hf/L = i

When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, it experiences some resistance due to which
some of energy (head) of fluid is lost. Energy loss through friction in the length of
pipeline is commonly termed the major loss (hf) which is the loss of head due to
pipe friction and to viscous dissipation in flowing water.

DARCY-WEISBACH EQUATION
Hydraulic gradient Line (H.G.L) – Line representing the sum of pressure head
and datum head.

Total energy line (T.E.L) – Line representing the sum of pressure head, datum
head, and velocity head.
A 2 km. long water main has to carry a discharge of 0.5 m³/sec. If the maximum
allowable loss of head due to friction is 25 m, find the minimum diameter required.
Use Darcy's equation. Assume f= 0.008. Neglect minor losses.
Find the loss of head due to friction, in a pipe of 1 meter
diameter and 15 km long. The velocity of water in the pipe is 1
meter per second. Take coefficient of friction 's 0.005.
Water is flowing through a pipe 1.5 km long and 1 m diameter
with a velocity of 1 m/sec. Find the head loss due to friction
using Chezy's formula. Take C = 64 .
Water flows through a pipe 200 mm diameter, 60 m long with a velocity of 2.5 m/sec. Find the
head loss in friction 3. by using (a) Darcy's formula (b) Chezy's formula.orAssume chezy's
constant as 55.
Water flows through a pipe 250 cm diameter, 80 m long with a velocity of 3.5 m/sec. Find
the loss in friction using (a) Darcy's formula (b) Chezy's formula. Assume chezy'sconstant as
55.
Calculate the discharge through a pipe of diameter 15 cm when the difference of
pressure head between the two ends of a pipe 600 m apart is 4.5 m of water. Assume
f = 0.009 .
A pipe carrying water suddenly enlarges from 100 mm to 200 mm. If the discharge is 60 lt/sec.
Calculate the loss of head due to the change in the section of the pipe.
A horizontal pipe of diameter 500 mm is suddenly hery's co contracted to a diameter of 250 mm.
If the discharge through the pipe is 270 liters per sec., find the practical loss of head due to
sudden contraction of pipe.
A town having a population of 100000 is to be supplied with water from a reservoir
at 5 km distance. If one half of the supply of 150 litre per head should be delivered
within 8 hours, what must be the size of the supply, if the head available is 12m?
Take, C = 45 in Chezy's formula
A horizontal pipe 150 mm in diameter is suddenly reduced to 75 mm diameter. Water is
flowing through the larger to smaller pipe at the rate of 10 lt/sec. What is the loss of
energy at the sudden contraction in N-m per minute? Take the coefficient of contraction
as 0.64.
Calculate how much head would be saved in a pipe of 40 m length and 80 mm diameter, of the
central 20 m length is replaced by 120 mm diameter pipe. The change of section being sudden. The
quantity of water flowing is 12.5 lt/sec. Assume f = 0 in each case and consider all losses of head.
Take C = 0.062
A horizontal pipe line 50 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and discharges freely into
atmosphere at the other end. For the first 30 m of its length from the tank, the pipe is 0.2 m
diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to 0.4 m. The height of water level in the tank is 10
m above the centre of the pipe. Tabulate all the losses of head and determine the rate of flow. Take
f = 0.01
Water is flowing through a pipe 2.00 km long and 1.1 m diameter with a velocity of 1
m/sec. Find the head loss respect t due to friction using chezy's formula take C = 64
PIPE CONNECTING TWO RESERVOIRS
EQIVALENT PIPE :
Two reservoirs are connected by a straight pipe 1.6 km long. For the first half of its length, it is
160 mm diameter and then suddenly reduced to 80 mm. The water levels in the two reservoirs
differ by 30 m Tabulate all the losses of head and determine the flow in It/min. Take f = 0.01
Two reservoirs are connected by a pipeline of 22 m long consisting of two pipes, one of 15
cm., diameter and by length 6 m., and the other of diameter 22.5 cm and 16 m length If the
difference of water levels in the two reservoirs is 6 m, calculate the discharge considering all
losses. Takes f = 0 and h f = fLV ^ 2 / 2gd
Two reservoirs whose water surface elevation differs by 10 m are connected by compound pipe of 300 m
of 300 mm diameter, 150 m of 200 mm diameter and 240 m of 250 mm diameter respectively. Find the
discharge through the pipe and plot the hydraulic gradient. Given the friction factor f for 300 mm, 200
mm, and 250 mm, pipes are 0.005 and 0.0053 respectively. All changes of pipe sections are sudden. Take
C = 0.62.
A compound piping system consists of three pipes of lengths 1500 m, 1200 and 1000 m and of
diameters 0.5 m, 0.4 and 0.3 m respectively are connected in series convert the system to, and(a) An
equivalent length of 0.4 m diameter pipe (b) An equivalent size pipe 3700 m long
A main pipe divides into two parallel pipes of 0.8 m and 0.5 m diameter with equal lengths. Parallel pipes meet
again at the lower end. Find the discharge in each parallel pipe, if the discharge in the main pipe is 2.5 m³/sec.
The coefficient of friction for each parallel pipe is same.
Two pipes each 500 m long are available for connecting to a reservoir from which a flow of 0.2 m³/sec is required.
The diameters of two pipes are 0.4 m. Determine the ratio of head lost when the pipes are connected in series to
the head lost when they are connected in parallel. Neglect minor losses.
Find the diameter of uniform pipe to replace a compound pipe line having the following elements:(a) 1000 m of
50 cm diameter(b) 500 m of 40 cm diameter(c) 250 m of 30 cm diameter The total length should remain the
same.
For the distribution main of a town water supply, a 25 cm main is required. As pipes above 20 cm diameter are not
available, it is decided to lay two parallel mains of the same diameter. Find the diameter of the parallel mains.
Two reservoirs are connected by a pipe line 22 m long consisting of two pipes one of 15 cm dia and length 6 m and
the other of dia. 22.5 cm and 16 cm length. If the difference of water levels in two reservoirs is 6m. Calculate the
discharge considering the losses. Take f=0.04 and h₁ = 2gd
A 2 km long water main has to carry a discharge of 0.54 cu.m. If the maximum allowable loss of head due to friction
is 26 m. Find the minimum diameter required use Darcey's equation. Assume f=0.008. Neglect minor losses.
An old water supply distribution pipe of 250 mm diameter of 1 m length is to be replaced by two parallel pipes of equal
diameter having equal length and identical values of coefficient of friction. Find the diameter of the pipes