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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

PROPOSED DESIGN FOR A FOUR-STOREY BUILDING FROM A TWO-STOREY BUILDING

OF PUBLIC SCHOOL IN MANDAUE CITY

A Project Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Engineering

University of Cebu – Main Campus

Sanciangko St., Cebu City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By:

Ritchmon C. Gonzales

Cedy Correa

Joshua Canete

October 2018
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APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis paper entitled “A PROPOSED FOUR STOREY CLASSROOM AS A

RECOMMENDATION FOR THE INCREASING NUMBER OF STUDENT POPULATION AT

MANDAUE CITY AREA” has been prepared and submitted by Ritchmon C. Gonzales,

Cedy Correa and Joshua Canetein partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering and is hereby examined, accepted and

approved.

ENGR. LARRY C. ZAFICO ENGR. KENNY GLENN SILUD

Adviser Panel Member

ENGR. FEDERICO A. AVES JR.

Chairman/Research Coordinator, College of Engineering

ENGR. GREG R. BELONGILOT

Dean, College of Engineering

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to thank first, the divine providence, the Almighty one,

who enlightened their minds, gave strength and made the study possible.

The researchers would like to extend their greatest gratitude to the people who

helped, contributed, and supported them in the success and completion of the study.

Our high indebts, to Engr. Larry Zafico, our adviser, who guided and assisted in

the making of the study and also to Engr. Kenny Glenn Silud for sharing to us his ideas,

giving us pointers and instructions.

Warm appreciation to Engr. Federico Aves, the subject adviser, and Engr. Greg

Belongilot, the Dean, who passionately gave inspiration in the course.

And Lastly to the parents, for their profound and never-ending love and support

in terms of financial, moral, spiritual, and emotional support throughout the study.

S
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Approval Sheet i

Acknowledgement ii

Abstract vii

Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Scope

1.1 1
1.2 4
1.3 7
1.4 8
1.5 9
1.6 10
1.7 13
Chapter2

Presentation of Results, Analysis and Interpretation 16

Chapter 3

Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations 25

Bibliography 27

References 28

Appendices 29

Curriculum Vitae 32
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LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1: 16

Table 2: 16

Table 3:18

Table 4: 19

Table 5: 20

Table 6: 21

Table 7: 22

Table 3-2: 24

24
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ABSTRACT

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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

1.1 Rationale of the Study

A Grade 7 student, attends a class of 68 in a public junior high school in Mandaue City.

The school where Student goes to only holds half-day classes to accommodate the

close to a thousand students from Grades 7 to 10.

Grades 9 and 10 students attend class at 6:30 a.m. until 12 noon.

The students will have to completely vacate the classrooms by 12:15 p.m. to make way

for the Grade 7 and 8 students who will hold class in the same classrooms until 5:45

p.m.

The Department of Education in Central Visayas (DepEd-7) admits that the lack of

classrooms in public schools is still prevalent.

But Dr. Juliet Jeruta, DepEd-7 regional director, said that the lack of classrooms is not

because of lack of funds but due to the absence of buildable space.

Jeruta said that schools, particularly in the cities, have very little space left, making it

difficult to build additional classrooms and cope with the increasing number of students.

Based on the DepEd-7 data, 4,479 classrooms have been approved for construction

since 2016. Of this number, however, only 329 classrooms have been completed, while

the construction of some 2,322 classrooms still on hold.

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Projects for over 400 classrooms have not been started while the funds for 56

classrooms projects in the region had reverted to the government’s

coffers.

In MCCNHS also known as Mandaue City Comprehensive National High School, high

school levels have their half days due to the large amount of student’s but don’t have

enough classrooms. Therefore, the faculty and school don’t have a choice and have this

kind of set-up. Moreover, this set-up isn’t good enough because it’s not an easy way for

students to study with less than a week.

The solution to this problem was not only in regard to money but also to find ways to

limit and save land to build the said building. The researchers were deeply concerned

about the increasing population of students nowadays and on how would the students

be able to be educated properly when the classrooms can’t even accommodate all of

them in public schools? This is one of the major problems the school has. Because of

this scenario, the researchers are planning to retrofit the existing building. Since the

school was overpopulated and two-storey building is not enough to accommodate the

students. The researchers would like to propose a solution to a four-storey building to

have more space and additional classrooms. The researcher thinks that this is a

relevant way to conserve land area and to lessen the expenses to the government.
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1.2 Theoretical Background

Retrofitting reduces the vulnerability of damage of an existing structure during a future

earthquake. It aims to strengthen a structure to satisfy the requirements of the current

codes for seismic design. In this respect, seismic retrofit is beyond conventional repair

or even rehabilitation. The principles of seismic retrofit refer to the goals, objectives and

steps. The steps encompass condition assessment of the structure, evaluation for

seismic forces, selection of retrofit strategies and construction. The applications include

different types of buildings, industrial structures, bridges, urban transport structures,

marine structures and earth retaining structures. The benefits of retrofitting include the

reduction in the loss of lives and damage of the essential facilities, and functional

continuity of the life line structures. For an existing structure of good condition, the cost

of retrofitting tends to be smaller than the replacement cost. Thus, the retrofitting of

structures is an essential component of long term disaster mitigation. It was proposed to

seismically upgrade a seven story non-ductile concrete framed building of early nineties

vintage. Analysis results revealed that the structures did not have sufficient structural

capacity to resist even a moderate earthquake. To ensure a higher level of safety,

reduce the risk of exorbitant repair costs and minimize building downtime after an

earthquake, it was intended that the seismic upgrade of the structural system will target

the performance standard of ‘immediate occupancy’. A dual stage approach was used

to address this complex retrofit issue. The first part consisted of providing robust

concrete moment frames in each direction using the time tested jacketing methodology.

This ensured adequate strength and stiffness to the structure.

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Concrete structures show excellent performance in terms of structural behavior and

durability except for those zones that are exposed to severe environmental and

mechanical loading. Rehabilitation of deteriorated concrete structures is a heavy burden

also from the socio-economic viewpoint since it also leads to significant user costs. As a

consequence, novel concepts for the rehabilitation of concrete structures must be

developed. Sustainable concrete structures of the future will be those where the

interventions will be kept to the lowest possible minimum of only preventative

maintenance with no or only little service disruptions.

Reference:

TITLE:REHABILITATION AND RETROFITTING OF BUILDING STRUCTURES

Author:UMA SHANKAR .K, ARUN PRAKASH .K & PRADEEP KUMAR .S

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1.3 Flow of Research Process

Survey

Planning

Analysis and
Interpretation of Data

Structural analysis

Solution

1.4 Statement of the Problem

Now the population is getting bigger. Especially to Mandaue city area.The city’s biggest

high school is the Mandaue City Comprehensive National High School. The huge

problem the school is facing was the lack of schools and classrooms in which the

student’s number of growth increases while they don’t have the school/classrooms.

Money isn’t the barrier in building the properties, it’s the space/land matters. Lacking

space is the most serious concern which the government is facing right now
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1.5 Significance of the Study

The study will benefit the following people:

Students

The student will have more time to study rather than being crammed with

information because of the limited time of sessions.

Teachers

The teachers will have less load of schedules and they won’t have a hard time

lecturing lots of students in a room.

Parents

The parents will have peace of mind knowing their children are secure and

have meaningful time inside campus.

Researchers

It will help exercise their ideas in structural analysis.

Future Researchers

It will serve as a reference for future studies with regards to the improvement and

better understanding of structural analysis.

Civil Engineering Students (Specialized in Structural Engineering)

It will serve as the basis for parallel studies concerning structural analysis.
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1.6 Definition of Terms

Retrofit - add (a component or accessory) to something that did not have it when
manufactured.

Live load - the weight of people or goods in a building or vehicle.

Dead load - the intrinsic weight of a structure or vehicle, excluding the weight of
passengers or goods.

Structure - construct or arrange according to a plan; give a pattern or organization to.

Wind Load - the force on a structure arising from the impact of wind on it.

Seismic Load - is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering

which means application of an earthquake-generated agitation to a building structure
or its model. It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, or with
adjacent structures, or with gravity waves from tsunami.

Lateral load - are live loads that are applied parallel to the ground; that is, they are
horizontal forces acting on a structure. They are different to gravity loads for example
which are vertical, downward forces. ... Seismic load. Water and earth pressure.

Gravity loads - include "dead", or permanent, load, which is the weight of the structure,
including its walls, floors, finishes, and mechanical systems, and "live", or
temporary load, which is the weight of a structure's contents and occupants, including
the weight of snow.

Earthquake – a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great
destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.
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1.8 Research Design

Research Methods

1)
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Research Environment

The study was conducted at Demetrio M. Cortes St., Brgys. Centro and Looc (Plaridel

St., Reclamation Area), Mandaue City 6014.

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Data Analysis

Reinforced Concrete by Ultimate Strength Design

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Transmission of loads
𝑺
One-way perspective < 0.5 Where: S= Short span
𝑳

𝑺
Two-way perspective > 0.5 L=Long span
𝑳

LIVE LOAD
𝒊𝑻𝑨
WLL = Where: WLL =Weight of live load
𝑳

i = Intensity
TA= Tributary area
L= Length
DEAD LOAD
𝜸𝑻𝑨𝒕
WSLAB = Where: WSLAB =Weight of slab
𝑳

𝛾= Specific weight of concrete

TA= Tributary area
i=Thickness
L= Length
𝜸𝑽
WBEAM = Where: WBEAM = Weight of beam
𝑳

𝛾= Specific weight of concrete

V=Volume
L= Length
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CHAPTER 2

PRESENTATION OF RESULTS, ANALYIS AND INTERPRETATION

Standard Plan of DEPED

PERSPECTIVE VIEW

FOUR (4) STOREY BUILDING

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ARCHITECTURAL PLAN

TYPICAL 2nd,3rd, & 4th FLOOR PLAN

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Roofing – 0.4mm thick base metal (0.43m with metal coating)

Pre-Painted Long Span Corrugated GI Sheet

Roofing Framing Support

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STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

Roofing 0.40mm THK pre-painted longspan corr. G.I roofing sheet

Sheet

Roofing Truss Type

Frame

- Purlins LC – 150x65x20x2.0mm Purlins spaced @ 500mm O.C

- Sagrods 12mmØ sagrods

- Cross 16mmØ cross bracings w/ standard turn buckle

Bracing

- Roof J-Bolt
Connection

Beams

Beam Size 250mmx400mm

Rebars: Ø16mm
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Columns

- Size & 350mmx350mm

Rebars Rebars: : Ø20mm

Tie Beam

- Size & 250mmx400mm

Rebars Rebars: Ø16mm Bar

Footing

- Size & 1200mmx1200mm

Rebars Rebars:Ø16mm Bar

* NOTES ON CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK WALLS:

Provide 150mm x 300mm STIFFENER COLUMN reinforced with 4 -

12mm with 10mm dia. Ties @ 150mm on center where concrete
hollow block terminates & at every 3.00M length of concrete hollow
block walls unless noted in structural plans
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Plan of TWO STOREY SCHOOL BUILDING(6 classroom) in MCCNHS(Mandaue

City Comprehensive National High School)

LOCATION

PERSPECTIVE VIEW
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ARCHITECTURAL PLAN
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STRUCTURAL PLAN
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CHAPTER 3

FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

FINDINGS

CONCLUSIONS
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RECOMMENDATIONS

In concern with the findings and conclusions, the researchers recommend the following:
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp

content/uploads/2017/12/DO_s2017_064.pdf

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.teacherph.com/2016-new-deped-school-building-

designs/

(n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.academia.edu/10295527/REHABILITATION_AND_RETROFITTING_OF_BUILDING_

STRUCTURES?auto=download
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REFERENCES
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APPENDIX
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Ritchmon C. Gonzales
Itsmon.gonzales@gmail.com
09432427139

Personal Details
Name : Ritchmon C. Gonzales
Nickname : Mon
Address : Pagsabungan Mandaue City, Cebu
Telephone : N/A
Age : 20 years old
Date of birth : October 21, 1998
Place of birth : Pagsabungan Mandaue City, Cebu
Citizenship : Filipino
Gender : Male
Marital status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

Educational Background
Tertiary : University of Cebu-Main Campus, S.Y. 2015-present
Address : Sanciangko St., Cebu City
Secondary : Pagsabungan National High School, S.Y. 2011-2015
Address : Pagsabungan Mandaue City, Cebu
Primary : Pagsabungan Elementary School, S.Y. 2005-2011
Address : Pagsabungan Mandaue City, Cebu

Employment History
Company : N/A
Position : N/A
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Cedy N. Correa
@gmail.com
09432427139

Personal Details
Name : Cedy N. Correa
Nickname : Biboy
Address :
Telephone : N/A
Age : 20 years old
Date of birth : December 26, 1998
Place of birth :
Citizenship : Filipino
Gender : Male
Marital status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

Educational Background
Tertiary : University of Cebu-Main Campus, S.Y. 2015-present
Address : Sanciangko St., Cebu City
Secondary : National High School, S.Y. 2011-2015
Address :
Primary : Elementary School, S.Y. 2005-2011
Address :

Employment History
Company : N/A
Position : N/A
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Joshua N. Cañete
@gmail.com
09432427139

Personal Details
Name : Joshua N. Cañete
Nickname :Josh
Address : Mandaue City, Cebu
Telephone : N/A
Age : 20 years old
Date of birth : January 1, 1998
Place of birth : Mandaue City, Cebu
Citizenship : Filipino
Gender : Male
Marital status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

Educational Background
Tertiary : University of Cebu-Main Campus, S.Y. 2015-present
Address : Sanciangko St., Cebu City
Secondary : National High School, S.Y. 2011-2015
Address : Mandaue City, Cebu
Primary : Elementary School, S.Y. 2005-2011
Address :

Employment History
Company : N/A
Position : N/A
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