Design of Water Treatment Plant

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC ETAH
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

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INTRODUCTION
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The treatment given to water before supplying it to the public for use in domestic , Industrial
and fire extinguisher etc. According to standards of quantity required is known as water
treatment.
The main object of water treatment is to remove the impurity of water to make it potable it
safe for drinking. All the impurities including pathogenic germs, physical impurities should not
present because they are harmfull for the human health.
OBJECTIVE:
1- To know about from where our drinking water comes from and how it supplied to our household
tap.
2- To provide to the water to the society free from impurities like settling particles.
3- To Understand the extreme complexity of providing water to society.
4- To focus on guidelines of WHO drinking water.
5- To Recognised the need to conserve and protect our environment and water source.
BENEFITS OF PROJECTS:
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THEORY
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AVALABLITY OF WATER:
The water receiver for sedimentation is the surface water which flows in form of
the river , streams, lakes and ponds. The principle advantage of river as a source
of water supply is large quantity of water avalilable for purification.
Through river water may be softer then ground water , it contains large amount of
organic matter, besides , it picks up lot of suspended matter clay, silt etc andn
muddy in appeareance. Some triburies of Indus river are known to contain
harmfull disolved salts like mica or magnesium sulphate in excess quantities
whose led to diarrhoeic disorder in human being.
IMPURITIES IN WATER:
Impurities in water may be classified as follows –
a- Physical Impurities
b- Chemical Impurities
c- PHYSICAL IMPURITIES: The physical impurities

gives taste, odour , color, turbidity. Taste and odor
may be caused due to presence of in water of organic
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matter dissolved during pass through the ground are

from industrial waste are due to microorganism such
as algal growth . Turbidity is caused by suspended or
colloidal matter while colour may be present due to
presence of mineral logical compounds such as iron
oxide etc. Physical impurities do not have direct
relation ship with health but produce many indirect
consequences. A turbid water may protect pathogenes
from the effects of chlorination and it may contain
mineral matters that irritate stomatch linning . It is
often observe that a safe water supply that has a
disagree.
d- Bacteriological Impurities
Tests in physical impurities are given bellow –

TURBIDITY TEST: This is expressed by the amount of
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suspended matter in parts per million ppm or mg/L

(milligram per liter) in water as ascertained by
observations. The standred unit is that produced by one
part of finely divided silica in million parts of distilled
water. Turbidity is determined in terms of optical
property of sample. The higher the turbidity , the grater
the absorbtion of light rays from the source of light on
the opposite side of the sample and less then is
transmitted in straight line through the sample.
Turbidity is determined by the instrument called
turbidimeter. Common turbiditymeter is used by
Jackson turbidimeter, Hellige turbidimeter.
COLOUR: The first step in the colour test isto remove
the suspended matter from the water sample. This is
done by centrifuging, forcing the suspended solids
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towards circuimference of a cylindrical container

hgaving hhe water sample , by rotating the cylinder
about its axis. The sample is then compared for color
with standred colour solution are colour disk. The units
of colour is produced by one mg of platinium in a liter of
water. The maximum permisible colour for domostic
water is 50 mg/l , on platinium cobalt scale color in
water is harmless but objectionable on grounds on
appearance .
TASTE AND ODOUR:
Test and odourr are subjective. These are to be duscussed
to be comparison with for the person is familiar test may
be sweet salty as well as irritating hot and cold. Test and
odour are usually related .
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The principle involve in measuring odour is that sence

small comcentration of odoriferous subestances canbot
be dedected accurately and must vary from person to
person the value given to a particular odour concentation
called odour intensity could be related with the threshold
odour the dilution ratio at which the odour is just
detectable. The test is made by inhaling through and
osmoscope in a flask containing diluted water.
For drinking water there should be no objectionable test
or oddor.
CHEMICAL IMPURITIES:
This involves test for determination of total solid, hardness, pH
value ,chlorides, residual chlorine , fluorides , organic matter
etc.
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TOTEL SOLIDES:
Totel solides are considers to be the sum of disolved and
suspended solides. In water source, the disolved solides which
usually predominate, consist manly of inorganic salts, small
amount of organic matter and disolved gas. The suspended
comtain much of the organic matter any increase there of tends
to increade the degree of pollution in water.
The amount of totel solids upto 500mg/l. In water generally
makes makes it suitable for domostic use. Water with higher
content upto 1500 mg/l are also acceptable ; however they may
some times lesd to procedingsome phylogical effects on human
system unless it geds adapted after some use.
The determination of totel solids is made by evaporation and
dyying of measured sample in an oven at 105 0C for a perid ofd
one hour. Since water for potable use contains small amount of
suspended matter , it is used to filter a sample of water and
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determine solids in filtrate by the forgoing method. The

difference between the totel solids in unfiltrated and filtrated
samples is taken as a m,easure of suspended solids present.
HARDNESS:
Hardness in water is the characteristics which prevents the
lathering of soap. This is due to the presence in water of certain
salts of calcium and magnesium are present, then the hardness
is called carbonate hardness, but if sulphates and chlorides of
calcium and magnesium are present, then it is called non-
carbonate present hardness. Total hardness is thus the sum of
carbonate hardness and the non-carbonate hardness.
Hardness in water is objectionable as apart from the wasteful
consumption of soap , it modifies colour if used in dyeing work
; carbonate hardness in stream boiler produces boiler scale
which adhering to boiler tubes , reduces their heat transfer
Hardness also cause corrosion and incrustation of pipe line
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valves joints etc.

pH VALHE : concentration even measure of the acidity or
alkalinity of a subustance. when a subustance disolved in
water , solution ionizes, splits up into electrically charged
hydrogen + H hydroxal -OH ions. Acidity caused in the
solution if +H ions are in excess over –OH ions and alkality
when the revese take place. In a natural solution there number
is equal.
It is found that the product of concentration of +H ions and
concentration of –OH ions is a constant.
This constant has been measured and found to be 10 -14 mole/l.
Since the motion of the H ion concentration also implies that of
OH ion concentration from the aforesaid relation, it is
sufficient to speak in practice in term of H ion concentration
only. The relax also show that for a neutral solution.
For convenience sake , it is usual to express the H ion
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concentration in terms of logarithm of its reciprocal and call

this is PH value
Thus,
For, a neutral solution , pH value is 7. The solution is acidic if

the ph value is less then 7 ,the solution having pH of 1 being
strongest acidic. The solution is alkaline if the ph value is
greater than seven , the solution having pH of 14 being
strongest alkaline.
CHLORIDES:
They are usually present in water in the form of sodium
chloride. these impart a salty test to water. When present in
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concentration more than 200 mg/1, the taste may be

objectionable to some consumers. As such a limit of 200 mg/1.
Of chloredes is usually recommended in water supplies
intended for public use. A considerable amount of chlorides is
added in streams receiveing trade wastes, farm drainage,
piggery wastes or sewage effluent. As the human urine is
estimated to contain chlorides in the from NaCl to the extent of
1 per cent, the addition of sewage effluent to water sources is
bound to increase their chloride concentration so that any
sudden increase in chloride concentration would point towards
the possibility of organic pollution of the water source. It is ,
therfore, important that tests for chloride concentration in the
sources used for public water supply should be regularly
carried out.
IRON AND MANGANESE:
These normally occur together in water and are not so
objectionable if present less then 1.5 mg/l. When more , water
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may produce rust spots on fabrics and plumbing fixtures. It

may also promote the growth of certain organism causing
tastes and odours and reddish brown colour to water. In some
cases, it may also clog the pipe line .
Iron and manganese are determined colorimetrically. Iron is
determined by phenathroline method which deponds upon the
action of the organic compound 1, 10- phenanthroline with the
Ferrous ions to form an orange red complexion. The col
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SEDIMENTATION:
It is the process of retaning water in basin or tank so that suspend particles may settle due to
action of gravitational forces. This process decreases load on the subsequent process.
SEDIMENTATION IN WATER TREATMENT
1- Plain setting ( or pre sedimentation) of river surface water.

2- In filtration treatment plants treating surface water to removes flow calculated solids. The
sedimentation tanks comes after the flocculation tank .

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PLANE SEDIMENTATION
Principle: Many of the impurities suspended in water have specific gravity greater
than one and are held in suspentions by virtue of the turbulence or currents maintained in the
water. when these currents are retarted, the suspended matter generally settles to the bottom of
the body of the water. this is the principal involved in the sedimentation process. an example of
this process in nature is. At the mouth of the turvid drivers when they meet,
comparatively quiter bodies of water like ocean and from delta.

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FACTER EFFECTING SEDIMENTATION : We have a number of factors which have

a direct bearing on the process of sedimentation. The principle factors and the way way they
influence sedimentation are describe bellow-
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a.TYPES OF PARTICLES - Settable suspended particles are of two types- Descreet and in
plane Sedimentation have more or less uniform size, shape and generally follows Stroke' s law
or Hazen's law. The flocculent particles are common in sedimentation with coagulation tends to
agglomerate forming clusters of different size and shape and settle at a much factors rate due to
increase in size.
b. DETENTATION PERIOD - The detentation period of a setting basin is the theoritical time
water detained in it. It is given by the ratio of the volume of the basin to volumetric rate of flow
through the basin. It may vary in practice from a portion of an hours to many days, but since
the grater part of the totel removel occours during the first portion of the period since water is
to be later subject to be further treatment, basins are designed usually for a detentation period
of 3 to 4 hours.
c. FLOWING - Through Period:This is the actual time of flow or the average time required far a
small amount of water to pass through basin at the given rate of flow.
Theoretically, the detention period and the flowing- through period are of one and the same
measure. Actually, they will vary as the displacement of the water in the tank by the
incomming flow is seldom uniform because of any of reason as
i. Difference of temperature
ii. Particular position of baffle wall
iii. Manner of withdrawing outflow from the tank.
As a result , part of the water reaches the outlet more rapidly then the reminder and stage in the
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tank for a longer time.
The percentage ratio of the flowing through period to the detention period is , therefore, a
measure of efficiency of distribution of flowing the basin or the efficiency of the basin itself.
For a well designed basin , this is seldom taken as les s then 30% .
Flowing through period is practically determined with the help of dyes ,chemicals such as
sodium chloride, radioactive isotopes and slurries or suspention.
d. INLET AND OUTLET ARRANGEMENT : Consider an ideal rectangular

sedimentation basin operating with horizontal flow. It may be divided into flowing four general
zones-
I. INLET ZONE : In this , the in comming flow is assumed to be uniformly

distributed over the cross section of the tank in such a manner that the flow through the
following esetting zone follows horizontal path of motion .
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II. SETTING ZONE : The setting zone is a tranquil

region in which the flow is assumed to be steady and the
concentration of each size particle is uniform throughout
the cross section normal to the flow direction.
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III. SLUDGE ZONE: The sludge zone is porovided for the collection of sludge
bellow the setting zone. It is assumed that particles reaching this zone are efficetly revomed
from the suspension.
IV. OUTLET ZONE: Allows the clarified effiuent to be collected, and discharged
through an outlet wear.
e. VELOCITY OF FLOW: Consider a discrete particle of suspension at

height H and moving with velocity such that it reaches the bottom of setting zone before
removal. The particles at any instant moves with velocity wkich is a vecter sum of velocity of
flow in the horizontal direction V and the settling velocity v . All particles in suspention would
be removed.
Now consider a discreet particle at a height h . This would move with a velocity which is
compounded of the horizontal velocity of flow V ( same as before) and it setting velocity v0 ,
be removed in the time when it traverses the settling zone. Particles initially at a height less
then h would also be removed while those initially at a grater height will not reach the bottom
before they reach the outlet .
From the fig. , it is clear that if the area of triangle ABC having sides H & L represent 100%
removal of the particles , the area of triangle DBC with sides h & L represent removal of
particles in the ratio h/H. If t is the detention period
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= =
It Q is the rate of flow and A the surface area of setting zone , then v=Q/A . Therefore the
proportion of the paticles of given size which are removed in a horizontal flow tank is
SURFACE OVERFLOW RATE: It may be

noted that v=Q/A is the limiting velocity of fall to each
the bottom of the settling zone, meaning there by that all
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particles with velocity > Q/A will reach the bottom

before reaching the outlet for removal; where all the
particle with velocity less then Q/A will not reach the
bottom and will be a removed in the ratio of their
velocity to Q/A .
To illustrate , let A= 100 m2 , and Q=0.5 m3/sec. Then
Q/A= 0.005 m/sec or 0.5 cm/sec. Thus all particles with
settling velocity of 0.5 cm/sec would be removed , where
as 25% of those having a velocity of 0.12cm/sec shall be
removed. Thus Q/A are or the overflow rate for any
settling basin is a measure of the effective removal of the
particles in the basin.
If the settling basin shown in fig. Is modified by
insertion of a true or false bottom at depth
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H/2 , It may be noted by use of equation that for same

condition of flow ( Q & V remaining unchanged) , the
removal ratio v0/v is doubled . This means that although
the maximum depth through particle must move is
reduced to one of , the effective floor area of the basin A
is a doubled. Since A= b×l, a basin with length double of
particles with settling velocity less then v 0, however ,
same result would be achieved threw the insertion of
trays at intervals of H/2 without changing basin length
from the forgoing discussion , it may be concluded that
the removal of the settlable material in a horizontal flow
basin is a function of the overflow rate and basin depth
and is independent of detention period . This also
demonstrates that these of shallow settling basins
enables the detention time of the settling process to be
much reduced from that used in case of conventional
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settling basins a concept which is largly responsible for

the use of very shallow settling basin in modern day
practice for speedy handling of much larger quantities of
settleable flows.
SEDIMENTATION TANKS
In a sedimentation tanks ,called settling tank , the
operation involved is either to detain unflocculated water
flow from the mixing basin and allow the floccucant
precipitate to settle out of suspention. Tanks involving
operation of first kind are called plane sedimentatin
tanks and those of second kind called as chemically
added sedimentation tank in operating these tanks.
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Three classes of particles settling :
Type 1
i) Particles settle discretely at a constant velocity

ii) Settle as individual particles and do not flocculate.
iii) E.g. : Sand, grit material
iv) Occurs during :
i) Pre‐sedimentation for sand removal
ii) Settling of sand during rapid sand filter cleaning
v) Concentration : very low
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RELATIVE ADVANTAGE OF
RECTANGULAR TANK:
As compared to horizontal flow rectanglar tank , the
upward flow circular tanks have following advantage to
offer –
a- Higher Efficiency: The upward flow in circular

tank is easier to distribute and keep the flow uniform
then the horizontal flow in the tank, thus pointing
towards a higher efficiency. The cone shaped bottom
further helps in reducing the upward rate of flow.
b- More Economical: Since bulk of the tank is at

above the ground surface, the contraction cost are less.
c- Better Flooc Removal: In the upward flow tank ,

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the force due to upward flow in their floac particles is

contour balanced with the downword weight of the
particles. The particles , as a result, remains suspended in
water instead of setting down and from a short of “
blanket” 0.6 – 0.9 m thick. This blanket prevents finer
material from rising to the top of the tank and
overflowing. It also enables the flooc particles to
coalesce in passing through the blanket , entrain clay and
silt particles become heavier and ultimately settle down.
Setting Tank Efficiency:

For an ideal sedimentation basin surface overflow rate
represent the velocity of settling of those particles ,
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which cover the depth of the basin for the duration of the
theoretical detention period are the settling velocity of
the slowest settling particle which is 100% removed.
However ,
The efficiency of the basin is reduced by
currents induced by the inertia of the incomming water,
density and temperature gradient . As a result , the flow
in the basin is short circuited .
The actual efficiency is reduced . This is expressed
mathematiclly by the equation
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where, h/H= efficiency of removal of suspended

particles.
n= basin cofficient identifying performance.

Value of n varies , = 0 indicates best performance
1/8 indicate very good performance
=1/4 indicated good performance
=1/2 indicates average performance
= 1 indicates poor performance
V0 = Surface overflow rate of the ideal settling basin
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Q/A= Overflow rate of the basin under real [practical

conditions.
FORMULA USED: The formula used in desigh are

given with derivation-
The implelling force F is the net weight of the particles
acting down word due to gravity and the blouyant force
of liquid acting upwards.
This force expressed as –
= -w)V
Where, ws= specific weight of particles
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w= specific weight of liquid

V= volume of particles
The drag force FD acting on the particle is a function of
the liquid density , viscosity , settling velociy of the
particles & a characterstics function of the particles.
Where, CD= Newton’s drag cofficient

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A= projected area of the particles in the

direction of motion
ρ = density of liquid
v= settling velocity of particles

The drag cofficient is a funtion of reynold’s number Re
For Re <1, CD = 24/Re , flow is laminor

For Re lying between 1 and 104 , flow is transitional for
which
+ +0.34
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Equating impelling and drag force under equilibrium

conditions,
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Assuming particle to be circular, V= πd3/6

A=πd2/4
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Where, d = diameter of the settling particle

Making these substitutions and putting
W=ρg & ws =ρsg , we get
Hazen’s Formula
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Since kinematic viscosity= Dynamic Viscosity/liquid

density
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And for Re<1

Substituting equation we get
Stroke’s law Or
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Where, v= setting velocity in cm./sec

g=acceleration due to gravity= 981 cm./sec2
S= Specific gravity of particle

d = diameter of setting particles in cm
= Kinematic viscosity in centi stroke.

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GROWTH RATE :
Table- Population Growth Facter
Design Yearly Growth Rate (%)

Period
Year
7 1.1 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.32
10 1.16 1.22 1.28 1.34 1.41 1.48
15 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.56 1.68 1.80
20 1.35 1.49 1.64 1.81 1.99 2.19
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DESIGN
DESIGN FOR SIZE OF RECTANGULAR
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TANK :
Calculate the size of ractangular sedimentation tank to
treat 1.8 million leters of raw water per day. Assume
particles size 0.03 mm , specific gravity 1.8 , kinematic
viscosity of water at 200 c as 1.01 centistroke , expected
efficiency of particles removal as 75% with tank workin
Step- 1 Determine Setting Velocty of the

Particles using Stoke’s Law-
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=981(1.8-1)0.032/18×1.01
=0.388 mm/sec
Step-2 Find out Reynold’s number Re
=0.388×0.03/1.0
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=0.011< 1
Hence Stroke Law is applicable
Step-3 Design of Theoretical surface overflow

Rate for Ideal Setting basin , assuming 100%
removal of min size of particles
V=V0=0.388 mm/sec
= 33.52 m./day
Step-4 Determine design surface overflow

rate:
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take h/H=0.75
thus, 75% removal of particles

h=1/4 which indicates the good performance
solving equation through binomial formula-
=
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=4
V0÷Q/A= 1.66
Q/A= V0/1.66
= 33.52/1.66
=20.19 m/day
=20.190 1/m2/day
Which is correct.
As it lies between prescribed range of 15,000 – 30,000
l/m2/day
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Step- 5 Design Septic Tank

Surface area of tank= Design Flow/ Design SOR
= 1.8×103/20.9
= 89.15 m2
With B/L= ¼
L=19.0 m , B=4.75 m
Assume Detention Period , 8 hours
Depth of flow = (1.8×103×8)÷( 24×19×4.75)
= 6.64 m
Allowing 0.6 m , for detentation depth ,
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Totel depth = 6.70
Check :
a- Horizontal Velocity
V= Q/(B×H)
= (1.8×103×100)÷( 24×60×4.75×6.64)
= 3.96 l/m/day ( against 30 cm/ mt.
Maximum )
b- Wear Looding = 1.8×106÷19

= 94,737 l/m/day
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Design of Water Treatment Plant

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Design of Water Treatment Plant

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC ETAH

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

3- To Understand the extreme complexity of providing water to society.

4- To focus on guidelines of WHO drinking water.

c- PHYSICAL IMPURITIES: The physical impurities

matter dissolved during pass through the ground are

Tests in physical impurities are given bellow –

suspended matter in parts per million ppm or mg/L

towards circuimference of a cylindrical container

The principle involve in measuring odour is that sence

determine solids in filtrate by the forgoing method. The

valves joints etc.

concentration in terms of logarithm of its reciprocal and call

For, a neutral solution , pH value is 7. The solution is acidic if

concentration more than 200 mg/1, the taste may be

may produce rust spots on fabrics and plumbing fixtures. It

SEDIMENTATION IN WATER TREATMENT

1- Plain setting ( or pre sedimentation) of river surface water.

sedimentation tanks comes after the flocculation tank .

comparatively quiter bodies of water like ocean and from delta.

FACTER EFFECTING SEDIMENTATION : We have a number of factors which have

ii. Particular position of baffle wall

iii. Manner of withdrawing outflow from the tank.

tank for a longer time.

d. INLET AND OUTLET ARRANGEMENT : Consider an ideal rectangular

I. INLET ZONE : In this , the in comming flow is assumed to be uniformly

II. SETTING ZONE : The setting zone is a tranquil

e. VELOCITY OF FLOW: Consider a discrete particle of suspension at

SURFACE OVERFLOW RATE: It may be

particles with velocity > Q/A will reach the bottom

H/2 , It may be noted by use of equation that for same

settling basins a concept which is largly responsible for

Three classes of particles settling :

i) Particles settle discretely at a constant velocity

a- Higher Efficiency: The upward flow in circular

b- More Economical: Since bulk of the tank is at

c- Better Flooc Removal: In the upward flow tank ,

the force due to upward flow in their floac particles is

Setting Tank Efficiency:

where, h/H= efficiency of removal of suspended

n= basin cofficient identifying performance.

Q/A= Overflow rate of the basin under real [practical

FORMULA USED: The formula used in desigh are

w= specific weight of liquid

Where, CD= Newton’s drag cofficient

A= projected area of the particles in the

v= settling velocity of particles

For Re <1, CD = 24/Re , flow is laminor

Equating impelling and drag force under equilibrium

Assuming particle to be circular, V= πd3/6

Where, d = diameter of the settling particle

Since kinematic viscosity= Dynamic Viscosity/liquid

And for Re<1

Where, v= setting velocity in cm./sec

S= Specific gravity of particle

= Kinematic viscosity in centi stroke.

Design Yearly Growth Rate (%)

Step- 1 Determine Setting Velocty of the

Step-2 Find out Reynold’s number Re

Step-3 Design of Theoretical surface overflow

Step-4 Determine design surface overflow

thus, 75% removal of particles

solving equation through binomial formula-