EJERCICIOS

UNIDAD IV – SEMANA 1

 
 
 

 
 7.2 THE SHEAR FORMULA 3 93

EXAMPLE 7.1

The beam shown in Fig. 7–10a is made from two boards. Determine 6.5 kN/m
the maximum shear stress in the glue necessary to hold the boards
together along the seam where they are joined. 7
SOLUTION 4m 4m

150 mm
Internal Shear. The support reactions and the shear diagram for
30 mm
the beam are shown in Fig. 7–10b. lt is seen that the maximum shear in
the beam is 19.5 kN.
N _A 150 mm
y
30 mm
Section Properties. The centroid and therefore the neutral axis
will be determined from the reference axis placed at the bottom of the (a)
cross-sectional area, Fig. 7–10a. Working in units of meters, we have
Σ∼yA 26 kN
y =
ΣA
[0.075 m](0.150 m)(0.030 m) + [0.165 m](0.030 m)(0.150 m)
= = 0.120 m
(0.150 m)(0.030 m) + (0.030 m)(0.150 m) 6m 2m
6.5 kN 19.5 kN
The moment of inertia about the neutral axis, Fig. 7–10a, is therefore
1 V (kN)
I = c (0.030 m)(0.150 m)3 + (0.150 m)(0.030 m)(0.120 m - 0.075 m)2 d
12
6.5
1 5 8 x (m)
+ c (0.150 m)(0.030 m)3 + (0.030 m)(0.150 m)(0.165 m - 0.120 m)2 d
12 4

= 27.0(10 - 6) m4
The top board (flange) is held onto the bottom board (web) by the
glue, which is applied over the thickness t = 0.03 m. Consequently Q is !19.5
(b)
taken from the area of the top board, Fig. 7–10a. We have

Q = y′A′ = [0.180 m - 0.015 m - 0.120 m](0.03 m)(0.150 m)

= 0.2025(10 - 3) m3

Shear Stress. Applying the shear formula,

V ! 19.5 kN
3 -3 3
VQ 19.5(10 ) N(0.2025(10 ) m ) Plane containing glue
tmax = = = 4.88 MPa Ans.
It 27.0(10 - 6) m4(0.030 m)
4.88 MPa
The shear stress acting at the top of the bottom board is shown in
Fig. 7–10c.
(c)

NOTE: It is the glue’s resistance to this longitudinal shear stress that Fig. 7–10
holds the boards from slipping at the right support.
 394 CHAPTER 7 TRANSVERSE SHEAR

EXAMPLE 7.2

Determine the distribution of the shear stress over the cross section of
the beam shown in Fig. 7–11a.
7
A¿

h
_ 2 A
y¿
h
h
V 2
y
N
b b

(a) (b)

SOLUTION

The distribution can be determined by finding the shear stress at an

arbitrary height y from the neutral axis, Fig. 7–11b, and then plotting this
function. Here, the dark colored area A′ will be used for Q.* Hence

1 h h 1 h2
Q = y′A′ = c y + a - yb d a - yb b = a - y2 b b
2 2 2 2 4

Applying the shear formula, we have

b
A VQ V 1 12 2 3 (h2 >4) - y2 4 b 6V h2
t = = 1
= 3 4
- y2 b (1)
It 3
1 12 bh 2 b bh
a
dy
y
This result indicates that the shear-stress distribution over the cross
N section is parabolic. As shown in Fig. 7–11c, the intensity varies from
zero at the top and bottom, y = {h>2, to a maximum value at the
Tmax V neutral axis, y = 0. Specifically, since the area of the cross section is
Shear-stress distribution A = bh, then at y = 0 Eq. 1 becomes
(c)
V
Fig. 7–11 tmax = 1.5 (2)
A
Rectangular cross section
*The area below y can also be used 3A′ = b(h>2 + y) 4 , but doing so involves a bit
more algebraic manipulation.
 7.2 THE SHEAR FORMULA 3 95

A¿

h 7
2 A
tmax
h
2 A
h
4

N Typical shear failure of this wooden beam

b
N occurred at the support and through the
approximate center of its cross section.
(d) (e)

Fig. 7–11 (cont.)

This same value for tmax can be obtained directly from the shear
formula, t = VQ>It, by realizing that tmax occurs where Q is largest,
since V, I, and t are constant. By inspection, Q will be a maximum
when the entire area above (or below) the neutral axis is considered;
that is, A′ = bh>2 and y′ = h>4, Fig. 7–11d. Thus,
VQ V(h>4)(bh>2) V
tmax = = 1
= 1.5
It 3
1 12bh 2 b A
By comparison, tmax is 50% greater than the average shear stress
determined from Eq. 1–7; that is, tavg = V>A.
It is important to realize that tmax also acts in the longitudinal
direction of the beam, Fig. 7–11e. It is this stress that can cause a
timber beam to fail at its supports, as shown Fig. 7–11f. Here horizontal
splitting of the wood starts to occur through the neutral axis at the
beam’s ends, since there the vertical reactions subject the beam to
large shear stress, and wood has a low resistance to shear along its
grains, which are oriented in the longitudinal direction.
It is instructive to show that when the shear-stress distribution,
Eq. 1, is integrated over the cross section it produces the resultant
shear V. To do this, a differential strip of area dA = b dy is chosen,
Fig. 7–11c, and since t acts uniformly over this strip, we have
h>2
6V h2
LA L-h>2
P
t dA = ¢ - y2 ≤b dy
bh3 4

6V h2 1 3 h>2
= ¢ y - y ≤`
h3 4 3 -h>2
(f)

6V h2 h h 1 h3 h3
= 3
J a + b - ¢ + ≤R = V
h 4 2 2 3 8 8
 396 CHAPTER 7 TRANSVERSE SHEAR

EXAMPLE 7.3

A steel wide-flange beam has the dimensions shown in Fig. 7–12a. If it is

subjected to a shear of V = 80 kN, plot the shear-stress distribution
7 acting over the beam’s cross section.
20 mm
B¿ tB¿ ! 1.13 MPa
100 mm A tB ! 22.6 MPa
B
15 mm
100 mm
20 mm tC ! 25.2 MPa
C

22.6 MPa
V ! 80 kN
N 300 mm 1.13 MPa
(b)

(a)
SOLUTION

Since the flange and web are rectangular elements, then like the previous
example, the shear-stress distribution will be parabolic and in this case it
will vary in the manner shown in Fig. 7–12b. Due to symmetry, only the
shear stresses at points B′, B, and C have to be determined. To show how
these values are obtained, we must first determine the moment of inertia of
the cross-sectional area about the neutral axis. Working in meters, we have

1
I = c (0.015 m)(0.200 m)3 d
12
1
+ 2c (0.300 m)(0.02 m)3 + (0.300 m)(0.02 m)(0.110 m)2 d
12
= 155.6(10-6) m4
For point B′, t B′ = 0.300 m, and A′ is the dark shaded area shown in
0.02 m
Fig. 7–12c. Thus,
0.300 m
QB′ = y′A′ = (0.110 m)(0.300 m)(0.02 m) = 0.660(10-3) m3
A¿
B B¿ 0.100 m so that
N A VQB′ 3 80(103) N 4 3 0.660(10-3) m3 4
tB′ = = = 1.13 MPa
It B′ 3 155.6(10-6) m4 4 (0.300 m)
For point B, t B = 0.015 m and QB = QB′ , Fig. 7–12c. Hence
(c)
VQB 3 80(103) N 4 3 0.660(10-3) m3 4
tB = = = 22.6 MPa
Fig. 7–12 It B 3 155.6(10-6) m4 4 (0.015 m)
 7.2 THE SHEAR FORMULA 3 97

0.02 m
0.300 m

A¿
0.015 m 0.100 m 7
N A
C

(d)

Fig. 7–12 (cont.)

Note from our discussion of the “Limitations on the Use of the Shear
Formula” that the calculated values for both tB′ and tB are actually very
misleading. Why?
For point C, t C = 0.015 m and A′ is the dark shaded area shown in
Fig. 7–12d. Considering this area to be composed of two rectangles,
we have

QC = Σy′A′ = (0.110 m)(0.300 m)(0.02 m)

+ (0.05 m)(0.015 m)(0.100 m)

= 0.735(10-3) m3

Thus,

VQC 3 80(103) N 4 [0.735(10-3) m3]

tC = tmax = = = 25.2 MPa
It C 3 155.6(10 - 6) m4 4 (0.015 m)
From Fig. 7–12b, note that the largest shear stress occurs in the web and is
almost uniform throughout its depth, varying from 22.6 MPa to 25.2 MPa.
It is for this reason that for design, some codes permit the use of
calculating the average shear stress on the cross section of the web, rather
than using the shear formula; that is,

V 801 103 2 N
tavg = = = 26.7 MPa
Aw 1 0.015 m2 10.2 m2

This will be discussed further in Chapter 11.

 406 CHAPTER 7 TRANSVERSE SHEAR

EXAMPLE 7.4

A¿B 10 mm The beam is constructed from three boards glued together as shown in
250 mm Fig. 7–17a. If it is subjected to a shear of V = 850 kN, determine the
7 shear flow at B and B′ that must be resisted by the glue.
B B¿
_
y¿B
SOLUTION

N A Section Properties. The neutral axis (centroid) will be located from

300 mm the bottom of the beam, Fig. 7–17a. Working in units of meters, we have
_
y Σ∼
yA 2[0.15 m](0.3 m)(0.01 m) + [0.305 m](0.250 m)(0.01 m)
V ! 850 kN y = =
ΣA 2(0.3 m)(0.01 m) + (0.250 m)(0.01 m)
= 0.1956 m
10 mm 125 mm 10 mm
(a) The moment of inertia of the cross section about the neutral axis is thus

1
I = 2c (0.01 m)(0.3 m)3 + (0.01 m)(0.3 m)(0.1956 m - 0.150 m)2 d
12
1
+ c (0.250 m)(0.01 m)3 + (0.250 m)(0.01 m)(0.305 m - 0.1956 m)2 d
12
= 87.42(10 - 6) m4
The glue at both B and B′ in Fig. 7–17a “holds” the top board to the
beam. Here
QB = yB= AB= = [0.305 m - 0.1956 m](0.250 m)(0.01 m)
= 0.2735(10 - 3) m3

Shear Flow.
VQB 850(103) N(0.2735(10 - 3) m3)
q = = = 2.66 MN>m
I 87.42(10 - 6) m4
C C¿
_
Since two seams are used to secure the board, the glue per meter
A¿C y¿C length of beam at each seam must be strong enough to resist one-half
N A
of this shear flow. Thus,
q
qB = qB′ = = 1.33 MN>m Ans.
2

NOTE: If the board CC' is added to the beam, Fig. 7–17b, then y and I
have to be recalculated, and the shear flow at C and C′ determined
(b) from q = V y′C A′C >I. Finally, this value is divided by one-half to obtain
Fig. 7–17
qC and qC′.
 7.3 SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT-UP MEMBERS 4 07

EXAMPLE 7.5

A box beam is constructed from four boards nailed together as shown 80 N

in Fig. 7–18a. If each nail can support a shear force of 30 N, determine
the maximum spacing s of the nails at B and at C to the nearest 5 mm 7
so that the beam will support the force of 80 N.
s
SOLUTION
Internal Shear. If the beam is sectioned at an arbitrary point along 15 mm C
its length, the internal shear required for equilibrium is always 60 mm 15 mm
V = 80 N, and so the shear diagram is shown in Fig. 7–18b.
Section Properties. The moment of inertia of the cross-sectional B 60 mm
area about the neutral axis can be determined by considering a
75@mm * 75@mm square minus a 45@mm * 45@mm square. 15 mm
1 1
I = (0.075 m)(0.075 m)3 - (0.045 m)(0.045 m)3 = 2.295(10-6) m4 (a)
12 12
The shear flow at B is determined using QB found from the darker V (N)
shaded area shown in Fig. 7–18c. It is this “symmetric” portion of the
beam that is to be “held” onto the rest of the beam by nails on the left
side and by the fibers of the board on the right side. 80
Thus,
QB = y′A′ = (0.03m)(0.075m)(0.015m) = 33.75(10-6)m3 x (m)
(b)
Likewise, the shear flow at C can be determined using the “symmetric”
shaded area shown in Fig. 7–18d. We have 0.075 m
QC = y′A′ = (0.03m)(0.045m)(0.015m) = 20.25(106)m3 0.015 m
0.03 m B B9
Shear Flow. N A
-6 3
VQB (80 N)[33.75(10 ) m ]
qB = = = 1176.47 N>m
I 2.295(10-6) m4 (c)
VQC (80 N)[20.25(10-6)m3]
qC = = = 705.88 N>m 0.045 m
I 2.295(10-6) m4
0.015 m
These values represent the shear force per unit length of the beam 0.03 m C¿ C
that must be resisted by the nails at B and the fibers at B′, Fig. 7–18c, N A
and the nails at C and the fibers at C′, Fig. 7–18d, respectively. Since in
each case the shear flow is resisted at two surfaces and each nail can
resist 30 N, for B the spacing is (d)
30 N
sB = = 0.0510 m = 51.0 mm Use sB = 50 mm Ans. Fig. 7–18
(1176.47>2) N>m

And for C,
30 N
sC = = 0.0850 m = 85.0 mm Use sC = 85 mm Ans.
(705.88>2) N>m
 408 CHAPTER 7 TRANSVERSE SHEAR

EXAMPLE 7.6

Nails having a shear strength of 900 N are used in a beam that can be
constructed either as in Case I or as in Case II, Fig. 7–19. If the nails
7 are spaced at 250 mm, determine the largest vertical shear that can be
supported in each case so that the fasteners will not fail.

s 250 mm

10 mm 10 mm

25 mm
80 mm N A 100 mm N A
Case I s 250 mm
Case II
75 mm
10 mm 10 mm
25 mm
Fig. 7–19
SOLUTION
Since the cross section is the same in both cases, the moment of inertia
about the neutral axis is
1 1
I = (0.075 m)(0.1 m)3 - (0.05 m)(0.08 m)3 = 4.1167(10 - 6) m4
12 12
Case I. For this design a single row of nails holds the top or bottom
flange onto the web. For one of these flanges,

Q = y′A′ = (0.045 m)(0.075 m)(0.01 m) = 33.75(10-6) m3

so that
VQ
q =
I

900 N V[33.75(10-6) m3]

=
0.25 m 4.1167(10-6) m4
V = 439.11 N = 439 N Ans.
Case II. Here a single row of nails holds one of the side boards onto
the web. Thus
Q = y′A′ = (0.045 m)(0.025 m)(0.01 m) = 11.25(10-6) m3

VQ
q =
I
900 N V[11.25(10-6) m3]
=
0.25 m 4.1167(10-6) m4
V = 1.3173(103) N = 1.32 kN Ans.
 1.5 kN 1.5 kN PROBLEMA MODELO 6.1
A n B La viga AB está hecha de tres planchas pegadas y se somete, en su plano de sime-
tría, a la carga mostrada en la figura. Considerando que el ancho de cada junta pe-
gada es 20 mm, determine el esfuerzo cortante medio en cada junta en la sección
n
n-n de la viga. El centroide de la sección se muestra en el dibujo y el momento cen-
0.4 m 0.4 m troidal de inercia es I ! 8.63 " 10#6 m4.
0.2 m

100 mm

20 mm
Junta a
80 mm C
20 mm
Junta b 68.3 mm
20 mm SOLUCIÓN
Cortante vertical de la sección n-n. Como la viga y la carga son simétricas
60 mm
con respecto al centro de la viga, se tiene: A ! B ! 1.5 kN c.

1.5 kN 1.5 kN
M
n B
A

n V

A ! 1.5 kN
A ! 1.5 kN B ! 1.5 kN

Considerando la sección de la viga a la izquierda de n-n como un cuerpo libre, se es-

cribe

0.100 m $c g Fy ! 0: 1.5 kN # V ! 0 V ! 1.5 kN

0.020 m
y1 ! 0.0417 m Esfuerzos cortantes en la junta a. Se realiza un corte a-a por la junta pega-
Eje neutral a a
x' da para separar la sección transversal en dos partes. Se escoge determinar Q calcu-
lando el primer momento con respecto al eje neutro del área por encima de a-a.

Q ! A y1 ! 3 10.100 m210.020 m2 4 10.0417 m2 ! 83.4 " 10#6 m3

Recordando que el ancho de la junta pegada es t ! 0.020 m, se utiliza la ecuación

(6.7) para hallar el esfuerzo cortante promedio de la junta.

VQ 11 500 N2 183.4 " 10#6 m3 2

tprom ! ! tprom ! 725 kPa !
It 18.63 " 10#6 m4 210.020 m2
Eje neutral C Esfuerzo cortante en la junta b. Ahora se ejecuta el corte b-b y se calcula Q
x'
b b y ! 0.0583 m usando el área bajo el corte.
2

0.020 m Q ! A y2 ! 3 10.060 m2 10.020 m2 4 10.0583 m2 ! 70.0 " 10#6 m3

VQ 11 500 N2170.0 " 10#6 m3 2
0.060 m tprom ! ! tprom ! 608 kPa !
It 18.63 " 10#6 m4 210.020 m2

382