Fluid Mechanics

Unit 03

29/09/2020
Unit 3: Contents
• Laminar and Turbulant flow
• Darcy-Weisbach Equation
• Hazen Poiseulle Equation
• Introduction to Moody’s chart and Nomograms
• Minor losses in pipes
• Concept of equivalent pipe
• Dupit’s equation
• Introduction to siphon
Concept of head loss
• There are three Types of heads.
• Pressure head, Velocity head, datum head (Bernoulli's
equation)

A1V1 = A2V2

At point 2, velocity will decrease

because are is increase in diamter
Therefore,
1m
2m
Types of head losses

Major head loss Minor head loss

Friction in the flowing fluid Entry and exit

Bend in pipe
Connection in pipe
Joint in pipe
Change in diameter of pipe
Laminar and Turbulent flow

Re > 4000 Turbulant flow

Re < 2000, Laminar flow
Darcy-Weisbach Equation (Major loss)
Darcy-Weisbach Equation (Major loss)
Darcy-Weisbach Equation (Major loss)

Above equation is known as Darcy-Weisbach equation of friction.

Darcy-Weisbach Equation (Major loss)

ℎ =
2

ℎ ℎ
f is friction factor
L is length of pipe
V is mean velocity
g is acceleration due to gravity
D is diameter of pipe

Note: hf = (p1-p2)
Note on f’ and f
• The equation is expressed in two forms as
4 ′
ℎ = f' is known as coefficient of friction
2

ℎ = f is known as friction factor

2

4 f’ = f
 Computation of f’ and f

• For laminar flow, # = • For laminar flow, f =

# . $% .
• For turbulent flow, = • For turbulent flow, f =
( ) /" ( ) /"

In terms of coefficient of friction In terms of friction factor

• For laminar Re < 2000

• For turbulent flow, Re > 4000 (upto 106)
Numerical 1
• Check whether the flow is laminar or turbulent, if a fluid having
viscosity of 0.4 m/s2 and density of 900 kN/m3 through a
pipe of 20 mm with a velocity of 2.5 m/s.

(
&' =
)

Given: Density = 900 kg/m3, pipe diameter, D = 20 mm = 20 x

10-3 m, μ = 0.4 Ns/m2

Re = 112.5 , therefore Laminar flow

Re <2000, Laminar
Re > 4000, Turbulant
Numerical 2
• In a flow through pipe with diameter of 2m, the velocity of the
flow is 2.5 m/s. The viscosity of the flowing fluid is 0.5Ns/m2.
Calculate the head loss if f = 0.04 and length of the pipe is 20
km.
ℎ =
2

Given: f = 0.04, L = 20 km = 20 * 1000 (m)

D = 2m, v = 2.5 m/s, g = 9.81 m/s2

Hf = 127 m
Numerical 3
• A pipe carries water in it. Determine the loss of head in a pipe
with diameter 50 mm and length 6 m. The velocity in the pipe
is 2.4 m/s. The viscosity of flowing fluid is 0.8 Ns/m2.
Solution
Given: d = 50mm = 0.05 m, L = 6m, v = 2.4 m/s, μ = 0.8 Ns/m2
Here, flow is laminar or Turbulent in not given. On that f
depends. So, we need to determine whether flow is laminar or
turbulent.
Numerical 3
• Reynolds number is given by,

(1000 × 2.4 × 0.05

&' = = = 1500
) 0.08

Therefore, flow is laminar. Since, Re < 2000

For laminar flow, = = = 0.042

/
Numerical 3
• Now, loss of head is given by, Darcy Weisbach formula,

ℎ =
2

0.043 × 6 × 2.4
ℎ = = 1.53 (45 . )
2 × 9.81 × 0.05
Minor losses in pipes
Minor losses
Minor losses
(7 879 )9
• Loss due to sudden enlargement, ℎ6 =
:
79
• Loss due to sudden contraction, ℎ6 = 0.5
:
7 9
• Loss due to entrance of pipe, ℎ6 = 0.5
:
79
• Loss due to exit from pipe, ℎ6 =
:
(7 879 )9
• Loss due to gradual contraction or enlargement, ℎ6 = ;
:
79
• Loss due to bend, ℎ6 = ;
:
79
• Loss due to pipe fittings, ℎ6 = ;
:
Numerical 4
• A pipe 50 mm diameter is 6 m long and carries water with
velocity of 2.4 m/s. If the pipe is connected with a pipe of 75
mm diameter, what will be loss in head due to this change in
diameter?
• Solution: Minor loss
• Minor loss due to sudden enlargrment in diameter is given by,
(< − < )
ℎ6 =
2
Here, V1 = 2.4 m/s , V2 = ?
Numerical 4
• By continuity equation, A1V1 = A2V2
• D1 = 50 mm, D2 = 75 mm
> > > >
• < = < 0.05 2.4 = 0.075 <

• V2 = 1.07 m/s

(7 879 )9 ( . 8 . $)9
ℎ6 = = = 0.090 3 (Ans)
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