HGE 2 – Part 3

Head losses, Pipes, Water Hammer

MAJOR LOSSES SERIES AND PARALLEL PIPES

- Due to friction
- SERIES

DARCY-WEISBACH FORMULA
𝑓𝐿 𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 = ; all sections
𝐷 2𝑔

0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 = ; circular pipes only 𝑄 = 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄3 𝐻𝐿 = ℎ𝑓1 + ℎ𝑓2 + ℎ𝑓3
𝐷5

MANNING FORMULA ∆𝑃
ℎ𝑓 =
𝛾
6.35𝑛2 𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 = 4 ; all section - PARALLEL
𝐷3

10.29𝑛2 𝐿𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 = 16 ; circular pipes only
𝐷3

HAZEN-WILLIAMS FORMULA
𝑣 = 0.8429𝐶𝑅 0.63 𝑆 0.54 ; all section
𝑄 = 0.2785𝐶𝐷2.63 𝑆 0.54 ; all section
10.67𝐿𝑄 1.85
ℎ𝑓 = ; circular pipes only
𝐶 1.85 𝐷 4.87
𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 ℎ𝑓1 = ℎ𝑓2 = ℎ𝑓3

𝐻𝐿 𝑇 = 𝐻𝑓𝐴 + ℎ𝑓1 + 𝐻𝑓𝐵

Slope of the EGL
Also known as hydraulic slope or energy gradient
𝐻𝐿 ℎ𝑓 SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
𝑆= =
𝐿 𝐿
1. Calculate the headloss in a 250mm pipe
L= length of pipe 500m long when water flows at 115L/s
using:
Hf=head loss due to friction
a. Darcy-Weisbach formula, f=0.02
D=diameter of pipe (m) b. Manning formula, n=0.012
c. Hazen-Williams formula, C=100
For non-circular pipe:

𝐷 = 4𝑅 𝑅=𝑃
𝐴
P=wetted perimeter 2. Two pipes, each 300m long, are connected
in series. The flow of water through the
MINOR LOSS pipes is 150L/s with a total friction loss of
15m. If one pipe has a diameter of 300mm,
- due to change in size or direction,
what is the diameter of the other pipe?
obstruction, fittings, bend, etc.
Neglect minor losses and assume f=0.02 for
𝒗𝟐 both pipes.
𝒉𝒎 = 𝒌𝒎 𝟐𝒈
3. A 0.75m diameter pipe 1162m long carrying
Km= coefficient of such minor loss 2.4 cu.m/s of water branches into 2 pipes
450mm and 600mm diameter at junction A.
The 450mm pipe is 1254m and the 600mm
pipe is 1186m long. They came together at
junction B and continue to as single pipe
750mm in diameter and 866m long.
Assuming the values of “f” are 0.017, 0.019,
0.020 respectively for 750mm, 600mm,
450mm pipe:
 HGE 2 – Part 3
Head losses, Pipes, Water Hammer

valve near the exit 700kPa. Bulk modulus of

elasticity of water is 2.07 GPa.
a. What is Q in the 450mm pipe?
a. What is the celerity of pressure wave in
b. What is Q in the 600mm pipe?
m/s?
b. What is the maximum discharge in
cu.m/s?
WATER HAMMER c. What water hammer pressure is expected
It is a pressure surge or wave resulting when a if the valve is closed in 3 s?
fluid in motion is forced to stop or sudden
change in direction. 5. Water is flowing in a 200mm diameter rigid
pipe that is 850m long. The increase in
𝐸
𝑐 = √ 𝜌𝐵 ; for rigid pipes pressure caused by instantaneous closure of
valve near the exit 700kPa. Bulk modulus of
c= celerity, speed of pressure wave (m/s) elasticity of water is 2.07 GPa.
a. What is the celerity of pressure wave in
𝐸𝐵 =Bulk modulus of Elasticity of fluid (Pa) m/s?
𝜌=density of fluid (kg/cu.m) b. What is the maximum discharge in
cu.m/s?
𝐸 c. What water hammer pressure is expected
𝑐 = √ 𝜌𝑐 ; for non-rigid pipes
if the valve is closed in 3 s?
𝐸𝑐 =Bulk modulus of Elasticity of fluid (Pa)
1 1 𝑑
= +
𝐸𝑐 𝐸𝐵 𝐸𝑡
d-internal diameter of pipe (mm)
E=modulus of elasticity of pipe material (Pa)
t=pipe thickness (mm)

𝐸𝐵
𝑐=√
𝐸𝐵 𝑑
𝜌(1 + 𝐸𝑡 )

The time required for the pressure wave to

travel from the valve to the reservoir and back
to the valve is:
2𝐿
𝑇=
𝑐
Water Hammer Pressure
Rapid Closure (tc<2L/c)
𝑃ℎ = 𝜌𝑐𝑣
Where v=velocity of flow
Slow Closure (tc>2L/c)
2𝐿𝜌𝑣
𝑃ℎ =
𝑡𝑐
Sample Problem
4. Water is flowing in a 200mm diameter rigid
pipe that is 850m long. The increase in
pressure caused by instantaneous closure of