Shear Force and Bending

Moment Diagrams
&
Spindle design
Dr. T. Krishna Rao.
Prof and HOD,
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE
 Content of PPT

10. Example of spindle design

 Types of Beams
Simply supported beams:
Cantilever Beams and fixed beams

Continuous beams
Types of Loads
 Types of Loads
UDL
Sign Convention
 Point of Contra flexure:

 Ina bending moment diagram, some cases the

bending moment changes its sign from +ve to –ve.

 Such point where the BMD changes the sign from

positive to negative on BMD is called point of
contra-flexure.
Interpretation and shapes of SF and BMDs
Some examples:

Cantilever:
Solution:
Vertical Reaction at D
= VD = 2+4x2 =10 kN

1. Shear Forces: upto A, = 0

at A, = -2 kN
at B, = -2 kN
at C, = -2 – 4x2 = -10 kN
upto D, = -10 kN
at D = -10 +VD = -10+10 =0

2. Bending Moments:
at A, MA = 0
at B, MB = -2 x 1 = -2 kNm
at C, MC = -2x3 -4x2x(2/2) =-14 kNm
at D, MD = -2x4 - 4x2x(1+2/2) = -24 kNm
Example: Simply supported beam:

Contd/-
Solution: RA + RB = 20*4 + 10 = 90 kN
Taking Moments about A,
20*4*(4/2) + 10 * 8 – RB*10 = 0
RB = 24 and RA = 90 – 24 = 66 kN
1. Shear Forces: upto B, = 0
at B, = -24 kN
upto D, = -24 kN
at D, = -24 + 10 = -14 kN
at C, = -14 kN
upto A, = -14 + 20 * 4 = +66 kN
at A = +66 +RA = +66 - 66 =0

2. Bending Moments:
at B, MB = 0
at D, MD = 24 x 2 = 48 kNm
at C, MC = 24 x 6 – 10 x4 = 104 kNm
at D, MD = 0
Contd/-
 3. To find the maximum Bending Moment:
 BM is maximum where shear force is zero
 and changing its sign from –ve to +ve:
 At Point X:
From similar triangles of SF diagram
66 14
between A and C: =
𝑥 4 −𝑥
Solving x = 3.3 m from A
Maximum Bending Moment at X
0.7
Mmax = 24*(2 + 4 + 0.7) -10 (0.7 + 4) – 20* 0.7( )
2
= 108.9 kN-m
********
Example: Simply supported beam:

Contd/-
SOLUTION

Contd/-
Solution:
Overhanging Beam:
Solution:
1.Reactions:
RA+RB = 5x4+25 = 45 kN
MA = 5x4x(2+4/2) – RB x 6 +25x10 = 0
RB= 55 kN and RA = -10 kN (downward)
2. Shear Forces:
up to A, = 0
at A, = -10
at C, = -10
up to B, = -10 –(5x4) = -30
at B, = -30 + 55 = +25
up to D, = +25
at D, = 25-25 = 0
3. Bending Moments:
at A, MA = 0
at C, MC = -10 x 2 = -20
at B, MB = -25 x 40 = -100
at D, MD = 0
Example: Overhanging beam:
SOLUTION
Overhanging Beam:
Solution:
Design of shafts and spindles
 CONTENTS:

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General Equations for designing shafts
1. According to maximum normal stress theory:
Outside diameter of the shaft:

2. According to maximum shear stress theory:

Outside diameter of the shaft:
 Where
 Do = Outside diameter of the spindle or shaft, mm
 Di = Inside diameter of the spindle, mm
 K= Di / Do Ratio of inside diameter to outside diameter
 Mb = Bending moment of the spindle, N- mm
 Mt = Torque transmitted by the spindle, N-mm
 σ ed = Allowable tensile stress for shaft material
 τ ed = Allowable shear stress for shaft material
 ASTM Code: τ ed = 30 % of σ y or 18 % σu which ever is less
 Kb = Combined shock and fatigue factor for bending
 Kt = Combined shock and fatigue factor for Torque
Values of Kb and Kt:
Standard sizes of shafts:
Loads coming on spindle due to belt drive and Gear drive:

 Bending moment and Toque are the two main factors

influencing the shaft design.

9.55x106 ∗ P
 Torque Mt = N-mm ( P: kW, n :rpm)
n

 Bending moment depends on the nature and type of loads

acting on the spindle.

 Usually spindle carries pulleys and belt and gears .

Loads coming on spindle due to belt drive and Gear drive:

 A) Belt and Pulley:

 T1 = Tight side tension,
 T2 = Slack side tension
 Rp = Radius of Pulley
 Torque Mt= (T1 – T2) RP
T1
 Tensions’ Ratio = = e(μ *θ)
T2
 μ = Coefficient of friction,
 θ = Angle of wrap in radians
 Load acting on spindle due to belt pull = (T1 + T2)
B) Gear Drive:
Usually smaller gear is Pinion and
bigger gear is Gear.

Gear induces two types of loads:

Mt
1) Tangential load Ft=
Rg
Where Rg = Radius of gear or pinion
2) Separating force or Radial force
FS = FR = Ft Tan α

Where α = Pressure angle = 200 usually

FT and FR act at 900 to each other
Let us consider a spindle of machine which is mounted on two bearings
at A and D at 0.6 m.
It carries a pulley of diameter 300 mm at a distance of 150 mm from
left bearing and receives power of 12 kW from a motor rotating at 120
rpm. The belt drive is downward at an angle of 30 deg to vertical.
Tensions ratio for the belt is 3.

The power is given out through a gear of 240 mm pitch diameter placed
at 400 mm from left bearing. It drives another gear placed in front of
it, with vertical tangential force. Gears are of 200 pr angle.

Take allowable bending and shear stresses for the spindle material as
120 MPa and 72 MPa. The cutting force perpendicular to spindle in
horizontal direction is 3 kN acting at a distance of 0.2 m beyond right
bearing . Diameters’ ratio of spindle is = 2 . Design the spindle.
Given: P = 12 kW, speed n = 120 rpm, T1 /T2 = 3,
σ ed =120 MPa, τ ed = 72 MPa, α = 20 deg, Di/Do = K = 0.5
6 6
9.55 x10 ∗ P 9.55 x 10 ∗ 12
 Torque Mt = = = 955 000 N-mm
n 1200
 1. Consider Pulley and Belt drive:
T1
 = 3 hence T1 = 3 T2
T2
 For belt, Mt= (T1 – T2) RP
 955000 = (3T2-T2) x (300/2)
 T2 = 3183.33 N and
 T1 = 3 T2 = 9550 N T1 + T2 =12733.3 N
 Vertical Component (T1+T2) Cos 30 = 11027 N
 Horizontal Component (T1+T2) Sin 30 = 6367 N
 2. Consider Gear drive:
Mt 955000
 Tangential Force Ft = = = 7958 N (vertical)
Rg 240/2

 Separating force Fs = Ft tan α = 2897 N (horizontal)


 Cutting force Fc = 3000 N (horizontal)
Consider Vertical Loads:
RAV + RDV = (T1+T2)Cos30 + FT =
18985N

Taking Moments about A,

11027x150+7958x400-RDvx600 = 0

RDV =8062 and RAV = 10923 N

Vertical Bending moments:

at A, MbVA = 0
at B, MbVB = RAV x 150 =1.64x106
at C, MbVC = RDV x 200 =1.61x106
at D and E, = 0
Consider horizontal Loads:
RAH + RDH = (T1+T2)Sin30 + FS +3000
= 12264 N

Taking Moments about A,

6367x150+2897x400+3000x800-RDvx600 = 0
RDH =7523 and RAH = 4741 N

Horizontal Bending moments:

at A, MbHA = 0
at B, MbHB = RAH x 150 = 1.13 x106
at C, MbHC = RDH x 200 -3000X400=0.305x106
at D, MbHC = 3000X200= 0.6X106
at E, MbHC = 0
Resultant Bending moments:

Mb = MbV 2 + MbH2
at A, MbA = 0
at B, MbB = 1.99 x106
at C, MbC = 1.64 x106
at D, MbC = 0.6X106
at E, MbC = 0

Maximum bending Moment Mb = 1.99x106

Maximum Torque Mt= 955 000
Kb = 1.75 and Kt = 1.25 considering medium shocks.
1. According to maximum normal stress theory:
Outside diameter of the shaft:

Do = 68.7 mm

2. According to maximum shear stress theory:

Outside diameter of the shaft:

Do = 65.25 mm

Recommended Diameters : Do = 68.7 ≈ 70

and Di = 0.5 Do = 35 mm.
***********