep this residual water clean.

─ The deeper the seal, the more resistance to

siphonage but the greater the fouling area;
therefore, a minimum depth of 2 in. (50 mm) and
a maximum depth of 4 in. (100 mm) are
common standards.

─ All traps should be self-cleaning, that is,

capable of being completely flushed each
time the trap operates so that no sediment will
remain inside to decompose.
8 Faction of raps in vent system
8 Faction of raps in vent system
Faction of raps in vent system
Faction of raps in vent system
1 Faction of raps in vent system
Faction of raps in vent system
9 Other vent pipe sizing

The entire length of the vent section of the

OTHER VENT PIPE

horizontal branch drain shall be sized for the

total drainage discharge to the branch
SIZING

Other than stack vents or vent stacks, the diameter of

individual vents, branch vents, circuit vents and relief vents
shall be at least one-half the required diameter of the drain
served

Vent pipes shall not be less than 1 ¼ inches (32 mm) in

diameter. Vents exceeding 40 feet (12,192 mm) in
developed length shall be increased by one nominal pipe
size for the entire developed length of the vent pipe
10 Grade of vent pipe
 All vent and branch vent pipes
shall be so graded and
connected as to drain back to
the drainage pipe by gravity
(same as drainage pipe slope)
 03. Drainage System
(Topic 3: Storm water drainage system &
Rain Water pipes)
1 Roof drainage system

─ A roof drainage system is

composed of:
1- storm-water collection
devices located in the roof and
piping, connected to the rain
water pipe
2- collection devices, which
transforms the runoff out of the
building to the ground.
1 Roof drainage system

─ Spacing and location of the roof drains are dependent on a

number of local conditions and building characteristics.

─ Consideration should
be given to such
criteria as the local
climatic conditions,
type of roof, slope of
roof, location of pipe
chases, and available
ceiling space to
install piping.
1 Roof leader

In plumbing, a pipe installed to drain water from the roof gutters or

roof catchment to the storm drain or other means of disposal. Also
called a conductor, downspout, or roof drain.

However, something can be distinguished :

 Conductor – a pipe inside the building that conveys storm water
from the roof to a storm or combined building drain
 Leader – an exterior drainage pipe for conveying storm water from
roof or gutter drain to an approved means of disposal
2 Roof Drainage Design Procedure
2 Roof Drainage Design Procedure
This tributary area should include the effects of runoff from adjacent walls. The area of
adjacent wall can be calculated based on the number and position of adjacent wall.

(a) a single wall surface (b) two opposing walls of (c) two adjoining walls of equal height
unequal height
2 Roof drainage system

(f) three adjoining wall of unequal height

surrounding the drain

(d) two adjoining wall of (e) three adjoin wall of

unequal height equal height surrounding
drain

Determine the size of the roof drains and storm-water

conductors or the gutters and rainwater by using Table
19.2a through Table 19.2b
(g) four wall surrounding the drain
Table 19.2a, is
used to size, roof
drains, vertical
rainwater leaders
or storm water
conductors
Table 19.2b, is used to
size conductors or rain
water leader installed at a
slope 1/8 in/ft (1cm/m)
Figure 19.2: Example of roof rain water distribution
3 Sizing Rain water pipe

For example 3-2:

Suppose we decide to size the rain water pipe (shown in figure R-3)
for a 5 floors building having the following data:
1- One pipe is used to collect the rain water from two adjacent
balconies and part of the roof. This part of roof has a 65 m2 area
(refer to figure R-3)
2- The balcony area is 10 m2 each.
3- The adjacent balcony wall area is 15 m2 each (refer figure 19.1)
3 Sizing Rain water pipe

Solution 3-2:
 Area supplied by a drain pipe = (Area of the balcony) +(area of the
adjacent wall)+ Part of the roof area
= [(2x10)x5] + [((15x2)/2)x5)+65 =240 m2 ,

 From Table 19.2b, a D= 4 in at 3 in/hr of rain water intensity can

handle up to (232.8m2) 2,506 ft2 area. So D= 4 inch pipe maybe
acceptable rainfall intensity equaled to 3 in/hr.
 And same table (Table 19.2b), a D= 5 in at 4 in/hr Rain water
intensity can handle flow from 3,340 ft2 area. So D= 5 inch pipe is
selected for this example if rainfall intensity 4 in/hr
3 Gutter system

Table 19.4 lists the capacity of semicircular gutters at various slopes

and rainfall rates.

The gutters can have shapes other than semicircular provided that the
flow area is maintained equal to the flow area of a gutter with a
semicircular shape given in Table 19.4.

 Minimum two numbers of roof drains and vertical leaders shall be

provided for any independent roof surface
3 Gutter system

Maximum length of gutter 50 ft.(15.2 m) between ends or expansion

joints is the limit unless the system is especially designed to
accommodate the greater expansion, the larger flow and the need for
special supports (https://www.guttersupply.com/resources/proper-gutter-downspout-sizing.html).

For the length of gutter more than 15.2m (for example 20m), rain
water has to travel a long way. It might be overloaded and
overflow.

The terminal maybe clogged with dirty such as

leaves, etc. Thus we need two or more terminal
for roof leader (https://www.slideshare.net/SmeeKamChann/84-roof-leader).
 03. Drainage System
(Topic 4: Sizing the Underground Sewage
Network for Buildings)
1 Type of underground Drainage For buildings

Type of underground
Drainage For buildings

Separated Sewer
& rain water
system Combined
Sewer + Rain water
2 Connections of the rain water drain
In the case of combined system (Sewer + Rain water),
rainwater must be connected to the foul water drain
through a back inlet gully, to prevent the smell as
shown in Fig. 4.1.

Figure 4.1: connection of combined system

In the case of separate system (Rain water only), it

is not necessary to provide a trap before the
rainwater pipe .It is connected to the surface water
drain, and therefore a rainwater shoe, as shown in
Fig. 4.2, may be used
Figure 4.2: connection of separate system
2 Connections of the rain water Drain

Grease Traps
─ Special gullies for the collection of grease are not
required for houses, but for canteen kitchens
where the waste water from the sinks and
dishwashers contains a considerable amount of
grease they are essential.

─ When grease is hot or contained in hot water, it is

in the form of an emulsion, and if it is allowed to
flow into the drain it will cool and adhere to the
sides of the pipes.

─ The principle of operation of the grease trap is

that of cooling down the grease in a large volume
of water, which will generally be cool, so that the
grease is solidified and floats on the surface. At
periodic intervals, the tray is lifted out of the trap,
which at the same time collects the grease.
3 Flow under gravity conditions (Manning Formula)

Manning, after carrying out a series of experiments, deduced the

following equation which is the most commonly used for open
channel flow and for water, sewer flows freely in pipes and conduits
when both ends are open to atmospheric pressure

Where:
Q= flow rate ft3/sec.
A = Wetted area ft2, (half pipe cross sectional area)
n = roughness of surface (table below)
R = Hydraulics radius (Area/wetted perimeter).
S= Slope 0.5 -1% from Chezy formula
Value of Manning “n”
4 Hydraulics radius R
4 Hydraulics radius R
5 Channel slope S

In an open channel , the slope S can be determined as follows:

 Since the flow velocity is the same and the depth pressure does not
change , the general energy equation becomes:

 We can express this equation on a unit of length basis by dividing

both sides by the length of the channel under consideration. Change
in elevation divided by change in distance yields the slope:
5 Channel slope S

 From the above formula , it is clear that the flow down is caused by
the difference in potential energy or gravity . On the other hand the
variable n known as Manning s, is a measure of the roughness of the
channel.

 Table herein lists

the values of n for
some of the more
common materials
6 Design underground sewer pipe system:

The following procedure should be used in designing a the underground

sewer pipe system:

Step1. Lay out should be drawn

Step2. The total DFU connected to the sewer pipe should be calculate.
Step3. From load tables convert the DFU to gpm or L/s,
Step4. Select the value “n” based on the pipe material.
Step5. Select a value of “S” , recommended underground slope S = 0.5-1 %.
Step6. Use Manning formula to determine the pipe diameter.

Note:
PVC pipe is used where n = 0.01, flow Running half full & recommended slope is 1% .
6
Design underground sewer pipe system:
Table for Estimating the demand in water supply system
(Can be used to convert the DFU to gpm or L/s)
6 Design underground sewer pipe system:
Example 4-1
Water at the rate of 0.1m3 /s flows through a 1m pipe diameter vitrified
sewer when the sewer pipe is half- full. Find the slope of the water, if
Manning’s n is 0.013

Solution 4-2
- Given discharge Q = 0.1m3 /s
- Diameter of pipe D =1m
 Area of flow A = (3.14/8)(1)2 = 0.393m2
- Wet parameter P = (3.14)(D/2) = 3.14/2 = 1.57m
 Hydraulic radius RH =A/P = 0.393/1.57 = D/4 = 0.25m
- Manning coefficient n = 0.013
 Slope S can be determine by:
So:
Discharge value
of circular pipe
(Running Haft
Full) using
Manning Eq for
n = 0.009
Discharge value of circular pipe (Running Haft Full) using Manning Eq for n = 0.012
Discharge value of
circular pipe
(Running Haft Full)
using Manning Eq
for n = 0.013
7 Manholes

 Usually constructed of brickwork, precast

concrete or plastic.
 Shallow manholes, which sometimes called
inspection chamber built in 113 mm of
brickwork, providing that they are not in a
road or waterlogged ground.
 Fig 4.4, shows a detail of brick manhole
whereas Fig 4.5, shows A detail of a
precast concrete manhole.

Figure 4.4: Brick manhole

7 Manholes

Figure 4.5: detail of a precast concrete manhole

8 Dimension of Brick Manholes

Cover sizes for depths up to 2.7 m are 600 mm x 600 mm,

and for depths up to 3.3 m are 900 mm x 600 mm. For
depths above 3.3 m an access shaft may be constructed
above the main chamber.
9 Precast Concrete Manhole
9 Sitting of Access Points

The Building Regulations require access to drains at the

following points:
1- at a bend or change of direction;
2- at a junction, unless each run can be cleared from an access
point.
3- On or near the head of each drain run;
4- on long runs;
5- at a change of pipe size.

Figs (4-6), and (4-7) show the positions of access points.

The distances marked “A” depend on the type of access,
see Table R
Figure 4.6:
Figure 4.7: Junctions between
drains and sewers. Note: 1,2,3
and 4 are alternative
positions of the inspection
chambers.
Table R: