Technical Seminar Report

On
“REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM”

This technical seminar report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements of Fifth semester B.E. in Mechanical Engineering.

Submitted By
SANGEET KHULE
ROLL NO. : 60

Under the guidance of

Dr. P. S. Deole

Department of Mechanical Engineering

SHRI RAMDEOBABA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
MANAGEMENT, KATOL ROAD, NAGPUR, INDIA-440013
2020-2021

Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.C.O.E.M.

 SHRI RAMDEOBABA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
& MANAGEMENT, NAGPUR
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Session: 2020-21

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Sangeet Khule has completed the technical

seminar work on Regenerative Braking System in partial fulfillment of
the requirements of fifth semester B.E. in Department of Mechanical
Engineering at RCOEM, Nagpur.

Dr. P. S. Deole Dr. M. M. Gupta

Project-I Guide H.O.D.

Mechanical Engg. Dept. Mechanical Engg. Dept.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.C.O.E.M.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express special thanks of gratitude to our Guide “ Dr. P.

S. Deole” for her able guidance and support in completing my project and also
for giving me a chance to do something new.

I am grateful to my seminar Guide Dr. P. S. Deole who was always

there to solve every small doubt about the project. She not only provided us
the right path towards approaching our goal, but was also there to provide
moral support and valuable inputs.

I sincerely appreciate the inspiration, guidance, dedication and

positivity shown by all those people who in some or the other way have
contributed in making this project a success.

I also extend my gratitude to Dr. M. M. Gupta (H.O.D, Mechanical

Dept.) without whose support, co-operation and guidance this paper
presentation would not have been a success.

I am thankful to all our panelists and supervisors who were present

during the presentation and submission for their valuable comments and
advice which also helped us in improving my presentation and communication
skills.

___________________

Sangeet Khule [60]

Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.C.O.E.M.

 CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
Abstract I
List of Tables II
List of Figures III
List of Symbols, IV
Abbreviation and
Nomenclature
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Conventional Braking 1
System
1.2 Regenerative Brakes 1
1.3 History Of Regenerative 2
Brakes
1.4 Need For Regenerative 2
Braking
1.5 Ideal Characteristics 3
Regenerative-Braking System
1.6 Methods Of Energy 4
Conversion And Storage
2 Literature Review 5
2.1 Research Paper 1 (2016) 5
2.2 Research Paper 2 (2017) 7
2.3 Research Paper 3 (2018) 8
3 Recent Research And 9
Development In Hess
4 Case Study 11
5 Regenerative Braking System In 13
Bus
6 Regenerative Braking 14
System In Railways
7 Conclusion 15
8 Future Scope 16
9 References 17

Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.C.O.E.M.

 ABSTRACT

Most brakes normally use friction between 2 surfaces

pressed together to convert the K.E. of the moving object into heat,

though different ways of energy conversion could also be used as

all the energy here is being distributed within the form of heat.

Regenerative braking converts a lot of energy to electrical energy,

which can be stored for later use. Driving an automobile involves

several braking events, because of that higher energy losses occur,

with greater potential savings. With buses, taxis, delivery vans, and

so on there's even more potential for the economy. As we all know

that regenerative braking, the efficiency is improved because it

results in a rise in energy output for given energy input to a vehicle.

The quantity of work done by the engine of the vehicle is reduced,

in turn reducing the quantity of energy needed to drive the vehicle.

Regenerative braking converts a fraction amount of total K.E. into

mechanical or voltage however with any study and analysis within

the near future, it will play an important role in saving the non-

renewable sources of energy. And this paper also has in-depth

information about regenerative brakes and systems as well as has a

case study and detailed results of many applications such as

railways, buses, cars and etc.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.C.O.E.M.
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

no. no.
2.1.1 Qualitative Comparison Of Different 6
Hybrid Energy Storage System
Designs In EV Applications
4.1 RBS On Urban Model 12
4.2 RBS On Rural Model 12

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

no. no.
1.2.1 Regenerative Braking 2
1.4.1 Energy Utilization In Transportation 3
1.6.1 Motor-Generator RBS 4
1.6.2 Flywheel RBS 4
1.6.3 Hydraulic Assisted RBS 4
2.1.1 Qualitative comparison of the Lead- 5
Acid battery and supercapacitor
2.3.1 The Energy Flow Of The Case-Study 8
Vehicle Without And With A
Regenerative Brake
3.1 Schematic Diagram Of Dual Supply 9
Composite RBS
3.2 Allocation Strategy (A) Overall 10
Structure Diagram (B) Distribution Of
Front And Rear Axle Force (C)
Coefficient Of Regenerative And
Hydraulic Braking Force
(D) Power Allocation Strategy.
4.1 RBS on Škoda Fabia 12
5.1 The schematic diagram of longitudinal 13
vehicle dynamics.
6.1 Onboard Energy Storage Systems 14
6.2 Wayside Energy Storage Systems 14

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.C.O.E.M.
 LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATION AND
NOMENCLATURE

1. RBS – Regenerative Braking System

2. HESS – Hybrid Energy Storage System

3. BLDC – Brushless DC motor

4. EV – Electric Vehicle

5. ANN – Artificial Neural Network

6. ABS – Anti-Lock Braking System

7. DoF – Degree Of Freedom

8. OESS – on-board energy storage systems

9. SESS – stationary energy storage systems

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.C.O.E.M.
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
Wherever the wheels are used as transportation the some energy losses are
recovered by the regenerative braking system. It is generally difficult to drive without
pressing the brakes while driving. Brakes are used by the driver to either stop or
delay. Use brake levers to lower the movement of a driver. There is a contact between
wheels and brakes when drivers use brakes. Kinetic energy is generated by the brake
pads, but this generated kinetic energy is lost in the airstream
A brake is a machine part and its principal objective is to absorb energy
throughout slowing. In-vehicle brakes are used to absorb kinetic energy whereas in
hoists or elevators brakes also are to absorb potential energy. By connecting the
moving member to the stationary frame, ordinarily, the brake converts kinetic energy
to heat. This causes wastage of energy and additionally wearing of frictional lining
material.

1.1 CONVENTIONAL BRAKING SYSTEM[1]

In conventional braking, brakes are applied using a foot pedal which when
pressed transfers the hydraulic pressure from the master cylinder to brake pads with
help of fluid lines, brake pads, in turn, presses against the brake disc to stop the
vehicle.

1.2 REGENERATIVE BRAKES[1]

A regenerative braking system is a type of kinetic energy recovery system that
transfers the kinetic energy of an object in motion into potential or stored energy to
slow the vehicle down, and as a result, increases fuel efficiency and is also known as
kinetic energy recovery systems. There are many methods of energy conversion in
RBSs including spring, flywheel, electromagnetic, and hydraulic. In this recent times,
an electromagnetic-flywheel hybrid RBS, HESS, etc have emerged as well.
ADVANTAGES
 Improved Fuel Economy.
 Reduction in Engine wears.
 Reduction in Brake Wear.
 Reducing cost of replacement brake linings.
 Emissions reduction.

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 BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE
A regenerative Braking System is the way of slowing the vehicle by using the
motors as brakes. In place of the surplus energy of the vehicle being wasted as
unwanted heat, the motor act as a generator and return some of it to the overhead
wires as electricity.
The vehicle is primarily powered by the electrical energy generated from the
generator, which burns gasoline. This energy is stored in a large battery, and used by
an electric motor that provides the motive force to the wheels.

Fig. 1.2.1 Regenerative Braking

1.3 HISTORY OF REGENERATIVE BRAKES[.]
The idea of a brake that could take the kinetic energy it absorbs and turns it
into potential energy for later use has been around since the late 1800s. Some of the
early attempts of this technology were to install spring type RBS on front-wheel-drive
bicycles or horse-drawn cabs.
The Baku-Tbilisi-Batumi railway started applying RBS in the early 1930s.
This is one example of the early use of this technology in the railway system.
In the 1950s, Swiss company Oerlikon developed the gyrobus, which utilized
flywheel as its energy storage method. The effects of gyroscopic motion on the bus
soon resulted in it being discontinued.
In 1967, the American Motor Car Company (AMC) created an electrical
energy regeneration brake for their concept electric car, the AMC Amitron. Toyota
was the first car manufacturer to commercialize RBS technology in its Prius series
hybrid cars. Since then, RBSs has evolved to be used in almost all-electric and hybrid
cars, as well as some gas-powered vehicles.

1.4 NEED FOR REGENERATIVE BRAKING[2]

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 The regenerative braking system delivers many significant advantages over a
car that only has friction brakes. In low-speed, stop-and-go traffic where a small
amount of deceleration is happening; the regenerative braking system can provide the
majority of the total braking force. This vastly improves fuel economy with a vehicle
using regenerative braking for city driving.
At higher speeds, regenerative braking contributes to improved fuel economy
– by as much as 20%. Consider a heavily loaded truck having very few stops on the
road. It is operated near maximum engine efficiency.80% of the energy produced is
used to overcome the rolling and aerodynamic road forces. The energy wasted in
applying brake is only about 2%. Also, its brake specific fuel consumption is 5%.
Now consider a vehicle, which is operated in the main city where traffic is a major
problem here one has to apply brake many times. For such vehicles, the wastage of
energy by application of brake is nearly about 60% to 65%.

Fig. 1.4.1 Energy Utilization In Transportation

1.5 IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS REGENERATIVE-BRAKING

SYSTEM[3]
Regenerative-Braking system should ideally have the following characteristics:
 Efficient energy conversion.
 An energy store with a high capacity.
 A high power rating so large amounts of energy can flow in a short amount of
time.
 No requirement for over-complicated control systems to link it with the
vehicle transmission.
 Smooth supply of power from the regenerative system.
 A wide range of road speeds and wheel torques.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.C.O.E.M.
1.6 METHODS OF ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE[2]
Methods of kinetic energy conversion in RBS are electromagnetic, flywheel,
hydraulic, and hybrid energy storage system.
ELECTROMAGNETIC
In an electromagnetic system, the drive shaft of the vehicles is connected to an
electric generator, which uses magnetic fields to restrict the rotation of the drive shaft,
slowing the vehicle and generating electricity.

Fig. 1.6.1 Motor-Generator RBS[2]

FLYWHEEL
A flywheel is a component that is used to store mechanical energy and then
release the stored energy when needed for acceleration. The flywheel is a heavy, high-
speed rotating disc that builds up kinetic energy as it spins.

Fig. 1.6.2 Flywheel RBS[2]

HYDRAULIC ASSISTED RBS
The K.E. is employed to power a reversible pump, then it sends hydraulic fluid
from a low-pressure accumulator (Storage tank) inside the vehicle into a high-pressure
accumulator. The pressure is formed by nitrogen gas within the accumulator, which is
compressed because the fluid is pumped up into space the gas occupied. This slows
the vehicle and helps bring it to a stop.

Fig. 1.6.3 Hydraulic Assisted RBS[2]

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CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 An Efficient Regenerative Braking System Based on
Battery/Supercapacitor for Electric, Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid
Electric Vehicles with BLDC Motor[4]
Farshid Naseri, Student Member, IEEE, Ebrahim Farjah, Member, IEEE, Teymoor
Ghanbari

The best features of batteries and supercapacitors are effectively utilized in a

Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS). The use of the HESS in electric Vehicles
(EVs) has several benefits like efficient regenerative braking, battery safety, and
improved vehicle acceleration. In this paper, a new Regenerative Braking System
(RBS) is planned for EVs with HESS and driven by Brushless DC (BLDC) motor.
Throughout regenerative braking, the BLDC acts as a generator. Hence, using the
suitable change algorithm, the DC-link voltage is boosted, and also the energy is
transferred to the supercapacitor or the battery through the inverter. The harvested
energy is used to enhance the vehicle acceleration and/or keep the battery pack from
deep discharging throughout driving uphill. To supply a reliable and smooth brake,
braking force distribution is realized through an artificial Neural Network (ANN). At
the same time, the braking current is adjusted by a PI controller for constant torque
braking. To judge the performance of the proposed RBS, totally different simulations
and experiments are carried out. The results make sure the high capability of the
planned RBS.

Fig. 2.1.1 Qualitative comparison of the Lead-Acid battery and

supercapacitor[4]
 This fig. 2.1.1 shows how the good quality and property of both the
storage system can be used in HESS, to make system more efficient

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.C.O.E.M.
 TABLE 2.1.1
QUALITATIVE COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT HYBRID ENERGY
STORAGE SYSTEM DESIGNS IN EV APPLICATIONS[4]

HESS Overall Control Advantage Disadvantage

Cost complex

In this paper, a new RBS based on the utilization of HESS is proposed for EVs
driven by BLDC motor. During regenerative braking and/or energy regeneration, the
kinetic energy of the vehicle is harvested by the supercapacitor using the appropriate
switching template of the inverter.
 An Efficient Regenerative Braking System Based on
Battery/Supercapacitor (HESS) is been developed which is quiet
an advance step in BLDC motor.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.C.O.E.M.
2.2 Hierarchical Control Strategy With Battery Aging Consideration
For Hybrid Electric Vehicle Regenerative Braking Control[5]
Jian Wu, Xiangyu Wang, Liang Li, Cun‟an Qin, Yongchang Du

Regenerative braking could be a key technology for hybrid electric vehicles

(HEVs) to enhance fuel economy, and it's a multi-objective control problem, should
guarantee vehicle braking safety, recover more energy, and protect parts from aging.
As is known, the battery is that the most sensitive part of a hybrid powertrain, thus a
large recovery current will cause harm to the battery and cut back its life. However,
the harm is typically unheeded in regenerative braking.
Therefore, this paper proposed a hierarchical control strategy with battery
aging thought to resolve the matter. In the up-level controller, the control targets are to
recover additional energy and minimize the aging of the battery in general braking
mode, and guaranteeing the vehicle braking safety in emergency braking mode at the
same time. The low-level controller receives the commands of the up-level controller
and controls the gas braking system and also the electric motor (EM). The constraints
of maximum EM torque and maximum battery charging power are set to safeguard
the EM and also the battery. Simulation tests are designed to indicate the results of
regenerative braking on battery aging and the control effectiveness of the proposed
methodology, and controller-in-the-loop tests are carried out to verify the real-time
calculation performance.
A novel hierarchical management strategy is proposed with the battery aging
consideration. A new regenerative braking system is designed and a semi-empirical
battery aging model is proposed supported experiment information. The proposed
method will make sure vehicle safety in the braking process and in the meantime
balance the battery aging and energy recovery. Controller-in-loop tests verify the real-
time calculation performance of the proposed method. Where the things explained in
this research paper.

 In this paper the aging factor of battery was taken under

consideration and then Hierarchical Control Strategy was develop
and improved to overcome aging in batteries.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.C.O.E.M.
2.3 A Novel Control Strategy Of Regenerative Braking System For
Electric Vehicles Under Safety Critical Driving Situations[6]
Chengqun Qiua, Guolin Wanga, Mingyu Mengc, Yujie Shend

This paper primarily focuses on the control strategy of the regenerative

braking system of an electric vehicle under safety-critical driving situations. With the
aims of guaranteeing the electric vehicle stability in numerous types of tire-road
adhesion conditions, supported by the characteristics of associate electrified
powertrain, a unique control strategy of the regenerative braking system is proposed
for electric vehicles throughout anti-lock braking procedures.
Firstly, the main construction of the case-study electric car with regenerative
braking system is introduced. Next, supported the phase plane theory, the optimum
brake torque is calculated for ABS control of an electric vehicle. Then, an allocation
control, whereby the desired best brake torsion is split into 2 components that area
unit disposed of severally by the friction and regenerative brakes, is mentioned.
Additionally, 2 parameters for evaluating regeneration braking energy efficiency
contribution whereas within the deceleration braking method area unit defined.
Furthermore, a completely unique regenerative braking control strategy named “serial
control strategy” is proposed. Finally, the road tests are implemented in four types of
tire-road adhesion conditions under safety-critical driving things. The check results
validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the projected control strategy.

Fig. 2.3.1 The Energy Flow Of The Case-Study Vehicle Without And With
A Regenerative Brake[6]

 New RBS is been developed in critical Driving Situations in this paper.

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CHAPTER 3 : RECENT RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT IN HESS[7]
In order to extend the recovery and utilization efficiency of regenerative
braking energy, this newly designed HESS explores the energy transfer and
distribution strategy of a hybrid energy storage system with battery and ultracapacitor.
The detailed loss and recovery of energy flow ways are analyzed based on the
driving/regenerative method of dual provide electric vehicles. Considering the charge-
discharge loss of ultracapacitor and battery also as DC/DC converter loss, a
distribution strategy of the comprehensive proposed optimum is projected for power
allocation to maximize energy recovery and utilization efficiency. The quantitative
formulas appropriate for HESS are deduced to judge the regenerative energy recovery
rate. By comparing totally different power allocation strategies and regenerative
braking strategies, it's verified that the proposed allocation strategy comprehensively
improves the comprehensive energy utilization efficiency of the energy storage
system.

Fig. 3.1. Schematic Diagram Of Dual Supply Composite RBS[7]

 Now we will see some of important developed and improvements
mentioned in this papers.
HESS Model
The dual offer composite regenerative braking system primarily includes
power battery, ultracapacitor, DC-DC converter, inverter, static magnet motor,
reducer, differential, half shaft, and wheel. Moreover, it additionally includes an
electro-hydraulic system to regulate friction braking, which cooperates with a static
magnet motor operating in the generating mode to make sure the braking needs of the
driver. Fig. 3.1 shows the schematic diagram of a dual provides composite
regenerative braking system.

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 Fig. 3.2 Allocation Strategy (A) Overall Structure Diagram (B) Distribution Of
Front And Rear Axle Force (C) Coefficient Of Regenerative And Hydraulic
Braking Force
(D) Power Allocation Strategy.[7]

ALLOCATION STRATEGY
Taking the energy utilization efficiency into consideration, this primarily
distributes the braking force and power, that is, the distribution of regenerative
braking force and friction braking force, as well as the power distribution between the
ultracapacitor and battery.
 This paper has developed new regenerating braking system storage
method which is in HESS. This method has overall increase the efficiency
in HESS from the previous methods drastically as seen above.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.C.O.E.M.
CHAPTER 4 : CASE STUDY[2]
We are going to study about the Skoda Fabia which has regenerative breaking
system coupled with ultracapacitor for that we will see, what is regenerative braking
efficiency?
REGENERATIVE BRAKING EFFICIENCY
A normal car's energy efficiency is just around 20 percent, with the remaining
80 percent of the energy being transferred by friction to heat. The miraculous thing
about regenerative braking is that as much as half of the lost energy can be recovered
and put back to work.
Hydraulic regenerative braking systems will provide still more impressive
benefits, effectively minimizing the use of fuel by 25 to 45%. This will cut fuel
consumption by 10 to 25 percent. This added productivity is becoming increasingly
necessary in a century that will see the end of the large reservoirs of fossil fuel that
have supplied us with electricity for cars and other technology for many years, and in
which concerns about carbon emissions are hitting a peak.
Now we will see Expected Outcomes And Advantages Of Regenerative
Braking.

EXPECTED OUTCOMES
 Store energy while braking which is its primary objective.
 Return the stored energy whenever required easily.
 Compact and easy to install.
 Provide adequate braking force to the vehicle.
 Design should be flexible.

ADVANTAGES
 Improved Fuel Economy.
 Reduction in Brake and Engine Wear. Which also saves time.
 Emissions reduction.

Following are the results of a Regenerative Braking setup coupled with

ultracapacitors on the Skoda Fabia.

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 Fig. 4.1 RBS on Škoda Fabia[2]
TABLE 4.1
RBS on Urban Model[2]

Table 4.2
RBS on Rural Model[2]

RESULT
 In the city model, a 52% increase in fuel efficiency was achieved by this
implementation of regenerative braking; in the rural model, a 29% increase in
fuel efficiency was found.
 This case study implies that the regenerative braking system is best way of
increasing efficiency and performance of vehicle.

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CHAPTER 5 : REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM IN
BUS[8]
The 7 DoF model of vehicle dynamics is built considering load transfer.

Fig. 5.1 The schematic diagram of longitudinal vehicle dynamics.[8]

The proposed strategy will guarantee vehicle safety throughout emergency

braking situations and improve the recovery energy by nearly 17 % compared with the
traditional rule-based strategy within the general braking situation.
It's verified that the proposed strategy is effective because of the optimized
distribution between pneumatic braking torque at the front and rear wheels
respectively and also the regenerative braking torque at the rear wheels using the
NMPC method.

 There is recovery energy by nearly 17 % of regenerative braking system

proposed in bus.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.C.O.E.M.
CHAPTER 6 : REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM IN
RAILWAYS[9] [10]
Energy Storage System
The energy storage technologies used in railway industry can be divided into
two categories based on their applications: on-board (OESS) and stationary (SESS)
energy storage systems.

Energy Storage Technologies In Railways

 Batteries
 Flywheels
 Super Capacitors
Supercapacitors, batteries and flywheels can be used in railway as both SESS and
OESS.

Fig. 6.1 Onboard Energy Storage Systems[9]

Fig. 6.2 Wayside Energy Storage Systems[9]

Three main solutions have been used worldwide for saving energy during
operation of train including train timetable optimization, energy storage system, and
reversible substations. Each application has its own pros and cons and can be
implemented indifferent rail systems with different characteristics.

RESULTS
Energy Saving %
 Train Timetable Optimization 4-34.5%
 Energy Storage System 30%
 Reversible Substations 13%

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CHAPTER 7 : CONCLUSION

Transportation is a very wasteful method. Massive amounts of kinetic energy

is changed into heat and gone from the automotive. Thankfully, a regenerative braking
system makes use of this heat to regenerate the batteries of the electrical vehicles and
other transportations.
Despite the quantity of research and development that has gone into
regenerative braking, there's still significant space for improvement. Regenerative
braking continues to be very limited and dependent on uncontrollable variables but
still regenerative braking can save up to 30% of lost energy as well as can sustain life
than conventional braking system. Also, the danger will arise if regenerative braking
is applied to two-wheel-drive brake systems.
However, regenerative braking will have various advantages. Correct
implementation of the regenerative braking system extends the driving range,
improves braking efficiency, reduces brake wear, and improves energy conservation.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.C.O.E.M.
CHAPTER 8 : FUTURE SCOPE[11]

Regenerative braking systems need further analysis to develop a better robust

and improved system that captures more energy and stops quicker. As time passes,
designers and engineers perfect excellent regenerative braking systems, thus these
systems can become more and more common. All vehicles in motion will have the
benefit of these systems by recapturing energy that would have been lost throughout
the braking method. Future technologies in regenerative brakes will embody new
kinds of motors which can be more efficient as generators, new drive train styles
which will be designed with regenerative braking in mind, and electrical systems that
may be less at risk of energy losses.
The world wants may be a method or technology that saves energy from
obtaining wasted. Energy conservation is that the hour of want. Within the case of
vehicles, energy conservation is often done by using regenerative braking systems
(RBS). Once driving an automobile, a good quantity of K.E. is wasted once brakes are
applied, which then makes the start-up fairly energy-consuming. The main aim of this
project was to develop a product that stores the energy that is normally lost
throughout braking and reuses it. The employment of the regenerative braking system
in vehicles provides us the means that to balance the K.E. of the vehicle to some
extent that is lost throughout the process of braking.
The regenerative braking system employed in the vehicles satisfies the aim of
saving a part of the energy lost throughout braking. Also, it may be operated at a high-
temperature vary and are efficient as compared to the standard braking system. The
regenerative braking system features a wide scope for additional development and
energy savings. The employment of a lot of efficient systems may lead to large
savings within the economy of any country

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.C.O.E.M.
CHAPTER 9 : REFERENCES
1. Santosh Bawage, Prashant Ranjan, Omar Chaudhari , Sasmit Rai, 2017,
„Regenerative braking system in automobiles‟, IRJET, Volume 4, Issue 4
2. Pratik Bhandari, Shubham Dubey, Sachin Kandu, Rupesh Deshbhratar, 2017,
„Regenerative Braking Systems (RBS)‟, International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 2
3. Amol c. Pise1, Anmol Suvarna1, 2018, „Regenerative Braking For Greener
Future‟, IJIET, Volume 8
4. Farshid Naseri, Ebrahim Farjah, Teymoor Ghanbari, 2016, „An Efficient
Regenerative Braking System Based on Battery/Supercapacitor for Electric,
Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles with BLDC Motor‟ , IEEE
5. Jian Wu, Xiangyu Wang, Liang Li, Cun‟an Qin, Yongchang Du, 2017,
„Hierarchical control strategy with battery aging consideration for hybrid
electric vehicle regenerative braking control‟, Energy
6. Chengqun Qiu, Guolin Wang, Mingyu Meng, Yujie Shen, 2018, „A novel
control strategy of regenerative braking system for electric vehicles
undersafety critical driving situations‟, Energy
7. Wanzhong Zhao, Gang Wu, Chunyan Wang, Leiyan Yu, Yufang Li, 2019,
„Energy transfer and utilization efficiency of regenerative braking with hybrid
energy storage system‟, Journal of Power Sources
8. Liang Li, Yuanbo Zhang, Chao Yang, Bingjie Yan, C. Marina Martinez, 2015,
„Model predictive control-based efficient energy recovery control strategy for
regenerative braking system of hybrid electric bus‟, Energy Conversion and
Management,
9. Mahdiyeh Khodaparastan, Ahmed A. Mohamed, Werner Brandauer, 2019,
„Recuperation of Regenerative Braking Energy in Electric Rail Transit
Systems‟, IEEE
10. Varsha Singh, 2015, „Efficient utilisation of regenerative braking in railway
operations‟, IRSEE, Ministry of Railways, Government of India
11. Tribhuwan Singh, Shahzad Ali, 2016, „International journal of engineering
sciences & research technology‟, IJESRT
 https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Regenerative_braking#cite_note-1

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