Chapter 8

COMBINED LOADINGS
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• Review the stress analysis
developed in previous
chapters regarding axial load,
torsion, bending and shear
• Discuss the solution of
problems where several of
these internal loads occur
simultaneously on a member’s
x-section
8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED
LOADINGS
• In previous chapters, we developed methods for
determining the stress distributions in a member
subjected to internal axial forces, shear forces, bending
moments, or torsional moments.
• Often, the x-section of a member is subjected to several
of these type of loadings simultaneously
• We can use the method of superposition to determine the
resultant stress distribution caused by the loads
8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED
LOADINGS
Application of the method of superposition
1. The stress distribution due to each loading is determined
2. These distributions are superimposed to determine the
resultant stress distribution
Conditions to satisfy
• A linear relationship exists between the stress and the
loads
• Geometry of the member should not undergo significant
change when the loads are applied
8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED
LOADINGS
• This is necessary to ensure
that the stress produced by
one load is not related to the
stress produced by any other
load
8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED
LOADINGS
Procedure for analysis
Internal loading
• Section the member perpendicular to its axis at the pt
where the stress is to be determined
• Obtain the resultant internal normal and shear force
components and the bending and torsional moment
components
• Force components should act through the centroid of the
x-section, and moment components should be computed
about centroidal axes, which represent the principal axes
of inertia for x-section
8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED
LOADINGS
Procedure for analysis
Average normal stress
• Compute the stress component associated with each
internal loading.
• For each case, represent the effect either as a distribution
of stress acting over the entire x-sectional area, or show
the stress on an element of the material located at a
specified pt on the x-section
8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED
LOADINGS
Procedure for analysis
Normal force (Axial Loading)
• Internal normal force is developed by a uniform normal-
stress distribution by σ = P/A
8.2.1 STATE OF STRESS UNDER AXIAL LOADING
EXAMPLE
The 80 kg lamp is supported by two rods AB and BC as
shown in the figure. If AB has a diameter of 10 mm and BC
has a diameter of 8 mm, determine the average normal
stress in each rod.
8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED
LOADINGS
Procedure for analysis
Bending moment
• For straight members, the internal bending moment is
developed by a normal-stress distribution that varies
linearly from zero at the neutral axis to a maximum at
outer boundary of the member.
• Stress distribution obtained from flexure formula,
σ = –My/I.
8.2.2 STATE OF STRESS UNDER PURE BENDING
EXAMPLE
The simply supported beam in Figure (a) has the cross-
sectional area shown in Figure (b). Determine the
absolute maximum bending stress in the beam and draw
the stress distribution over the cross section at this
location.
M max = 22 . 5 kN ⋅ m

(
I = Σ I + Ah 2
)
⎡ 1
= 2⎢ (0 . 25 )(0 . 02 )3 + (0 . 25 )(0 . 02 )(0 . 16 )2 ⎤⎥ + ⎡⎢ 1 (0 . 02 )(0 . 3 )3 ⎤⎥
⎣ 12 ⎦ ⎣ 12 ⎦
= 301 . 3 × 10 − 6 m 4

σ max =
Mc
=
( )
22 . 5 × 10 3 (0 . 17 )
= 12 . 7 MPa
I 301 . 3 × 10 − 6

σB =
M yB
=
( 2 2 .5 × 1 0 3 ) ( 0 .1 5 )
= 11.2 M P a (co m pression)
I 301.3 × 1 0 − 6
8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED
LOADINGS
Shear force
• Internal shear force in member subjected to bending is
developed from shear-stress distribution determined from
the shear formula,
τ = VQ/It. Special care must be exercised as highlighted
in section 7.3.
8.2.3 STATE OF STRESS UNDER TRANSVERSE
LOAD
EXAMPLE
The beam shown below is made of wood and is
subjected to a resultant internal vertical shear force of V
= 3 kN. Determine the shear stress in the beam at point
P.
 bh 3 0 . 1(0 . 125 )3
I = = = 16 . 28 × 10 − 6 m 4
12 12
⎛ 1 ⎞
Q = A ' y ' = (0 . 05 × 0 . 1 )⎜ 0 . 0125 + × 0 . 05 ⎟ = 18 . 75 × 10 − 5 m 3
⎝ 2 ⎠

τ at P =
VQ
=
(3 × 10 3 )(18 . 75 × 10 − 5 )
It (16 . 28 × 10 − 6 )(0 . 1) = 0 . 346 MPa
8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED
LOADINGS
Procedure for analysis
Torsional moment
• For circular shafts and tubes, internal torsional moment
is developed by a shear-stress distribution that varies
linearly from the central axis of shaft to a maximum at
shaft’s outer boundary
• Shear-stress distribution is determined from the
torsional formula,τ = Tρ/J.
8.2.4 STATE OF STRESS UNDER PURE TORSION
EXAMPLE
The pipe shown in the figure has an inner diameter of 80
mm and an outer diameter of 100 mm. If its end is
tightened against the support at A using a torque wrench at
B, determine the shear stress developed in the material at
the inner and outer walls along the central portion of the
pipe when the 80-N forces are applied to the wrench.
ΣM y = 0; 80 (0 . 3 ) + 80 (0 . 2 ) − T = 0
T = 40 N ⋅ m

J =
π
2
[(0 .05 ) 4
− (0 . 04 )
4
] = 5 .8 × 10 −6
m4

Tc o 40 (0 . 05 )
τo = = = 0 . 345 MPa
J 5 . 8 × 10 − 6

Tc i 40 (0 . 04 )
τi = = = 0 . 276 MPa
J 5 . 8 × 10 − 6
8.2 STATE OF STRESS UNDER COMBINED
LOADINGS
EXAMPLE
An axial force of 900 N and a torque of 2.50 N.m are
applied to the shaft as shown below. If the shaft has a
diameter of 40 mm, determine the state of stress at a point
P on its surface.
 Tr 2 . 5 (0 . 02 )
τ = = = 198 . 9 kPa
π
J
(0 . 04 ) 4

32

P 900
σ = = = 716 . 2 kPa
π
A
(0 . 04 ) 2

4
EXAMPLE
The beam shown below is subjected to the distributed
loading of w = 120 kN/m. Determine the state of stress at
point P which lies at the top of the web. Neglect the size of
the fillets and stress concentrations at this point. INA = 67.4 x
10-6 m4.
V = 84 kN M = 30 . 6 kN ⋅ m

σ =
My
=
( )
30 . 6 × 10 3 (0 . 1 )
= 45 . 4 MPa
I (
67 . 4 × 10 − 6 ) (compression)
EXAMPLE
The solid rod shown below has a diameter of 15 mm. If
it is subjected to the loading shown, determine the
state of stress at point A.
 P 500
σ = = = 2 . 83 MPa
A
π
A
(0 . 015 ) 2

4
 4V 4 (800 )
τ = =
A
3A (
3 π × 0 . 0075 2
) = 6 . 04 MPa
σ A = 0
σ =
My
=
(7000 )(0 . 0075 )= 211 . 26 MPa
π
I
(0 . 015 )4
64
τ =
Tr
=
(11200 )(0 . 0075 ) = 169 . 01 MPa
π
J
(0 . 015 )4
32
CHAPTER REVIEW
• Superposition of stress components can be used to
determine the normal and shear stress at a pt in a
member subjected to a combined loading.
• To solve, it is first necessary to determine the resultant
axial and shear force and the resultant torsional and
bending moment at the section where the pt is located.
• Then the stress components are determined due to
each of these loadings. The normal and shear-stress
resultants are then determined by algebraically adding
the normal and shear-stress components.
The bar has a diameter of 1 mm. If it is subjected to the forces as
shown in the figure, determine the state of stress at point A and B
and sketch the stress elements.