440 Chapter 8 Combined Loadings

EXAMPLE 8.2

300 kN A force of 300 kN is applied to the edge of the member shown in Fig. 8-3«.
Neglect the weight of the member and determine the state of stress at
50 mm points B and C.
50 mm
SOLUTION

Internal Loadings. The member is sectioned through B and C,

Fig. 8-3h. For equilibrium at the section there must be an axial force of
300 kN acting through the centroid and a bending moment of
45.0 kN • m about the centroidal principal axis, Fig. 8-3b.
Stress Components.
Normal Force. The uniform normal-stress distribution due to the
normal force is shown in Fig. 8-3c. Here
(a) N 300(103) N
— = —„ = 10.0(103)N/m2
’ =
v 10.0 MPa
A (0.1 m)(0.3 m)
Fig. 8-3
300 kN
Bending Moment. The normal-stress distribution due to the bending
moment is shown in Fig. 8-3d.The maximum stress is
Me [45.0(103) N • m] (0.15 m)
°max = 30.0(106) N/m2 = 30.0 MPa
~T (0.1 m) (0.3 m)3
B Superposition. Algebraically adding the stresses at B and C, we get
M-*45.0 kN-m N Me
300 kN
(b)
aB = —— —
-I
/1
— = —10.0 MPa + 30.0 MPa = 20.0 MPa (tension) Ans.
1
N Me
ac= AI
= -10.0 MPa - 30.0 MPa
= —40.0 MPa = 40.0 MPa (compression) Ans.
NOTE: The resultant stress distribution over the cross section is shown in
Fig. 8-3e, where the location of the line of zero stress can be determined
by proportional triangles; i.e.,
20.0 MPa 40.0 MPa
= tt— c; = 100 mm
x (300 mm — x) *

Normal force Bending moment Combined loading 20.0 MPa 40.0 MPa
(c) (d) (e) (0 (g)
 8.2 State of Stress Caused by Combined Loadings 441

EXAMPLE 8.3

The gas tank in Fig. 8-4« has an inner radius of 600 mm and a thickness of 10
mm. If it supports the 200 kN load at its top, and the gas pressure within it is
450 kPa, determine the state of stress at point A.
SOLUTION

Internal Loadings. The free-body diagram of the section of the tank

above point A is shown in Fig. 8-4b.

Stress Components.
Circumferential Stress. Since r/t = 600mm/10mm = 60 > 10, the
tank is a thin-walled vessel. Applying Eq. 8-1, using the inner radius
r = 0.6 m, we have

pr [450(103) N/m2] (0.6 m)

oy = —
f
= —
°’01 m
= 27.0(106) N/m2 = 27.0 MPa (T)
Ans.

Longitudinal Stress. Here the wall of the tank uniformly supports the
load of 200 kN (compression) and the pressure stress (tensile). Thus, we have

N pr _ 200(103)N [450(103) N/m2](0.6 m)

A It tt[(0.61 m)2 — (0.6 m)2] 2 (0.01 m)

= 8.239(106) N/m2 = 8.24 MPa (T) Ans.

Point A is therefore subjected to the biaxial stress shown in Fig. 8-4c.

8.24 MPa

27.0 MPa
A|

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 8-4
442 Chapter 8 Combined Loadings

EXAMPLE 8.4

The member shown in Fig. 8-5« has a rectangular cross section. Determine
the state of stress that the loading produces at point C and point D.

21.93 kN
(c)

Fig. 8-5
SOLUTION
Internal Loadings. The support reactions on the member have been
determined and are shown in Fig. 8-5b. (As a review of statics, apply
A = 0 to show FB = 97.59 kN.) If the left segment AC of the member is
considered, Fig. 8-5c, then the resultant internal loadings at the section
consist of a normal force, a shear force, and a bending moment. They are
A = 16.45 kN V = 21.93 kN M = 32.89 kN • m
 8.2 State of Stress Caused by Combined Loadings 443

Normal force Shear force Bending moment

(d) (e) (f)

Fig. 8-5 (cont.)

Stress Components at C.
Normal Force. The uniform normal-stress distribution acting over the
cross section is produced by the normal force, Fig. 8-5d. At point C,
16.45(103) N
“
132 MPa
(0.050 m) (0.250 m)

Shear Force. Here the area A' = 0, since point C is located at the top of
the member.Thus Q = y'A' = 0, Fig. 8-5e. The shear stress is therefore
=
TC
°
Bending Moment. Point C is located at y = c = 0.125 m from the
neutral axis, so the bending stress at C, Fig. 8-5/, is
Me [32.89(103) N • m](0.125 m)
(ac)b = ~r = TF = 63.16 MPa
I (0.050 m) (0.250 m)3]
Superposition. There is no shear-stress component. Adding the normal
stresses gives a compressive stress at C having a value of

ac = 1.32 MPa + 63.16 MPa = 64.5 MPa Ans. 64.5 MPa

This result, acting on an element at C, is shown in Fig. 8-5g. (g)

Stress Components at D.
Normal Force. This is the same as at C, (aD)a = 1.32 MPa, Fig. 8-5d.
Shear Force. Since D is at the neutral axis, and the cross section is
rectangular, we can use the special form of the shear formula, Fig. 8-5e.
V T 21.93(103) N 1
rD
D = 1.5— =1.5 -—-——— —- = 2.63 MPa
A L (0.25 m)(0.05 m) J — Ans.

Bending Moment. Here D is on the neutral axis and so (aD)b = 0.

Superposition. The resultant stress on the element is shown in Fig. 8-5h.
—• 2.63 MPa
I*— 1.32 MPa

(h)
444 Chapter 8 Combined Loadings

EXAMPLE 8.5

The solid rod shown in Fig. 8-6« has a radius of 20 mm. If it is subjected to
the force of 2 kN, determine the state of stress at point A.
SOLUTION
Internal Loadings. The rod is sectioned through point A. Using the
free-body diagram of segment AB, Fig. 8-66. the resultant internal
loadings are determined from the equations of equilibrium.
XFy = 0; 2(103) N - Ny = 0; Ny = 2(103) N
= 0; [2(103) N](0.2 m) - Mz = 0; Mz = 400 N • m
In order to better “visualize” the stress distributions due to these loadings,
we can consider the equal but opposite resultants acting on segment AC,
Fig. 8-6c.
Stress Components.
Normal Force. The normal-stress distribution is shown in Fig. 8-6d.
For point A, we have

TV 2(103) N
= = = L592<1° N/m = 1592
A

Bending Moment. For the moment, c

at point A, Fig. 8-6e, is
=
’
0.02 m, so the bending stress

Me (400 N • m)(0.02 m)
Z f (0.02 m)4
= 63.662(106) N/m2 = 63.662 MPa
Superposition. When the above results are superimposed, it is seen that
an element at A, Fig. 8-6f, is subjected to the normal stress
(o^X, = 1.592 MPa + 63.66 MPa = 65.25 MPa = 65.3 MPa Ans.
400 N m

Normal force Bending moment

(c) (d) (f)
Fig. 8-6
 8.2 State of Stress Caused by Combined Loadings 445

EXAMPLE 8.6

The solid rod shown in Fig. 8-7a has a radius of 20 mm. If it is subjected to
the force of 3 kN, determine the state of stress at point A.
SOLUTION
Internal Loadings. The rod is sectioned through point A. Using the
free-body diagram of segment AB, Fig. 8-7h, the resultant internal
loadings are determined from the equations of equilibrium. Take a
moment to verify these results. The equal but opposite resultants are
shown acting on segment AC, Fig. 8-7c.
XK = 0; V- - 3(103) N = 0; V. = 3(103) N
XMy = 0; Mx - [3(103) N](0.15 m) = 0; Mx = 450 N • m
—
XMy = 0; Ty + [3(103)N] (0.2m) = 0; Ty = 600N-m
Stress Components.
Shear Force. The shear-stress distribution is shown in Fig. 8-7d. For
point A, Q is determined from the grey shaded semicircular area.
Using the table in the back of the book, we have
r
4(0.02 m) i 1 r
Q = y'A =
-4 < -77(0.02 m)2 = 5.3333(10“6) m3
377 2
so that
rz m = VQ [3(103) N] [5.333(310“6) m3]
KaALi [|(0.02 m)4] [2(0.02 m)]
= 3.183(106)N/m2 = 3.18 MPa
Bending Moment. Since point A lies on the neutral axis, Fig. 8-7e, the
bending stress is
(oi)x = 0 (b)
Torque. At point A, pA = c = 0.02 m, Fig. 8-7/. Thus the shear stress is
Tc (600 N • m)(0.02 m)
[(/Jzh = V = = 47.746(106) N/m2 = 47.74 MPa
J 2 (0.02 m).4
Superposition. Here the element of material at A is subjected only to
a shear stress component. Fig. 8-7g, where
(rv-)A = 3.18 MPa + 47.74 MPa = 50.93 MPa = 50.9 MPa Ans.

50.9 MPa

Shear force Bending moment Torsional moment

(d) (e) (f) (g)