• The pipe is completely filled with the fluid

being transported.
• The main driving force is likely to be a pressure
gradient along the pipe.

closed conduits through which fluids flow • Water flows without completely
 a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually filling the pipe.
but not necessarily of circular cross-section • Gravity alone is the driving force
 𝑫𝐯𝝆 𝑫𝐯
𝑵𝑹 = =
𝝁 𝝂
Darcy-Weisbach Formula Determination of friction factor f

𝒇𝑳 𝐯 𝟐
𝒉𝒇 =
𝑫 𝟐𝒈
*Values for f (friction factor) for water flowing in smooth straight pipe is
tabulated or is determined using the Moody Diagram
For circular pipes:
English: S.I.:
0.0252𝑓𝐿𝑄 0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄
ℎ = ℎ =
𝐷 𝐷

SAMPLE PROBLEM Dv
General Method of Determining f N =
Problem 1: Water flows at the rate of 200 lit/sec through 120 m in Darcy-Weisbach ν
horizontal pipe having a diameter of 300 mm. If the pressure difference where:
between the end points is 300 mm Hg. Determine the friction factor. 64 NR = Reynolds number
v = velocity of flow
𝑓= v = kinematic viscosity
0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄 𝑁
ℎ = (Laminar Flow, NR ≤ 2100)
𝐷
Problem 2: There is a leak in a horizontal 250-mm diameter pipe. 1
Upstream from the leak, two gages 500 mm apart showed a difference 1 𝑁   𝑓 𝑓=
= 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐷
of 130 kPa. Downstream from the leak two gages 500 mm apart   2.51 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 3.7
𝑓 𝑘
showed a difference of 120 kPa. Assuming f=0.021, how much water is (Turbulent Flow, NR ≥ 3000) (Turbulent Flow, NR ≥ 3000)
being lost from the pipe in liters for a unit second. Smooth pipes Turbulence is fully-developed
 SAMPLE PROBLEM Chezy Formula:
 
v = 𝐶𝑆 =
   
𝑅𝑆
Problem 1: Oil having specific gravity of 0.8 and dynamic viscosity of
0.813 Pa-s flow through a cast iron pipe at a velocity of 1 m/s. The pipe Manning’s Formula
is 50 m long and 150 mm in diameter. Determine the loss due to English:
friction. 1.486 / /
v= 𝑅 𝑆
vD 𝑓𝐿 v 𝑛
N = ℎ = S.I.:
ν 𝐷 2𝑔
1 / /
v= 𝑅 𝑆
Problem 2: A fluid having v = 4 x 10-5 m2/s flows in a 650 m long pipe 𝑛
having a diameter of 20 mm. Determine the head lost required to where:
maintain a velocity of 2.5 m/s. S = slope of the energy grade line = hf/L
n = roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic radius

Wetted Perimeter Manning’s Formula for ℎ

 the line of intersection of its
wetted surface with a cross-
sectional plane 𝐿v
ℎ (𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ) = 2.87𝑛
𝐷
Hydraulic Radius
 the area of cross section of the 𝐿v
stream ℎ (𝑆. 𝐼. ) = 6.35𝑛
𝑨
𝐷
𝑹= (for conduits/ pipes)
𝑷
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

Problem: Water is flowing through a 24- in diameter pipe at

a rate of 12 cfs. If n = 0.015, determine the headlost for an
equivalent length of 1500 ft.
𝐿v
ℎ = 2.87𝑛
𝐷

Nomograph for Manning’s Equation

Hazen-William’s Formula
English:
. .
v = 1.318𝐶𝑅 𝑆
S.I.:
v = 0.849𝐶𝑅 . 𝑆 .

where:
C = Hazen – Williams Coefficient
S = slope of the energy grade line = hf/L
n = roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic radius = A/P
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

Problem: If a gage pressure is reading 40 psi at one end of a

32-ft section of 2-inch schedule 40 pipe (C = 120) water
flowing at 0.245 cfs, what will be the reading of the gage at
the other end?

. .
v = 1.318𝐶𝑅 𝑆

SEAT WORK
Minor Losses
– function of velocity head Problem: Water flows in a 300 mm x 350 mm rectangular
conduit at the rate of 150 lit./sec. Assuming f = 0.025, find the
𝐯𝟐 head loss per km length?
𝒉 𝒄 = 𝑲𝒄
𝟐𝒈 where:
𝐯𝟐 c = contraction
𝒉 𝒆 = 𝑲𝒆 𝑓𝐿 v 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 :
𝟐𝒈 e = enlargement D = 4R
ℎ =
𝐯𝟐 g = gate 𝐷 2𝑔 where:
𝒉 𝒈 = 𝑲𝒈 b = bends R = hydraulic radius
𝟐𝒈
= A/P
𝐯𝟐
𝒉 𝒃 = 𝑲𝒃
𝟐𝒈

Pipe Discharging from a Reservoir
𝟏 hc
H hf
𝟐
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Problem: A 20 mm diameter pipe, 50 m long is used to drain
an oil tank. Determine the discharge when the oil level in the
HL tank is 3m above the exit of the pipe. Neglect minor losses
and use f = 0.125

V2/2g 𝒇𝑳 𝐯 𝟐
𝒉𝒇 =
BEE 1-2 𝑫 𝟐𝒈
v 𝑝 v 𝑝
+ +𝑧 = + + 𝑧 + 𝐻𝐿
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

SAMPLE PROBLEM
Pipe Connecting two Reservoirs
𝟏 hc
Problem 1: What diameter of a concrete pipe 250 ft long will be
required to carry 50 cfs between two reservoirs under a head of 3ft.
hf
Neglect minor losses and use f = 0.02.
H1 HL
he 𝟐

H2
Problem 2: A horizontal culvert is built through a road embankment,
both ends of the pipe being inward-projecting and submerged. What
BEE 1-2 head will be required to produce a discharge of 60 cfs if the pipe is 70 ft
v 𝑝 v 𝑝 long and 3 ft in diameter. Use f = 0.025 and neglect minor losses.
+ +𝑧 = + + 𝑧 + 𝐻𝐿 𝐻𝐿 = 𝐻 − 𝐻
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Pipes Connected in Series Problem 1: Three new cast-iron pipes (assume f =0.031) are
connected in series as shown in the figure. the first has a diameter of
12 in. and a length of 1500 ft; the second has a diameter of 24 in. and a
length of 2000 ft; and the third has a diameter of 18 in and a length of
1200 ft. If the discharge is 8 cfs, determine the lost head, neglecting the
Discharge: minor losses.
- By continuity of flow concept
𝑄=𝑄 =𝑄 =𝑄
Head loss:
- sum of all the decrease of energy
𝐻𝐿 = ℎ +ℎ +ℎ + 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

SAMPLE PROBLEM SAMPLE PROBLEM

Problem 2: A pipe line between points A and B consists of Problem 3: Two pipes with C = 120, connected in series,
1000 ft of 18-in. , followed by 800 ft of 12-in, followed in turn discharge 2 cfs with a loss of head of 30 ft. Each pipe has a
by 500 ft of 6-in. If n=0.011 and the total loss of head from A length of 1000ft. If one pipe has a diameter of 18 in.,
to B is 12 ft, determine Q. determine the diameter of the other, neglecting the minor
losses.
𝐿v English:
ℎ (𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ) = 2.87𝑛 . .
𝐷 v = 1.318𝐶𝑅 𝑆
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Pipes Connected in Parallel
Problem 1: With a total flow of 15 cfs in the
figure, determine the flow in each pipe and the
loss of head from A to B (assume n=0.011).

Discharge:
- In-flow → sum of the divided flow → out-flow
𝑄 =𝑄 +𝑄 +𝑄 =𝑄
Head loss: 𝐿v
- The loss for all pipes in parallel are all equal ℎ = 2.87𝑛
𝐻𝐿 =ℎ =ℎ =ℎ 𝐷

SAMPLE PROBLEM SEAT WORK

Problem 2: The discharge of the pipe system shown in the
figure is 10,000,000 gpd. Determine the loss from A to D. Problem: If the loss of head from A to B in the figure is 12
• (note: 1 ft3 = 7.48 gal; and assume: n = 0.011) ft, determine the total flow (assume n=0.011).

𝐿v 𝐿v
ℎ = 2.87𝑛 ℎ = 2.87𝑛
𝐷 𝐷