Flanged Bolts Coupling

A commonly used connection between two shafts is a flanged bolt coupling. It consists
of flanges rigidly attached to the end of the shaft and bolted together. The torque is transmitted
by the shearing force P created in the bolts.

Assume that the stress is uniformly distribut π ed, the load in any bolt is given by the
simple stress equation P=Ar and equals ( π d 2 /¿ 4)r. It acts through the center of the bolt and
tangent to the bolt circle. Therefore, for any number of bolts n, the torque capacity of the
coupling is expressed by:

T= PRn = ( π d 2 /¿ 4)VRr ; where V is the shear stress

For the concentric rows of bolts:

Coupling with two concentric bolt circles:

if both have the same area A1 = A2 and if the

bolts are made of same material G1 = G 2

Problem:

A flanged bolt coupling consists of light steel 20 mm diameter blot spread evenly around
a bolt circle 300 mm in diameter. Determine the torque capacity of the coupling if the allowable
shearing stress on the bolts is 40 MN/m2.
Given:

No of bolts in the coupling = 8

Diameter of bolts = 20 mm

Diameter of bolts circle = 300 mm

Ss = Shearing Stress Allowable = 40 MN/m2

Required: Torque capacity of the coupling, T = ?

T =torque=PRn where P = tangential force, = (Ss) (A)

π d 2 ( )( )
¿ ( ) 4
E n ( St )

( π )( 0.020)2
¿ ( 40 MPa ) (150 mm )( 8 )
4

N
(
¿ 40 x 106
m2 )
( 0.7854 )( 0.20 )2 m 2 ( 0.15 )( 8 )

¿ 15,079.68 N −m∨15.079 KN −m

Problems: (For SW/ Ass)

1. A flanged bolt coupling consists of six 10 mm diameter steel bolts on a bolt circle 300
mm in diameter and four 10 mm diameter steel bolts on a concentric bolt circle 200
diameter. What torques can be applied without exceeding shearing stress of 60 MPa in
the bolts. Draw the figure and label given data.
2. Determine the number of 10 mm diameter steel bolt that must be used on the 300 mm
diameter bolt circle of the coupling described in Problem 1 to increase the torque
capacity to 8 KN-m.

Helical Springs

The close coiled helical spring is elongated by an axial load P. The spring is composed of a wire
or a round rod of diameter d wound into the helix of mean radius R. The helix angle is small, so
that any coil of the spring may be considered as lying approximately in a place perpendicular to
the axis of the spring.
γ 1 = direct sheering stress

γ 2 = torsional sheering stress

4 P 16 (PR)
γ =γ 1 + γ 2= +
π d2 π d3

16 PR d
γ=
πd 3 (
1+
4R )
, maximum shearing stress

Considering the initial curvature of the spring;

16 PR 4 m−1 0.615
max γ = (
π d 3 4 m−4
+
m )
, Whal Formula

2R D
here ¿ = , the ratio of the mean diameter of the spring to the diameter of the sring wire.
d d

For light springs, when the ratio m is large,

16 PR 0.5
maxγ =
πd 3
1+ (m )
Spring Deflection:

P R2 L π d4
δ =¿ spring deflection ¿ and L=2 πRn ; J=
JG 3L

64 P R 3 n
δ=
G d4

Problem:

A load P supported by two steel springs arranged in series as show in the figure.
The upper spring has 20 turns of 20 mm diameter wire on a mean diameter of 150 mm.
The lower spring consists of 15 turns of 10 mm diameter wire on a mean diameter of
130 mm. Determine the maximum shearing stress in each spring if the total deflection is
80 mm and G = 83 GPa.

Figure:
Solution:

3 3
64 P R3 n 64 P ( 0.075 ) ( 20 ) ( 0.065 ) ( 15 )
δ =∑
G d4
0.080=
[
83 × 109 ( 0.020 )4
+
( 0.010 )4 ]
P=223 N

For the upper spring:

2 R 2 ( .075 )
m= = =7.5 ; 4 m = 30 MPa
d .020

16 PR 4 m−1 0.615
max γ= (
π d 3 4 m−4
+
m )
( 16 ) ( 223 ) ( 0.075 ) 30−1 0.615
max γ= (
π ( 0.02 )3
+
30−4 7.5 ) =12.7 MPa

For the lower spring:

2 R 2 ( 0.065 )
m= = =13 ; 4 m=52
d ( 0.01 )3

( 16 ) ( 223 ) ( 0.065 ) 52−1 0.615

max γ= (
π ( 0.01 )3 52−4
+ )
13
=81.9 MPa

Problem (For SW/Assignment)

1. Determine the maximum stress and elongation in a helical steel spring composed of 20 turns
of 20 mm diameter wire on a mean radius of 90 mm when the spring is supporting a load of 2.0
kN. Use G = 83 GPa.
2. A helical spring is made by wrapping steel wire 20 mm in diameter around a forming cylinder
150 mm in diameter. Compute the number of turns required to permit an elongation of 10 mm
without exceeding a shearing stress of 140 MPa. Use G = 83 GPa.

Shear and Moment in Beams

The term beam refers to a slender bar that carries transverse loading; that is, the
applied forces are perpendicular to the bar. In a beam, the internal force system
consists of a shear force and a bending moment acting on the cross section of the bar.

Types of Supports and Loads

a. Simply Supported Beam

b. Cantilever beam

c.

Overhanging Beam
Figure: Statically determinate beams

Assignment:

Make a sketch or drawing of the following statically determinate beams;

a. Propped cantilever beam

b. Fixed or restrained beam
c. Continuous beam

Procedure for determining shear force and bending moment diagrams:

1. Compute the support reactions from the FBD of the entire beam
2. Divide the beam into segments so that the loading within each segment is continuous

Perform the following steps for each segment of the beam

1. Introduce an imaginary cutting plane within the segment, located at a distance x from
the left end of the beam, that cuts the beam into two parts.
2. Draw a FBD for the part of the beam lying either to the left or to the right of the cutting
plane, whichever is more convenient. At the cut section, show V and M acting in their
positive directions.
3. Determine the expressions for V and M from the equilibrium equations obtainable from
the FBD. These expressions, which are usually functions of x, are the shear force and
bending moment equations for the segment.
4. Plot the expressions for V and M for the segment. It is visually desirable to draw the V-
diagram below the FBD of the entire beam, and then draw the M-diagram below the V-
diagram.

Problem:

The simply supported beam in the figure carries two concentrated loads. (1) Derive
theexpressions for the shear force and the bending moment for each segment of thebeam.
(2)Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams. Neglect the weight ofthe beam. Note
that the support reactions at A and D have been computed.
For the first section; line 1

A m

x
V
18 kN E

Fy = 0 + 4 18 – V = 0

V = +18 kNAns.

ME = 0 + 18x + M = 0

M = +18x kN-m Ans.

For the second section or segment

2m
14 kN
m

B F

x
V
18 kN

Fy = 0 + 18 - 4 - V = 0

V = 18 – 14 = +4 kNAns.

MF = 0
+ 18x + 14(x-2) + m = 0

m = +18x – 14(x-2) = 4x +28 kN-m Ans.

For segment CO;

18 – 14 – 28 –V = 0

Fy = 0 + V = 18-14 – 28 = -24KN Ans.

MF = 0 -18x + 14(x-2) + 28(x-5) + m = 0

+
m = 18x – 14 ( x-2 ) – 28 (x-5)

m = 24x +168 kN-m Ans.

2. The shear force and bending moment diagram are the parts of the expressions for V and M.
Problems (for SW and Assignment)

1. Write the shear and moment equations and draw the shear and moment diagram for the
problems below.

50 kN

B
A
D

2m 4m 1m

R1 R2

1. Same instructions as in Problem 1

10 kN
40 kN-m
A
B C D

2m
3m 2m

R1 R2

2. Same instruction as in Problem 1.

2m 4m
30 kN

B
A
C

R1
Q2