Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of St. Mary Magdalene Church

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SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF ST. MARY MAGDALENE CHURCH
Thesis · May 2020

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36091.54567
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MANUEL L. QUEZON UNIVERSITY
School of Engineering and Information Technology
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF ST. MARY

MAGDALENE PARISH CHURCH
A thesis presented
to the Faculty of Civil Engineering
Manuel L. Quezon University
Diliman, Quezon City
In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
By:
Gonzales, Janica Kieffer B.
Naces, Madonna G.
Ramos, Stephanie C.
Engr. Michael B. Baylon, LttD (h.c.)

Thesis Adviser
May 21, 2020
i
APPRO VAL SHEET
This is to certify that we have supervised the preparation of and read the
thesis prepared by JANICA KIEFFER B. GONZALES, MADONNA G.
NACES, STEPHANIE C. RAMOS entitled as, “SEISMIC VULNERABILITY
ASSESSMENT OF ST. MARY MAGDALENE PARISH CHURCH” and the
said thesis has been submitted for final examination.
ENGR. MICHAEL B. BAYLON, LttD. (h.c.)
Thesis Adviser & Course Adviser
We certify that we have examined this thesis on May 22, 2020, and hereby
recommend that it will be accepted as fulfillment of the thesis requirements for the
degree in Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.
This thesis is hereby approved and accepted by the School/Department as
fulfillment of the thesis for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.
ENGR. DANTE B. POTANTE, M. Engg (CE)
Dean, School of Engineering

ii
ABSTRACT:
St. Mary Magdalene Parish Church is a 200-year-old Baroque style church
located at Magdalena, Laguna. Despite of its old age, plenty of locals and tourist
visits the magnificent structure specially during religious and spiritual activities.
Since the Parish Church is in a country where natural disasters such as earthquakes
are common, the structure is vulnerable to seismic hazards which leads to risk of
the structural integrity and safety of the people. A seismic vulnerability assessment
is essential to determine the maximum acceleration response of the structure. The
maximum acceleration response will help determine on how the structure will
perform and the scale of damage it can possibly gain base from the damage rank.
By using the Capacity Spectrum Method, the capacity of the structure (in the form
of capacity curve) is compared with the demands on the structure (in the form of
response spectrum) with the use of SAP 2000 and Auto CAD software. By using
this method, the factors for the plotting of the fragility curve is attained. The
structural model of the Parish Church is subjected to 7 ground motion data
normalized from 0.1 to 2.0g of peak ground acceleration. The researchers used the
As-built Plan of the structure obtained from NHCP for the structural model in Auto
CAD and SAP 2000. Other software used in the assessment where PRISM,
Microsoft Excel and SketchUp.
iii
iv
DEDICATION
This research study was wholeheartedly dedicated to our
parents, who have always been our source of inspiration and gives us
strengths, and perpetually providing their moral, spiritual, emotional,
and financial support.
To our classmates, professors, and friends who share their words
of advice, critics, and encouragement to continue and finish this study.
And lastly, we dedicated this research study to Almighty God,
thank you for the guidance, strength, power of mind, protection, skills,
and for giving us a well – conditioned life. All of these, we offer to you.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
v
The researchers wish to express their sincere gratitude and
appreciation to the following persons who extended deep concern and
generous assistance in the completion of the study:
Engr. Michael B. Baylon, our research professor and adviser, for
the time and effort in pursuing us for our study and shared his expertise
in the revisions of our manuscript.
To our classmates and friends who gave their suggestions and
moral support.
Special acknowledgement is forwarded to our beloved parents,
the source of inspiration in completing the study, and never – ending
moral support, believing that we can make this study possible.
Above all is the one who really provides and make things
possible to Lord God Almighty for giving us unending blessings,
strengths, self-confidence, good health, and enlightenment especially in
times of difficulties while doing this research study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
PAGE
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ABSTRACT iii
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF EQUATIONS xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 5
OBJECTIVES 6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 7
STUDY, LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS 8
DEFINITION OF TERMS 10
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

AND STUDY 12
vii
USE OF ADOBE AS BUILDING MATERIALS 12

STRUCTURES WITH ELEGANT FAÇADE 13
REVIEW STUDIES 17
FRAGILITY CURVE 17
GROUND MOTION 17
PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION 18
SYNTHESIS 19
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 19
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 21
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 21
RESEARCH DESIGN 22
CHAPTER IV: COVID 19 PANDEMIC EFFECT 30
CHAPTER V: RECOMMENDATION 32
BIBLIOGRAPHY 33
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A (THESIS PREPARATION) 36
APPENDIX B (SITE VISIT) 41
CURRICULUM VITAE 46
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
Figure 1 St. Mary Magdalene Parish Church .................................................... 2

Figure 2 Screenshot from PHILVOCS Fault Finder App ................................. 4
Figure 3 St. Bartholomew the Apostle Church................................................ 15
Figure 4 St. John the Baptist Church ............................................................... 15
Figure 5 St. Mary Magdalene Church ............................................................. 16
Figure 6 Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery and Chapel ................................ 16
Figure 7 Research Paradigm ............................................................................ 20
Figure 8 Research Design ................................................................................ 23
Figure 9 Isometric view of the structure using Auto CAD.............................. 25
Figure 10 Perspective view of St. Mary Magdalene Church ........................... 26
Figure 11 The Nave ......................................................................................... 27
Figure 12 The Choir's Loir .............................................................................. 27
Figure 13 Request Letter for structural plans .................................................. 32
Figure 14 Permission Letter to the Parish Church........................................... 32
Figure 15 As-Built Structural Plans from NHCP ............................................ 32
Figure 16 Gathering Ground motion data’s through Prism Software ............. 32
Figure 17 Two days seminar at Aberdeen court, Quezon City ....................... 32
Figure 18 Photo taken at Magdalena Church .................................................. 32
Figure 19 Photo taken at Liliw Church ........................................................... 32
Figure 20 Photo taken at Nagcarlan Church.................................................... 32
Figure 21 Photo taken at Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery.......................... 32
Figure 22 Receipt from Turnitin...................................................................... 32
Figure 23 Percentage of Plagiarism ................................................................. 32
LIST OF TABLES
ix
Table 1-1. Ground Motion Data ........................................................................ 9
Table 3-1. HAZUS, 2003 ................................................................................ 30
LIST OF EQUATIONS
x
Equation 3-1. Displacement Ductility ............................................................. 29
Equation 3-2. Hysteretic Energy Ductility ...................................................... 29
Equation 3-3. Damage Index ........................................................................... 29
Equation 3-4. Probability of Exceedance ........................................................ 31
xi
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The Philippines had gained an abundant of historical past due to
the colonization of foreign countries. During the Spanish colonial period
the Spaniards have introduced and shared their rich culture and
traditions to the Filipino that until present-day are kept and practiced in
everyday life and special occasions. One of the best Spanish influence
on the Filipino culture is the religion Christianity. These resulted to
having more than half of the Philippine population to be Christian and
the rest with a different religion background.
Numerous catholic churches and chapels built during the
Spanish colonization are considered a historical heritage by the National
Historical Commission of the Philippines. The province of Laguna alone
has 26 Catholic churches and chapels that was built within the period of
16th century until 19th century (Baraoidan, 2017).
One of the oldest Catholic churches in the Philippines is the
Parish Church of St. Mary Magdalene. St. Mary Magdalene Parish
1
Church is a Roman Catholic church located at Magdalena, Laguna. The
first church was made of cogon and wood materials that was
constructed in 1820.The construction of the stone church started in
1829 and was finished in 1855 while the bell tower was finished in
1861. It was primarily built with adobe and the construction materials
such as stones and sand were gathered from the river. (OFM Philippines
Archives, 2014)
Figure 1 St. Mary Magdalene Parish Church
The 200-year-old Baroque church is not only famous for its
magnificent beauty but also a part of the country’s history lies inside of
2
the structure. In 1898, Gen. Emilio Jacinto was heavily injured during
the battle at Maimpis River towards the Spanish soldiers. He had sought
refuge inside of the Parish church where he’s bloodstains are seen until
present time at the convent. A historical marker now lies outside of the
church noting from the event (Szczepanski, 2019).
Due to the geographical location of the Philippines, it is prone to
natural disasters such as typhoons, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes.
The church alone is not an exception to these disasters. In 1880, the
Parish church had obtained damage from an earthquake and thus had
been renovated and finished in 1882. Earthquakes commonly occur in
the country since it lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire. There are five
active fault lines in the country. These are the Western Philippine fault,
The Central Philippine fault, and the West Valley fault. Using the
PHILVOCS Fault Finder App (The Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology) the researchers had determined the nearest distance of
the structure from the immediate fault, the West Valley fault line as seen
at Fig. 2 with 39.9 kilometers.
3
In conclusion, natural hazards such as earthquakes are
unavoidable, and the structural integrity and safety of the people are at
risk. The damage from the disasters may affect the vulnerability of the
structure in longer period.
By assessing the structure of St. Mary Magdalene Parish Church,
the maximum seismic vulnerability can be determined and used as an

Figure 2 Screenshot from PHILVOCS Fault Finder App
information for future studies. The seismic vulnerability serves as
knowledge on how the structure may perform in different seismic
conditions. The instruments used by the researchers to further the
assessment were SAP 2000, Auto CAD, Prism and Microsoft Excel
while the As-Built Plan of the church were used as basis for the structure
4
for plotting the fragility curve and to assess the seismic performance of
the structure.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The following questions were created to accumulate further
information regarding the inclusion of assessing the St. Mary Magdalene
Parish Church. Specific questions are as stated below:
1. What will be the resulting calculated parameters from the
Capacity curve and Response spectrum for plotting set of
fragility curves?
2. How vulnerable is the chosen structure when it is subjected
to a large seismic activity?
3. What is the possible maximum magnitude, St. Mary
Magdalene Parish Church, can withstand?
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
5
Generally, the study aims to provide a seismic assessment of the
St. Mary Magdalene Parish Church against large-magnitude
earthquakes.
Specifically, it aims to accomplish the following:
1. To develop sets of fragility curves for various damage
states in the structure.
2. To provide a static and dynamic analysis of the building
against earthquake loads using Capacity Spectrum
Method.
3. To defend the structural design of the structure using the
obtained fragility curves.
4. To acknowledge the current condition of the structure.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
6
As earthquake is a natural disaster which does not have any
warning, can cause huge loses to a city or to the whole nation.
Philippines is at high risk seismic zone.
The researchers would intend to provide useful facts regarding
the seismic hazards that allows to evaluate the expected damage from
future earthquakes. The study will be of great benefit to the following:
Community – the study will serve as a guide for them to be
aware of how a simple earthquake can damage their place. To also
empower them to take action to renovate the broken walls or any part of
the structures.
Local Government Unit – the study will be a good help to know
the possible outcomes and to prepare to minimize the possible damage.
Future Researchers – the study will help them uncover critical
areas in seismic activities that many researchers were not be able to
explore. It can be a help as a future reference too.
SCOPE, LIMITATION, AND DELIMITATION
7
The scope of this study is to assess seismic vulnerability of St.
Mary Magdalene Parish Church using its As- built structural plan and
seismic fragility curve. Specifically, with the use of as-built plan of the
structure, generate sets of fragility curves by determining the damage
indices and damage ranks of the structure from capacity curve and
response spectrum with the use of SAP2000 software, provide with the
vulnerability assessment of the structure by using the derived set of
fragility curves, and evaluate the different derived seismic fragility
curves of the Parish Church.
Using Microsoft Excel and GNU Octave, the researchers
obtained the parameters needed in deriving fragility curves.
Furthermore, this study limited the seismic assessment methods used in
creating fragility curves considering only shear as the mode of failure.
The ground motion data (GMD) used was obtained from the
databases of IRIS (Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology)
and other references. The structural models were subjected to seven (7)
ground motion data restricted only from both Philippines and Japan
(refer to table 1-1.).
8
Table 1-1. Ground Motion Data
PROVINCE IN
PGA
EPICENTER DATE MAGNITUDE
in g
LOCATION
Bohol October 2013 7.2 0.22

Moro Gulf August 1976 8.1 0.50
Baguio July 1990 7.7 0.72
Ragay Gulf March 1973 7.0 0.75
Niigata July 2007 6.6 1.01
Sendai April 2011 7.1 1.47
The Great
Tohoku March 2011 9.0 2.99
Kanto
DEFINITION OF TERMS
For purposes of clarity, the following terms are defined within the context
of their use in the study.
As-built - Revised set of drawing submitted by a contractor upon completion
of a project or a job. They reflect all changes made in the specifications and
working drawings during the construction process, and show the exact
dimensions, geometry, and location of all elements of the work completed under
the contract.
9
Capacity Curve - The plot of the total lateral force, V, on a structure, against
the lateral deflection, d, of the roof of the structure. This is often referred to as the
'pushover' curve.
Capacity spectrum method - A nonlinear static analysis procedure that
provides a graphical representation of the expected seismic performance of the
existing or retrofitted structure by the intersection of the structure's capacity
spectrum with a response spectrum (demand spectrum) representation of the
earthquake's displacement demand on the structure.
Displacement coefficient Method - A nonlinear static analysis procedure
that provides a numerical process for' estimating the displacement demand on
the structure, by using a bilinear representation of the capacity curve and a series
of modification factors, or coefficients, to calculate a target displacement.
Earthquake - the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden
release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
Parish Church - in Christianity is the church which acts as the religious
centre of a parish. In many parts of the world, especially in rural areas,
10
the parish church may play a significant role in community activities, often
allowing its premises to be used for non-religious community events.
Pushover analysis - An incremental static analysis used to determine the
force-displacement relationship, or the capacity curve, for a structure or
structural element.
Seismic hazard - The level of ground motion or shaking at the- site for- a-
given-earthquake.
11
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
USE OF ADOBE AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
Adobes are dried mud that have been used for thousands of
years in the construction of habitation and other structures. Even today,
folks still use mud bricks in construction. The word adobe generally is
used to describe different building materials made of earth. Most often
it turns to sun-dried brick, but puddled earth material, cut soil horizons,
mud plastered logs or branches, and even rammed-earth construction
also can be determined as adobe. Adobe walls do tend to break with
time. However, it is quite simple to repair since the mud materials and
plaster that were used in the original wall can be used for repairs
(Austin, 1984).
A horizontal movement in plane or out of the plane of the
walls, bending of the walls and support displacement can usually cause
cracking in adobe structures. These conditions are generated by
different reasons such as earthquakes, ground vibrations, erosion of the
12
base of walls, undermining of the foundations due to poor drainage.
(Illampas, Loannou, & Charmpis, 2009)
STRUCTURES WITH ELEGANT FAÇADE
St. Bartholomew the Apostle Parish Church (Figure 3) located
in the town of Nagcarlan. It was built in 1583 from light materials such
as nipa and wood and has a façade of semi-circular arch entrance along
with tall pedestals and columns and semicircular windows (St.
Bartholomew Parish Church, 2014). In 1752, a second church was
built made of multicolored stones and bricks. The structure of the
church’s bell tower is almost the same with the St. John the Baptist
Parish Church. The only difference is the second has red bricks and
uses adobe as material and higher in structure. (OFM Philippines
Archives, 2014)
St. John the Baptist Parish Church (Figure 4) located in the
town of Liliw was built in 1605 and was partially damaged by Luzon
earthquake in 1880 (D., Dana, & B., 1881). It has a brick baroque style
structure and has elegant façade made of adobe and striking red bricks
(Martel, 2012) . In 1882, it was reconstructed but was partially burned
in 1898.
13
St. Mary Magdalene Parish Church (Figure 5) located in the town
of Magdalena was built in 1855. The structure is made of bricks and
stones. The bell tower located to its left has a square base with a four-
story octagonal shape (OFM Philippines Archives, 2014). It is been
popular as Emilio Aguinaldo took refuge here. His blood stains are
preserved in one corner of the Parish Church.
Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery Chapel (Figure 6) located in
Nagcarlan was built in 1845. It is one of the national historical
landmark and museum in Laguna inscribed by the National Historical
Commission of the Philippines. It is built with a chapel where funeral
masses were held. The octagonal stone walls surrounded the cemetery
is made of red tiles with iron – wrought grills. It has a façade of about
18 feet high with two iron grill gates leads to a pathway to the
cemetery chapel. In 1896, it served as a meeting place during the
Philippine Revolution of the revolutionary leaders of the Katipunan
(National Historical Institute (Philippines), 1993).
14
Figure 3 St. Bartholomew the Apostle Church
Figure 4 St. John the Baptist Church
15
Figure 5 St. Mary Magdalene Church
Figure 6 Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery and

Chapel
16
Baroque churches and a cemetery located in Laguna are
selected, having in common similar façade design features which is the
most prominent notable in churches. (see figure 3, 4, 5. And 6)
RELATED STUDIES
CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD
Capacity spectra are acquired by pushover analysis. In this
analysis, six equations of motion are oriented to derive the column
forces at the mass center because of incremental lateral forces. The
lateral forces show the significant of rotations regarding vertical axis,
as the equations of motion include the contribution because of
eccentricities. Plots of spectral acceleration Vs spectral displacement
are derived from independent spectral acceleration and spectral
displacement spectra for different stages of ductility (Raghu Prasad,
Seetha RamaiaH, & Singh, 2004).
FRAGILITY CURVES
Fragility curves is an analytical tool that shows the probability
of surpassing the expectation of a damage performance as a basis of an
17
engineering demand parameter that stands for the ground motion
(Michel, 2012).
Vulnerability assessment of structures causing seismic motions
is an example of fragility analysis. With the use of response spectrum
of the structure, seismic fragility curves will be discovered. The
seismic fragility curves determined the conditional probability which
outstrip a particular limit of failure and evaluate the structure’s seismic
vulnerability and this probability of failure will describe to ground
motion intensity (Kshirsagar & Bhusare, 2017).
PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION
Peak ground acceleration mostly defines to the maximum
acceleration. To gather the PGA, there should be some plus types of
high frequency peaks during seismic motion acceleration time process
(Houqun, Shengxin, & Faning, 2016).
18
SYNTHESIS
SAP2000 is a software application which performs the static or
dynamic, linear, or nonlinear, analysis of structural systems. In the
study, it is very useful to conduct all the steps and procedures. Having
the Capacity Spectrum Method, different data will be obtained including
the things that is needed to produce fragility curve. It aims to know the
strength of the structure for the earthquakes that might occur.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Under the input area, As – built plans will be obtained using
surveys for the actual measurements of the Parish Church.
In Ground Motion Data, it will be acquired from the database
of IRIS (Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology). Peak
ground acceleration will be determined in having ground motion data.
In the process area, modeling of the structure will be possible
with the use of different structural software to come up in the output
area, the result of the process, which damage index and damage rank of
the structure will be obtained along with the fragility curves.
19
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
•Actual •Using AutoCAD •Structural As-

measurements to develop the built plans
of St. Mary Structural As-
Magdalene built plans Damage
Parish Church Indices and
Model of the Damage Rank
structure using
•Ground SAP2000 Seismic
Motion Data software. Fragility Curves
•Analyzing the
model through
Capacity Curve
and Response
Spectrum.
Figure 7 Research Paradigm
20
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHOD
This study utilized the method of Capacity Spectrum to
determine different parameters to generate sets of fragility curves as
seen at Figure 8. The Capacity Spectrum Method ( CSM) procedure
compares the capacity of the structure ( in the form of capacity curve )
with the demands on the structure ( in the form of response spectra )
(Freeman, 2004).The Capacity Curve was used in order to obtain the
yield displacement and maximum displacement of the structure
(Requiso, 2013) while the Response Spectrum was used for the
derivation of the fragility curve and to obtain the maximum
displacement of the structure (Karim & Yamazaki, 2001).
21
22
Figure 8 Research Design
23
The As-built Plan used as basis for the structure of the Parish
Church was obtained through request from NHCP (National Historical
Commission of the Philippines) located at Manila City. A 3D model of
the church was created in Auto CAD and SketchUp software. The
Auto CAD 3D model as seen at Figure 9 is used in SAP2000 to
analyze and determine the capacity curve. The SketchUp 3D model in
Figure 10 shows the facade perspective view while the remarkable
interior of the structure is seen at Figure 11 and 12.
24
Figure 9 Isometric view of the structure using Auto CAD
25
Figure 10 Perspective view of St. Mary Magdalene Church
26
Figure 11 The Nave
Figure 12 The Choir's Loir
27
The ground motion data (GMD) was acquired from the
databases of IRIS (Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology).
IRIS is an educational center with a consortium of over hundred
universities in the US dedicated to the operation of science facilities
for the acquisition, management, and distribution of seismology data
(3). The structural model was subjected to 7 ground motion data
limited only from both Philippines and Japan region. The list of GMD
ranges from various peak ground acceleration (PGA) between 0.1g to
3g as seen from Table 1.1. By using the software PRISM (Processing
and Review Interface for Strong-Motion Data) the list of GMDs was
scale up from 0.1g until 2.0g with a 0.1g interference. The data were
then used to determine the response spectrum of the individual GMD
in acceleration vs. frequency form in PRISM. The response spectra
were run in SAP 2000 to determine the performance points in every
value before tabulating with the respective PGA. The damage indices
were acquired from the data as one of the parameters.
By using the structural software SAP2000, the yield
displacement of the capacity curve was determined and used for the
computation of ductility factors. The ductility factors were used for
28
determining the displacement ductility and the hysteretic energy
ductility which is crucial for the computation of the damage index. The
computed values of damage index were then rank according to the
Damage Index and Damage Rank Relationship as seen from Table 3.2.
The following list are formulas for the computing the ductility and
damage index (Karim & Yamazaki, 2001):
Equation 3-1. Displacement Ductility
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐)
µd =
𝛿𝑦
Equation 3-2. Hysteretic Energy Ductility

𝐸ℎ
µh =
𝐸𝑒
Equation 3-3. Damage Index

µ𝑑+ ẞµℎ
DI =
𝐸𝑒
Where:
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐) = Maximum displacement obtained from hysteresis
model.
29
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐) = Displacement at maximum reaction at the capacity
curve (static).
0.00 < DI ≤ 0.14 D No Damage

0.14 < DI ≤ 0.40 C
Slight Damage
0.40 < DI ≤ 0.60 B
Moderate Damage
0.60 < DI ≤ 1.00 A Extensive Damage
DI ≥ 1.00 As
Complete Damage
𝛿𝑦 = Yield displacement obtained from capacity curve (static).
𝐸ℎ = Hysteretic energy or the area generated by the hysteresis
model.
𝐸𝑒 = Yield energy or the area under the capacity curve but until
yield point only.
β = Cyclic Loading Factor taken as 0.10 for buildings.
Table 3-1. HAZUS, 2003
30
The damage ratio was computed by dividing the number of
records to the number of damage rank. The mean and standard
deviation was obtained from the sum of the log normal distribution of
the peak ground acceleration. The computed sum of the log normal
distribution of the peak ground acceleration was used to obtain the
mean and standard deviation. The mean and standard deviation
obtained was used to compute for the probability of exceedance as
seen from Formula 3.4.
Equation 3-4. Probability of Exceedance

ln(𝑥)−λ}
𝑃𝑅 = 𝜙( )
ξ
Where:
𝑃𝑅 = Cumulative Probability
𝜙 = Standard Normal Distribution
X = Peak Ground Acceleration
λ = Mean
ξ = Standard Deviation
31
The data gathered was used to the tabulate the lognormal function
in Microsoft Excel for plotting sets of fragility curves. The obtained
seismic fragility curves plot in moderate damage was used to
determine the PGA at a 10% rate of probability of exceedance. The
GMD was then scale to the obtained PGA and used to simulate to the
Parish Church model at SAP 2000 to determine the maximum
acceleration response of the structure
Chapter 4
COVID – 19 PANDEMIC EFFECT
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease
caused by a new strain of coronavirus. This new virus has created a
global health crisis that has a deep impact on the way we perceive our
32
world and our everyday lives. It has already affected the lives of
peoples in almost 200 countries (and still counting) globally.
As the virus arises, we, the researchers are also having a hard time
in the study. When the government announces that classes will be
suspended and will be imposing an enhanced community quarantine
wherein everyone is restricted to travel to other cities or barangays,
schoolwork specially the research study also needed to stop for the
meantime.
“Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of St. Mary Magdalene Parish
Church”, a research study wherein you need to gather data online and
use different software applications to meet the desired objectives
which is to evaluate the strength of the structure against a large –
magnitude earthquake. Since the As – built plan of the structure is
already presented and obtained all the Ground motion data needed
from the database of IRIS (Incorporated Research Institutions for
Seismology) and through the PRISM (Processing and Review Interface
for Strong-Motion Data), the list of GMDs was scale up from 0.1g
until 2.0g with a 0.1 interference, the structure is now ready to run in
33
SAP2000, a structural software, to determine the performance points
and to get the fragility curves of the structure.
That’s where the problem started, in using the SAP2000. To
complete the study, performance points are needed to have the fragility
curves that will assess how strong the structure is. Since the knowledge
that we have in using the software is not enough, we need the guidance
of the thesis adviser that was assigned to us. There comes the lack of
communication with each other and misunderstanding on the preferred
process. Well, researching online and watching tutorials are still not
enough to use the software and to achieve the data needed.
Chapter 5
RECOMMENDATION
Despite of the pandemic that we are encountering today, the
research study limits the parameters necessary to finish the semester of
34
a five – year course. Compare to other researches, the information
presented here is not enough to assess the vulnerability of the chosen
structure, the St. Mary Magdalene Parish Church located in
Magdalena, Laguna.
Because of the enhanced community quarantine, most of the
research study is too difficult to complete, we therefore recommend the
following:
1. Virtual meeting to finalize the alternative process to
complete the study.
2. Early consultation to the respective thesis adviser.
3. Installing all the software needed if ever it’s not an
experimentation study.
4. Must have all the resources available at home specially
if the study is an application base using a system.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Austin, G. (1984, November). Adobe As Building Material. New Mexico Geology.

Baraoidan, K. (2017, April 13). Laguna Churches are feast for eyes, soul. Philippine
Daily Inquirer.
35
Baylon, M. B. (2015). Seismic assessment of transportation lifeline in Metro

Manila. 2nd CAMANAVA Studies Conference (pp. 1-7). Caloocan:
University of the East - Caloocan.
Baylon, M. B. (2017). Developing seismic fragility curves in assessing bridge pier.
Berlin: Lambert Academic Publishing.
Baylon, M. B. (2017). Seismic assessment of LRT Line 1 Monumento to 5th
Avenue carriageway pier using fragility curve. International journal of real
estates studies, 49-59.
Baylon, M. B., & Garciano, L. E. (2012). Harnessing ordinary monte carlo
simulation in computing the performance of a transportation lifeline in the
Philippines . 1st International Conference in Technology (InCiTe2012) (pp.
1-14). Manila: Far Eastern University East Asia College.
Baylon, M. B., & Marcos, M. M. (2018, May 30). Seismic vulnerability assessment
of adamson university buildings' as-built using fragility curves. Center for
Research and Development. Manila, Philippines: Adamson University.
Baylon, M., Garciano, L. E., & Koike, T. (2012). Assessing the performance of a
transportation lifeline in the philippines, the light rail transit (LRT) system,
under a large magnitude earthquake. IABSE Congress Report 18th Congress
of IABSE (pp. 1710-1717). Seoul: International Association for Bridge and
Structural Engineering.
D., J., Dana, E., & B., S. (1881). The American Journal of Science Volume, 121.
52-57.
Freeman, S. A. (2004). Review of the Development of the Capacity Spectrum
Method. ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, 1-13.
Houqun, C., Shengxin, W., & Faning, D. (2016). Seismic Safety of High Arch Dam.
Academic Press.
Illampas, R., Loannou, L., & Charmpis, D. (2009). Adobe: an environmentally
friendly construction material. Research Gate.
Karim , K., & Yamazaki, F. (2001). Effect of earthquake ground motions on
fragility curves of highway bridge piers based on numerical simulation.
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics (Vol.30), 1839-1856.
Kshirsagar, B. S., & Bhusare, V. P. (2017). Review on Fragility Analysis of Mid-
Rise Exicting on RC Buildings. International Journal of Science Technolog
& Engineering.
Martel, T. (2012, November 11). The simple pleasures of life in Liliw. The
Philippine Star.
Michel, C. (2012, June 29). What is the concepth of fraility curve? Retrieved from
ResearchGate:
36
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_concept_of_fragility_curv
e
National Historical Institute (Philippines). (1993). Historical Markers Region I-IV
and CAR. Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Culture
and Sports, National Historical Institute.
OFM Philippines Archives. (2014). Bells of St. Francis. OFM Philippines Article.
Raghu Prasad, B., Seetha RamaiaH, A., & Singh, A. (2004). Capacity Spectrum for
Structures Asymmetric in Plan. 13th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering.
Requiso, D. (2013). Seismic Fragility of Transportation Lifeline Piers in the
Philippines, under Shear Failure, Relationship between the damage index
and the damage rank.
St. Bartholomew Parish Church. (2014, August 15).
Szczepanski, K. (2019, March 6). Profile of Emilio Jacinto of the Philippines.
ThoughtCo.
37
APPENDIX A
(THESIS PREPARATION)
38
Figure 13 Request Letter for structural plans
39
Figure 14 Permission Letter to the Parish Church
40
Figure 15 As-Built Structural Plans from NHCP
41
Figure 16 Gathering Ground motion data’s through Prism Software
Figure 17 Two days seminar at Aberdeen court, Quezon

City
42
APPENDIX B
(SITE VISIT)
43
Figure 18 Photo taken at Magdalena Church
44
Figure 19 Photo taken at Liliw

Church
Figure 20 Photo taken at

Nagcarlan Church
45
Figure 21 Photo taken at Nagcarlan Underground

Cemetery
46
Figure 22 Receipt from Turnitin
Figure 23 Percentage of Plagiarism
47
JANICA KIEFFER B. GONZALEZ

6027 Zamora St., South Cembo, Makati City
Mobile No.: 09770979853
Email: jkgonzales97@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVE:
To unleash my creativity and technical skills in developing my best

performance in the organization. I am a motivated individual that loves
to share ideas and learn to improve my skills and broaden my
knowledge.
PERSONAL DATA:
Age: 22
Date of Birth: October 25, 1997
Civil Status: Single
Height:
Weight:
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

Bachelor of Science and Technology
804 Edsa Diliman, Quezon City
(2018 – Present)
48
Rizal Technological University

Boni Ave., Brgy. Malamig, Mandaluyong City
(2014 - 2018)
Pitogo High School

Negros St., Brgy. Pitogo, Makati City
(2010 – 2014)
South Cembo Elementary School

Brgy. South Cembo, Makati City
(2004 – 2010)
SPECIAL SKILLS:
 Computer Literate (e.g. Microsoft Office applications –

Word, PowerPoint, Excel)
 Good knowledge in Auto CAD
 Internet Ability
ACTIVITIES AND SEMINAR ATTENDED:
22ND National Civil Engineering Students’ Conference

Newtown Plaza Event center, Baguio City
19th of November 2019
49
WORKING EXPERIENCE:
On the Job Training (OJT):
Amalgamated Construction and Trading Co.

Mandaluyong City
Year 2016
PERSONAL REFERENCES:
Engr. Michael B. Baylon

Senior Structural Health Engineer
09190621082
Engr. Jeparson B. Mangaoang

Engineer / Project Inspector, DPWH
09073258197
I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct

to the best of my knowledge and belief.
Janica Kieffer B. Gonzales

Applicant’s Signature
50
MADONNA G. NACES
#2B Katiwasayan St. Karangalan Village, Brgy.
Manggahan, Pasig City
Mobile No.: 09260656177
Email: maddyynaces@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:
To secure a responsible career opportunity to fully utilize my

training and skills, while making a significant contribution in your
company.
PERSONAL DATA:
Age: 21
Date of Birth: February 6, 1999
Height:
Weight:

(2018 – Present)
51

(2015 - 2018)
Central Colleges of the Philippines

Aurora Blvd., Quezon City
(2012 – 2015)
St. Philomena’s Academy

Pozzorubio, Pangasinan
(2005 – 2012)
SPECIAL SKILLS:
 Computer Literate (e.g. Microsoft Office applications –

Word, PowerPoint, Excel; Auto CAD)
 Adaptable and eager to learn
 Good in communication skills
 Analytical and hardworking

Employment Preparatory Course

24th and 25th of August 2017
52
WORKING EXPERIENCE:
Surewell Equities Inc. – Sunny Ridges Residence

Year 2017
Century Properties Inc. – Forbes Media Tower

Year 2018

09190621082

09073258197

Madonna G. Naces
53
STEPHANIE C. RAMOS
Sitio Building, Brgy. San Antonio Kalayaan,
Laguna
Mobile No.: 09156364691
Email: stephanieramos101998@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:
Embrace the company’s policies and objective to be able to work

best and to work in an environment that challenges me to improve.
PERSONAL DATA:
Age: 21
Date of Birth: October 19, 1998
Height: 5’0
Weight: 50 kgs

(2018 – Present)
54

(2015 - 2018)
Pedro Guevarra Memorial National High School

Sta. Cruz, Laguna
(2014 – 2015)
Sitio Kalayaan Elementary School

Sitio Kalayaan, Brgy. San Antonio Kalayaan Laguna
(2009 – 2010)
SPECIAL SKILLS:
 Knowledge in Microsoft Office

 Knowledge in Auto CAD
 Hard - working

Employment Preparatory Course

24th and 25th of August 2017
55
WORKING EXPERIENCE:
A.M Oreta Co., Inc

Year 2017
Jessie James Tamayo Nunez, Inc

Year 2018

09190621082

09073258197

Stephanie C. Ramos
56
57
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SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF ST. MARY MAGDALENE CHURCH

Thesis · May 2020

Michael Bautista Baylon

MLQU BSCE Thesis during COVID-19 Pandemic View project

Structural Engineering View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF ST. MARY

Engr. Michael B. Baylon, LttD (h.c.)

May 21, 2020

APPRO VAL SHEET

thesis prepared by JANICA KIEFFER B. GONZALES, MADONNA G.

NACES, STEPHANIE C. RAMOS entitled as, “SEISMIC VULNERABILITY

ASSESSMENT OF ST. MARY MAGDALENE PARISH CHURCH” and the

said thesis has been submitted for final examination.

ENGR. MICHAEL B. BAYLON, LttD. (h.c.)

Thesis Adviser & Course Adviser

degree in Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

This thesis is hereby approved and accepted by the School/Department as

ENGR. DANTE B. POTANTE, M. Engg (CE)

Dean, School of Engineering

St. Mary Magdalene Parish Church is a 200-year-old Baroque style church

is essential to determine the maximum acceleration response of the structure. The

structural model of the Parish Church is subjected to 7 ground motion data

Microsoft Excel and SketchUp.

This research study was wholeheartedly dedicated to our

strengths, and perpetually providing their moral, spiritual, emotional,

and financial support.

To our classmates, professors, and friends who share their words

of advice, critics, and encouragement to continue and finish this study.

And lastly, we dedicated this research study to Almighty God,

The researchers wish to express their sincere gratitude and

appreciation to the following persons who extended deep concern and

generous assistance in the completion of the study:

Engr. Michael B. Baylon, our research professor and adviser, for

in the revisions of our manuscript.

To our classmates and friends who gave their suggestions and

Special acknowledgement is forwarded to our beloved parents,

the source of inspiration in completing the study, and never – ending

moral support, believing that we can make this study possible.

possible to Lord God Almighty for giving us unending blessings,

strengths, self-confidence, good health, and enlightenment especially in

times of difficulties while doing this research study.

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

USE OF ADOBE AS BUILDING MATERIALS 12

Figure 1 St. Mary Magdalene Parish Church .................................................... 2

Table 1-1. Ground Motion Data ........................................................................ 9

Table 3-1. HAZUS, 2003 ................................................................................ 30

Equation 3-1. Displacement Ductility ............................................................. 29

Equation 3-2. Hysteretic Energy Ductility ...................................................... 29

Equation 3-3. Damage Index ........................................................................... 29

Equation 3-4. Probability of Exceedance ........................................................ 31

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Philippines had gained an abundant of historical past due to

the colonization of foreign countries. During the Spanish colonial period

on the Filipino culture is the religion Christianity. These resulted to

having more than half of the Philippine population to be Christian and

the rest with a different religion background.

Numerous catholic churches and chapels built during the

Spanish colonization are considered a historical heritage by the National

Historical Commission of the Philippines. The province of Laguna alone

16th century until 19th century (Baraoidan, 2017).

One of the oldest Catholic churches in the Philippines is the