Chapter 9 Test Study Guide: Cell Reproduction

Abdulaziz AlObaidi
Test date: Thursday Nov 17
Format: MCQ, Labeling, Short Answers, Matching
Chapter 9 Section 1: Cell Size
Notes Link
Powerpoint Link
Surface Area To Volume Notes

Vocabulary: Quizlet

Cell Size: smaller divides into 2. ( Somatic Cells:

cells are more
efficient than
large ones.
Surface Area:
measurement of
the outer surface
of an object
Volume: amount of
space an object
takes up
Surface area to
volume ratio: ratio
of cell’s outside
area to internal
volume.
Cell Division:
process by which a
cell divides into 2
new daughter cells
Binary Fission: a
form of asexual
reproduction in
which one cell
prokaryotic cells) body cells
Cell Cycle: Meiosis: cell
sequence of division that
events in which a results in cells
cell grows, with half of the
prepares for chromosomes; in
division, and reproductive cells.
divides to form 2 Interphase: Cell
daughter cells. grows, performs
Daughter Cells: its normal
cells that are functions, and
produced as a prepares for
result of mitosis, division; consists
are identical, and of G1, S, and G2
original to parent phases
cell. Gap 1 Phase: stage
Parent Cell: of interphase in
original cell which cell grows
before division. and performs its
Mitosis: when the normal functions
cell nucleus Synthesis Phase:
divides in somatic DNA replication.
cells.
 Gap 2 Phase: and proteins Cleavage Furrow:
duplicates its (histones) used to draws plasma
cytosol and store genetic info. membrane toward
organelles Chromatin: cell center
Cytokinesis: uncoiled form of pinching the
division of DNA. cytoplasm into two
cytoplasm in cell Chromatid: half of lobes. ( animal)
division chromosome. Cell Plate: in plant
Chromosomes: Centromere: area midline of dividing
bodies in nucleus where chromatids cells, becomes the
made from DNA are attached. cell wall.

Topics To Know
1. Why are cells small?
● Cells are small for two reasons:
Substance Transport:
- Not enough material will be able to cross fast to accommodate cell volume.
- Transport of nutrients & waste by diffusion slows down
- Small cells maintain more efficient transport systems
Cell Communication:
- Signaling proteins need to move around
- Affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions to cellular
functions.

2. Why small cell are more effective in transporting nutrients and removing waste
(surface area to volume ratio)

As a cell increases in size, both surface area and volume increase but the volume increase
at a faster rate, this means that the big cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and
getting rid of waste, while the smaller easier.

3. What is the difference between prokaryotic cell division and eukaryotic cell division
 Prokaryotic: Most bacteria reproduce by dividing down the middle to form two
separate cells in a process called binary fission.

Eukaryotic: More complex organisms gain new cells by either mitosis or meiosis.
Cells go through different phases called the cell cycle.

4. What is the cell cycle ?

Sequence of events by which cell grows and divides. Including interphase, mitosis,
and cytokinesis.

5. Explain What happens in interphase

Interphase:
Gap 1 ( G1): Cell is growing and performing normal functions.
Synthesis ( S): DNA replication.
Gap 2 ( G2): Cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles.

6. What stage does the cell spend the most time in and why?
Cells spend the most time in interphase because it undergoes normal growth
processes while also preparing for cell division. ( G1 is the most)

7. Understand the importance of Mitosis and in what type of cells mitosis occurs in
Mitotis is important:
- Growth ( cell growth)
- Repair ( healing wounds)
Mitotis occurs in Somatic Cells ( body cells) , copies the cell identically,
chromosomes # stay the same, and produce two daughter cells.

8. Understand the difference between cytokinesis in animal cells and cytokinesis in

plant cells
In animal cells, the cell membrane forms a cleavage furrow and pinches apart like a balloon.

In plant cells, a cell plate forms instead, which becomes the new cell wall separating the
daughter cell

Chapter 9 Section 2: Mitosis Abdulaziz AlObaidi

 Notes Link
Powerpoint Link
Vocabulary: Quizlet
Mitosis: Cell centromere and Centrioles:
division when line up in the organelles that
nucleus divides middle of the cell produce spindle
into two nuclei Anaphase: “Away” fibers.
containing the Chromatids Chromosomes:
same number of separate, begin to coiled and packed
chromosomes move to opposite DNA
ending in 2 ends, pulled by Chromatin:
identical cells the spindle fibers uncoiled form of
Meiosis: Telophase: “ Twin” DNA.
Prophase: Mitosis Cell membrane Sister
begins; centrioles pinches inward to Chromatids: half
that contain create two of a chromosome.
spindle fibers daughter cells - Nuclear Envelope:
appear and begin each with own membrane that
to move to nucleus with surrounds the
opposite ends of identical genetic nucleus.
cell. The DNA information Cleavage Furrow:
condenses and Spindle Fibers: forms in animal
becomes more String like cell to split the
visible. The structures that cell
Nucleus begins to connect to Cell Plate: forms
disappear centromeres and in a plant cell to
Metaphase: pull apart split the plant cell
“Middle” Spindle chromosomes: Parent Cell:
Fibers attach to Spider-Man original cell
chromosomes Webs" Centromere: thing
from the that connects
chromatids.

Topics To Know
 1. Understand the importance of mitosis
- Growth: increases the number of cells
- Repair: heals and repairs damaged tissue
- Maintain Cell size
2. Understand the steps of mitosis
Prophase:
- DNA thickens; becomes chromosomes
- Nucleus begins to disappear
- Centrioles move to opposite side
- Spindle fiber forms and attach to chromosome at
centromere

Metaphase:
- Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell
- Pulled to the middle by the movement of spindle
fibers

Anaphase:
- Centromeres divide chromatids move to opposite
sides
- Cell stretches out bcz of chromatids moving

Telophase:
- Nuclear envelope forms at each pole
- Chromosomes become chromatin
- Spindle fibers dissolve
- Cell pinches forming a cleavage furrow in animals
and cell plate in plant cell
- Cytokinesis begins

3. Know what happens in each stage as well as drawing the stages and labeling them
 Chapter 9 Section 3: Cell Regulation
Notes Link
Powerpoint Link
Vocabulary : Quizlet

Cell Regulation: proceed through Apoptosis : the

regulation of the cell cycle stages. process of
timing of the cell G1 checkpoint: programmed cell
cycle in eukaryotic checks for cell death.
cells; movement of size, nutrients, Stem cells:
cell through growth factors, unspecialized cells
checkpoints. and DNA damage. that are able to
Cyclin: a protein G2 Checkpoint: renew themselves
that regulates the checks if DNA is for long periods
cell cycle in replicated by cell division.
eukaryotes. correctly. Embryonic stem
cyclin-dependent Spindle Assembly cells: a stem cell
kinases: enzyme to Checkpoint (SAC): taken from an
which cyclin binds checks for the embryo to give
during interphase attachment of the rise to cells in
and mitosis, chromosomes to other tissue
triggering and spindle. types.
controlling Cancer: when cells Adult Stem cells:
activities during divide and grow stem cells that
the cell cycle. uncontrollably, are present within
Cell Cycle damaging the body adult organs and
Checkpoints: by crowding. capable of
mechanisms that Carcinogen: self-renewal and
monitor the substance that only can give rise
preparedness of a causes cancer. to cells in the
eukaryote to same tissue type.
Topics To Know
1. Why cell regulation is important during cell division?

Cell regulation is important to cell division

- it can catch mistakes in duplication that can lead to mutations that
ultimately lead to cancer.
- Check whether the cell is big enough and has enough proteins and nutrients
for the next phase
- Check to see if DNA is duplicated
- Check to see if the spindle fiber is attached to chromosome

2. The three different types of checkpoints and what they do

1. G1 Checkpoint: checks for DNA integrity, Cell size, nutrients, and

growth factors.
2. G2 Checkpoint: checks for DNA damage, and allows for repair of
DNA.
3. Spindle Assembly Checkpoint: checks for chromosome attachment to
mitotic spindle.

3. What is cancer?
- A disease in which cells divide uncontrollably
- damaging cells by overcrowding
- Interrupts cell cycle
- Spend less time in interphase causing them to grow and divide more
quickly

4. What are the causes of cancer ( including environmental and

non-environmental)?

Non-environmental causes: Age and genetics.

Environmental causes: UV light, tobacco, radiation, pollution, processed food,
and alcohol.
 5. Why does a cell go through apoptosis? Give an example of how apoptosis can
be important.
- Apoptosis is programmed cell death;
- happens to get rid of damaged (abnormal) cells that lead to cancer.
- E.g: the separation of fingers and toes in the human embryo.

6. What are stems cells and why are they important

Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells under the
right conditions. They are important because of their potential to repair, restore,
and regenerate cells.

7. Know the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells

Embryonic Stem Cells Adult Stem Cells

- Found from cells found in - Found from cells found in

embryos specific tissues

- Can be differentiated in any - Cannot be differentiated into

specialized cell any specialized cell

- Can be made to be used in any - Can only be used in cells from

type of specialized cell the same type of tissue

- Can be divided many times. - Decrease in number and activity

as one ages.
 Chapter 10 Section 1: Sexual Reproduction- Meisosis
Notes Link
Powerpoint Link
Vocabulary : Quizlet

Meiosis:a type of Zygote: fertiziled chromosomes. (

cell division that eukaryotic cell half)
results in four when the male and Diploid Cells:
daughter cells female gamete ​containing two
each with half the combine. complete sets of
number of Karyotype: A chromosomes, one
chromosomes of display of the from each parent.
the parent cell, as chromosome pairs Prophase 1 :
in the production of a cell arranged Chromosomes
of gametes and by size and shape. become visible;
plant spores. Traits:A nuclear envelope
Synapsis:the characteristic breaks down;
pairing of that an organism crossing-over
homologous can pass on to its occurs.
chromosomes offspring through Metaphase 1 :
during meiosis its genes. Paired homologous
Homologous Independent chromosomes line
chromosomes: Pair assortment of up across the
of chromosomes chromosomes : center of the cell
that are the same Homologous pairs Anaphase 1 :
size, same of chromosomes homologous
appearance and orient randomly at chromosomes
same genes. metaphase I of separate and are
Crossing Over: meiosis pulled to opposite
Process in which Genes: A segment ends of the cell
homologous of DNA on a Telophase 1 : 2
chromosomes chromosome that daughter cells are
exchange portions codes for a formed, each
of their specific trait. daughter cell
chromatids during Haploid Cells : An contains only one
meiosis. organism or cell chromosome of
Gametes: having only one the homologous
reproductive cells complete set of pair.
Cytokinesis 1: separate and move humans, the
Cytoplasm splits, to opposite poles products of
resulting in 2 cells Telophase 2: A meiosis are sperm
that must divide nuclear membrane or egg cells.
again forms around the Sperm Cell: male
Prophase 2 : chromosomes in reproductive cell
Chromosomes each of the 4 new Egg Cell: The
condense, spindles cells. female
form in each new Cytokinesis 2 : reproductive cell.
cell, and spindle Cytokinesis splits Plural of ovum =
fibers attach to the chromosome ova
chromosomes. sets into new Spores: Produced
Metaphase 2 : cells, forming the by meiosis of
Centromeres of final products of plant cells. Grow
chromosomes line meiosis: four into haploid
up randomly at the haploid cells in organisms by
equator of each which each mitosis.
cell. chromosome has
Anaphase 2 : just one
sister chromatids chromatid. In
Topics To Know
1. Understand the purpose of meiosis
Meiosis provides Genetic variation:
- Depending on how chromosomes are lined up, 4 gametes get different
combinations of chromosomes.
- Genetic variation allows for the organism to adapt to the environment and
gives a better chance of survival, (Allows for organisms to be different)

2. What is crossing over and why is it important?

Crossing over is when homologous chromosomes exchnage portions of DNA (
chromatids) ; this is important as it allows for genetic variation.

3. Why does meiosis produce 4 different daughter cells?

Meiosis produce 4 different daughter cells to allow the gametes to have genetic
variation . These new combinations result from the exchange of DNA between
paired chromosomes.

4. Understand the difference between the stages of meiosis and mitosis

( next page)

5. What are traits and how are they important?

Traits are characteristics inherited from parent to offspring. They are
important as they play a role in determining an organism’s characteristics
and cell functions.

6. How does meiosis help in explaining the genetic diversity found in living
organisms?
Meiosis explains genetic variation found in living organisms by two processes:
Crossing Over: when homologous chromosomes exchange portions of DNA
- This allows for genetic variation by altering the original DNA and
changing it to a new form of DNA.
 Independent Assortment: when Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient
randomly at metaphase I of meiosis,
- This allows for genetic variation by creating multiple possible
combinations of chromosomes in the gametes.

7. What are Karyotypes and what are they use for?

A karyotype is an organized profile of a person’s chromosomes. They are
used to screen for any mistakes detected in the DNA. ( XX for female Xy male)

8. Know the difference between mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis Meisois

- Occurs in somatic cells ( body) - Occurs in gametes ( reproductive)

- Produces two daughter cells - Produces 4 daughter cells

- Produces identical daughter - Produces non-identical daughter

cells cells

- Produce diploid cells. ( number Before meiosis cells are diploid after
of chromosomes stay the same) meiosis one they are haploid and after
meiosis two are haploid.
9. Know the stages of meiosis ( what happens in each stage and how to identify the
stages in an image)

Prophase I:
- Chromosomes begin to condense and pair up
- homologous chromosomes match up (synapsis)
- Crossing over in homologous pairs occurs
- Nuclear membrane disappears
- Spindle fibers appear( centrioles) & attach to
centromere of homologous chromosomes

Metaphase I:
- Spindle fiber attach to the centromere of
homologous chromosomes and moves them to the
middle of the cell.
- Independent assortment occurs in the randomness
of the order of chromosomes
Anaphase I:
- Homologus chromosomes separate and move to the
opposite poles
- sister chromatids stay together ( different from
mitosis)

Telophase I:
- 2 non-identical daughter cells are formed ( each
daughter has one chromosome of the homologous)
- nuclear membrane and nuclei form around
chromosomes
- Clevage furrow/cell plate forms
- DNA uncoils
Cytokinesis I:
- Cytoplasm splits
- Resulting in 2 ( SEPERATE) cells that must divide
again

Prophase II:
- Chromatin condenses to chromosomes
- Nuclear envelope dissolves
- Centrioles move to opposite poles and spindle fibers
form

Metaphase II:
- Chromosomes line up in the middle
- Meiotic spindle fibres at each pole of the cell attach to
each of the sister chromatids.

Anaphase II:
- Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
Telophase II:
- Nuclei and nuclear envelope form
- DNA unravels into chromatin
- Each cell has 23 chromosomes that are not identical
- Clevage furrow and cell plate form respectively

Cytokinesis:
- Four daughter cells are produced
- Each daughter cell with half a set of chromosomes
( haploid)
- 4 sperm cells in males
- 1 egg cell in females with the others not developing

4. Understand the difference between the stages of meiosis and mitosis:

Mitosis Meisois

Has 4 stages Has 8 stages ( no cytokinesis)

Prophase has no exchange of genes Synapsis in Prophase I

No homologous chromosomes are Homologous chromosomes are involved

involved

Sister chromatids pull away from each Sister chromatids stay together in
other Anaphase I

2 identical daughter cells are formed 4 non identical daughter cells are
formed