INTRODUCTIN TO ENGINEERING

MECHANICS

Dr. T. Krishna Rao.

Prof and HOD,
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE
• Contents:
Types of Forces
Resultant force of concurrent force system
Resultant force of coplanar forces
Lame’s theorem
Centre of gravity
Moment of inertial of various cross sections
Types of Beams (Supports)
Reactions of simply supported beams
Applied Mechanics
 Statics and Dynamics

Statics

Dynamics
Types of Forces
Length : meters
Time : seconds
Temperature : Kelvin
Stress : Pa or MPa
Angle : radians
Area : m2
Moment :N-m
Torque :N–m
Mass : kg
 Example -1

150 N
Data: Force F1 = 100 N, Force F2 = 150 N R
Angle between F1 and F2 θ = 450

450 ά
Resultant R = 100 N

= 1002 + 1502 + 2∗100∗150∗ cos 45 = 231.76 N

Cos ά =
100 100
=
R 231.76
ά = 23.34 0
********
 Example - 2

Data: Force F1 = P =40 N, Force F2 = Q N

Angle between F1 and F2 θ = 1200 Resultant R is at 900 with Q
1. Angle AOB = 120 – 90 = 300
From triangle AOB, Cos 30 = R / 40
hence R = 40 cos 30 = 34.64 N
Q
2. Sin 30 =
P
Hence Q = P sin30 = 20 N
********
Problem 3: Find magnitude and direction of
Resultant of the following system of forces:
1. Σ FX = F1 +F2 Cos 60 – F3 Cos 30 +F4 cos 60
F3 sin 30
= 1000+ 2000 Cos 60 – 5196 Cos 30 + F4 Cos 60
= - 499.87 N F2 sin 60
R
2.ΣFY = F2 Sin 60 + F23Sin 30 - FF34 Sin 60
F2 cos 60
Solution:
=2000 Sin 60 + 5196 Sin 30 - 4000 Sin 60
= 865.95 N F3 cos30
θ
3. Resultant R = (Σ FX) 2 + (Σ FY)2
= 499.872 + 865.952 F4 cos 60
= 999.87 N R
Σ FY 865.95
4. Angle tan θ = =
Σ Fx − 499.87 θ
θ = - 60 deg from X axis. F4 sin 60
Since X is negative and Y is positive, The resultant will be in
second quadrant.
*******
Let us find the resultant of the following force system:
1. Σ FX = F1 Cos 30 – F2 Sin20 + F4 Cos15 F2 cos 20
F1sin 30
=150 Cos30 – 80 Sin20 +100 Cos15
= 199.13 N
R
F2 sin 20
2.ΣFY = F1Sin 30 + F2 Cos 20 - F3 - F4 Sin15 θ F1cos 30
F4cos 15
=150 Sin30 + 80 Cos 20 -110 - 100 Sin15
= 14.29 N
F4 sin 15
3. Resultant R = (Σ FX) 2 +
(Σ FY)2
= 199.132 + 14.292
= 199.64 N
Σ FY R
4. Angle tan θ =
Σ Fx
θ
θ= 4.10 from X axis.
Since both Fx and FY both are +ve, R lies in first
quadrant.
********
1. Σ FX = 800+Q cos 45 –P cos40 - 380 = 0
420 + 0.707 Q
P= = 548.27 + 0.923 Q …..(1)
cos 40

2. Σ FY = Q Sin 45 + P cos 50 = 300 N

Substitute for P from(1)

300 = 0.707 Q + {548.27 + 0.923 Q} cos 50

Q = - 40.31 N downwards towards toward Origin

3. P = 548.27 + 0.923 * Q = 511.06 N

********
 RESULTANT
S:following system of forces:
To Find the Resultant of the

l R

Solution:
Resultant R = Σ V = 150 - 600 +100 – 250 = - 600N downwards

To find the position of R: Take moments about A, Clockwise +ve

ΣMA = R x l =150 x 0 + 600 x 1.6 -100 x (1.6+1.2) + 250 x(1.6+1.2 + 2)

l = 3.1333 m from A *************

 Problem: Determine the resultant of the following
Solution:
Σ V = 50 + 80 sin 30 = 90N upwards
Σ H = 40 + 80 cos 30 = 109.28 N To right
R

Resultant R = (ΣV)2 + (ΣH)2 = 141.57 N

Angle of R wrt horizontal

ΣV θ
Tan θ =
ΣH
θ= 39.47 deg

To find the position:

Take moments about O, Clockwise +ve l
Σ MO , R sin θ x l + R cos θ x 0 = 40 x 2 + 50 x 5

l = 3.667 m from O .
 Lami’s Theorem
A
B
LAMI’s Theorem C
A B C
= =
Sin A Sin B Sin C A B
Please note: Sin (90 – θ) = cos θ
Sin (90 + θ) = cos θ
Sin(180 – θ) = Sin θ
Sin(180 + θ) = -Sin θ
C
**************

Dr. T. Krishna Rao, Prof and Head, Dept of Mech Engg. Global
28
Academy of Technology, Bangalore
Problem: Find the tensions developed in the wires supporting an
electric motor suspended as shown in the figure.

Free body diagram

Applying Lami’s theorem T1 = 150 = T2 _

Sin (90+60) Sin(45+30) Sin (180-45)

T1 = 77.6 N and T2 = 109.8 N

*********
Dr. T. Krishna Rao, Prof and Head, Dept of Mech Engg. Global
29
Academy of Technology, Bangalore
Solution: Applying LAMI’s
A B C
= =
Sin A Sin B Sin C
1. Consider Equilibrium of A:
T1 = 40 = T2 _
Sin 90 Sin 125 Sin145
T1 = 48.83 N and T2 = 28 N

2. Consider Equilibrium of B:
T3 = 50 = T2 _
Sin 90 Sin (90+ θ) Sin(180- θ)
From (2) and (3) ,T2 Sin (90+ θ) = 50 Sin (180- θ)
Solving θ = 29.250
T3 = 57.3 N

**************
4. Moments
Moment Loads
 Reactions

1.Reactions: RA + RB = 5 + 8 + 4 = 17 kN ……..(1)

2. Taking moments bout A, clockwise +ve,

MA = 5 x 2.5 + 8 x (2.5+2.5) + 4 x (2.5+2.5 +2.5) – RB x (2.5+2.5 +2.5+5) = 0

RB = 6.6 kN
RA = 10.4 kN ********
 Reactions

1.Reactions: RA + RB = 3 * 3 + 30 + 10 = 49 kN ……..(1)

2. Taking moments bout A, clockwise +ve,

3
MA = (3 x 3) x ( ) + 30 x (2+3) – RB x (2+3+3) + 10 X(2+3+3+3) = 0
2

RB = 34.1875 kN
RA = 14.8125 kN *******
1.Reactions: RA + RB = 1*5 + 8 + 4 + 1.6*2.5 = 21 kN ……..(1)

2. Taking moments bout A, clockwise +ve,

5 2.5
MA =(1 x 5) x ( ) + 8 x 5 + 4 x (5+2.5) – RB x (5 + 2.5 + 5) + (1.6 x 2.5) x (5 + 2.5 + 5 + )=0
2 2

RB = 11 kN

RA = 10 kN
********
 1m

Problem: Determine the 0.5 m

resultant four forces acting on a
body as shown in figure.

Contd/-

Dr. T. Krishna Rao, Prof and Head, Dept of Mech Engg. Global
37
Academy of Technology, Bangalore
 1m
For 500 N force, tan θ = y/x = ¾ hence θ = 36.870 200 cos60

RX = ∑ FX = 200 cos 60 + 400 - 500 * cos 36.87 = 100 N

RY = ∑ FY = - 200sin 60 + 300 – 500 sin 36.87 = -173.2 N 0.5 m

200 Sin 60
500 Cos θ
Resultant

= √[1002 +(-173.2)2] = 200 N

500 Sin θ
= tan-1(173.2/100) = 60 deg 450.

y
take moments about ‘O’:
∑ Mo= 200 cos 60 *6 + 200 sin 60 *1 - 500 * sin 36.87 *0.5
– 500 cos 36.87 * 3 = -576.79 N-m
Let ‘y’ intercept of resultant from ‘A’ = y α RX
Then Moment about ‘A’ = Rx * y = -576.79
distance y = 576.79 / 100 = -5.77 m below ‘O’ RY
R
38
***********
Centre of Gravity and Moment of Inertia
Center of Gravity
 Position of CG for basic shapes

Circle Triangle

d/2
h/3

d/2
b/3
 STEPS

• 1. Split the given compound figure into known simple figures like:
• Rectangle, Circle, Triangle, Semi Circle, Quarter circle etc.
• 2. Number the small regular shapes as 1, 2 , 3 etc
• 3. If some area is t be removed then number that as –ve.
• 4. Draw reference X axis and Y axis, preferably extreme lower line as X axis and
Extreme left line as Y axis. ( Like a graph sheet)
• 5. Prepare a table as shown below:

Dr. T. Krishna Rao, Prof and Head, Dept of Mech Engg. Global
43
Academy of Technology, Bangalore
 STEPS
Sl No Area of Cross X distance from Y distance from A*X A*Y
section reference Y axis reference X axis
1 A1 X1 Y1 A1 * X1 A1 * Y1
2 A2 X2 Y2 A2 * X2 A2 * Y2
∑A ∑A*X ∑A*Y

• 6. All required areas are +ve.

• If any area is to be removed then that should be –VE
• X towards right from Reference Y axis is +ve and to left is –VE
• Y above reference X axis upwards is +VE and below reference X axis is –VE.
• Take algebraic sum of Areas, A * X and A * Y as shown in the table

Find : X ‾= ∑ A* X / ∑ A and Y ‾= ∑ A *Y / ∑ A
Dr. T. Krishna Rao, Prof and Head, Dept of Mech Engg. Global
44
Academy of Technology, Bangalore
 Find CG of the following Figure:
Split the complex shape in to three known shapes:
1. Full Rectangle 300 x 250
2. Semi circle of radius 100 mm and
3. Triangle 120 base and 120 height

First moments theorem:

A1X1 + A2X2 + A3X3

X¯ =
A1 + A2 + A3

300 πx1002 4x100 120

= (300x250) - X( ) – (½x120x120 x(300 – )
2 2 3π 3
π
(300x250) - ( x1002) – (½x120x120)
2

= 167.23 mm
Similarly:

A1Y1 + A2Y2 + A3Y3

Y¯ =
A1 + A2 + A3

250 120
= (300x250) - (πx100 )/2 X(130) – (½x120x120 x(250 –
2 )
2 3
π
(300x250) - ( x1002) – (½x120x120)
2

= 111.74 mm

**********
CG of the unsymmetrical I– section:
Split the complex shape in to three known shapes:
1. Rectangle(1) 250 x 38
2. Rectangle (2) 25 x 300 and
3. Rectangle (3) 150 x 38
It is symmetric about Y – axis.
Hence X¯ lies in the middle

First moments theorem: Y¯

A1Y1 + A2Y2 + A3Y3

Y¯ =
A1 + A2 + A3
38 300 38
= (250x38) (38 + 300 + ) + (25 x 300) (38+( ) + (150x38) ( )
2 2 2
[(250x38) + (25x300) + (150x38)]

= 216.29 mm
Moment of inertia of Standard Cross sections
Moment of inertia of Standard Cross sections
 Some Important Relations
Figure Moment of Inertia I Distance C
Rectangle 𝑏∗𝑑3 𝑑
(For Square b = d)
12 2
Hollow 𝐵 ∗ 𝐷3 − 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑3 𝐷
12 2
Rectangle
Circle π ∗ 𝑑4 𝑑
64 2

Hollow π∗(𝐷4 −𝑑4) 𝐷

64 2
circular
03-08-2021 Dr. T. Krishna Rao. Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore 54
 STEPS
• 1. Split the given compound figure into known simple figures like:
Rectangle, Circle, Triangle, Semi Circle, Quarter circle etc.
• 2. Number the small regular shapes as 1, 2 , 3 etc
• 3. If some area is t be removed then number that as –ve.
• 4. Draw reference X axis and Y axis, preferably extreme lower line as X axis and
Extreme left line as Y axis. ( Like a graph sheet)
• 5. Find the position of its centroid.
• 6.Find the MI of each portion wrt the centroid.
• 7. If needed use parallel axis theorem if the reference axis is other than the cg axis
of that portion I1 = Icg + A k2 ids the parallel axis theorem
• Where k= distance from reference axis to cg axis of that portion.
• 8. Then sum up the total MI I = I1+ I2 + I3 etc

Dr. T. Krishna Rao, Prof and Head, Dept of Mech Engg. Global
55
Academy of Technology, Bangalore
 Moment of Inertia

The figure is symmetric about both XX and YY axes.

CG lies in the middle (at center) .
3 π∗50 4
100 x 150 4
Ixx = I1 - I2 = - 64 = 27,818,203 mm
12
150 x 100
3 π∗50 4
IYY = I1 - I2 = - 64 = 12,193,204 mm4
12
 Moment of Inertia
Find the Moment of Inertia of T - section dimensioned in mm
as shown, about its CG axes
 Moment of Inertia
A1∗Y1 + A2∗Y2
1. Y¯ =
(A1 + A2)

20 200 Y¯
= 100*20* 2 + 200*12*(20 + 2 )
(100*20 + 200*12)

= 70 mm

2. It is symmetric about Y axis hence

X¯is at center.
 Moment of Inertia
3.Moment of Inertia: IXX = I1 + I2

I1 = Icg + A K2 = b*h3/12 + A1*(Y¯ - Y1)2

100∗203
= + (100*20) (70-10)2
12
= 7.267*106 mm4

I2 = Icg + A K2 = b*h3/12 + A2*(Y¯ - Y2)2

12∗2003
= + (12*200) (70-120)2 = 14*106
12

Ixx = I1 + I2 = 21.267*106 mm4

20∗1003 200∗123
IYY = I1 + I2 = + = 1.695*106
12 12
**********
Find the Moment of Inertia of the shaded area shown in the
figure about its centroid axes.
Y

First let us find the centroid for

2 the shaded portion.
3

-4

60
Let us first locate the centroid :
Figure Area A X Y A*X A*Y

1 80 x 40= 3200 40 20 128000 64000

2 ½ x30 x 20 = 2/3 x 30 40 + 1/3 x20) 6000 14000
300 = 20 = 46.67
3 ½ x 50 x 20 = 30 + 1/3 x 50 40 + 1/3 x 20) 23335 23335
500 = 46.67 = 46.67
-4 - ½ X π*202 40 4R/3π = 8.49 - 25132.7 - 5334.4
= -628.32
Total ∑A = 3371.68 ∑A*X = ∑A*Y=
132202.3 96000.6
X ‾= ∑ A *X / ∑ A = 132202.30 / 3371.68 = 39.21 mm From Left

Y ‾= ∑ A *Y / ∑ A = 96000.6 / 3371.68 = 28.47 mm From bottom

Contd/-
Dr. T. Krishna Rao, Prof and Head, Dept of Mech Engg. Global
61
Academy of Technology, Bangalore
 Moment of Inertia:
• A) About XX axis passing through Centroid:
• IXX = I1(Rectangle ACDE) + I2 (Triangle ABB’) + I3 (Triangle BB’C)
• – I4 (Semicircle)
• I1(Rectangle ACDE) = I CG + A * K2 = b*h3/12 + A1*(Y¯ - Y1)2
80 ∗ 403
• = + (80 * 40) (28.47 - 20)2 = 656.23 *103 mm4
12
• I2 (Triangle ABB’) = I CG + A * K2 = b*h3/36 + A2*(Y¯ - Y2)2
30 ∗ 203
• = + ½ (30 * 20)(28.47 - 46.67)2 =106.04 *103mm4
36
• I3 (Triangle BB’C) = I CG + A * K2 = b*h3/36 + A3*(Y¯ - Y3)2
50 ∗ 203
• = + ½ (50 * 20)(28.47- 46.67)2 = 176.73 *103mm4
36
Contd/-

Dr. T. Krishna Rao, Prof and Head, Dept of Mech Engg. Global
62
Academy of Technology, Bangalore
• I4 (Semi circle) = I CG + A * K2 = 0.11 R4 + A4* (Y¯ - Y4)2
4
π ∗20
• = 0.11 * 204 + (28.47 - 8.49 )2 = 268.4 *103mm4
2
• (This is to be subtracted)
• Hence IXX = 656.23.52 *103 + 106.04 *103 + 176.73 *103 - 268.4 *103
• IXX = 670.6 x 103 mm4

Contd/-

Dr. T. Krishna Rao, Prof and Head, Dept of Mech Engg. Global
63
Academy of Technology, Bangalore
 Moment of Inertia:
• B) About YY axis passing through Centroid:
• IYY = I1(Rectangle ACDE) + I2 (Triangle ABB’) + I3 (Triangle BB’C)
• – I4 (Semicircle)
• I1(Rectangle ACDE) = I CG + A * K2 = b*h3/12 + A1*(X¯ - X1)2
40 ∗ 803
• = + (80 * 40) (39.21 - 40)2 = 1.709 *106 mm4
12
• I2 (Triangle ABB’) = I CG + A * K2 = b*h3/36 + A2*(X¯ - X2)2
20 ∗ 303
• = + ½ (30 * 20)(39.21 - 20)2 = 125.71 *103mm4
36
• I3 (Triangle BB’C) = I CG + A * K2 = b*h3/36 + A3*(X¯ - X3)2
20 ∗ 503
• = + ½(50 * 20)(39.21 -46.67 )2 = 92.27 *103mm4
36

Contd/-

Dr. T. Krishna Rao, Prof and Head, Dept of Mech Engg. Global
64
Academy of Technology, Bangalore
• I4 (Semi circle) = I CG + A * K2 = π *d4 /128 + A4* (X¯ - X4)2
2
π ∗20
• = π *404 /128 + (39.21 - 40 )2 = 63.22 *103mm4
2
• (This is to be subtracted)
• Hence IYY = 1.709 *106 + 125.71 *103+ 97.27 *103 - 63.22 *103
• IYY = 1868.76 x 103 mm4
•
• **********

Dr. T. Krishna Rao, Prof and Head, Dept of Mech Engg. Global
65
Academy of Technology, Bangalore
Polar Moment of inertia
Polar Moment of inertia
Stresses and Strains

Dr. T. Krishna Rao.

Prof and HOD,
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE
 Contents:
• 1. Stresses and strains
• 2. Poisson’s Ratio
• 3. Types of strains
• 4. Material Properties
• 5. Fracture
• 6. Bending Stresses
• 7. Torsional stresses
Various types loading
P
P
P P P

P
P
P P P

Compression Tension Bending Torsion Shearing

(Stretched) (Twisted)
 Axial Loading:

Axial Stress = Load / Area of Cross section

σ= F/A
Shear Stress and Strain:
• # 2: Shear stress:
• a) Single shear: b) Double shear:

• Shear stress τ = F / 2A
2A because two areas are resisting the load

78
Definition of shear stress

F

A0
 Definition of shear strain

x
  tan  
l
 Stress-Strain Relationship

Hooke’s Law:

  E
E -- Young’s modulus

  G
G -- shear modulus
Tensile test specimen

True stress and true strain are based upon

instantaneous values of cross sectional
area and gage length
The Region of Stress-Strain Curve

Stress Strain Curve

Volume
Volume

Pressure

• Similar to Pressure-Volume Curve

• Area = Work
Stress – strain curve for MS specimen
Stress – strain curve for MS specimen
Stress-Strain Curve - ductile material
Difference between Linear and Lateral Strains:
Poisson’s Ratio…..
Types of strains
Mechanical Properties of Materials
1. Elasticity
2. Plasticity
3. Ductility
4. Brittleness
5. Malleability
6. Toughness
7. Hardness
8. Strength
9. Stiffness
10. Resilience
11. Creep
ELASTICITY: Property of material to regain its
original shape after the removal of the load.

PLASTICITY: Property of material to retain its

original shape after the removal of the load .

DUCTILITY: Property of material to be drawn out

longitudinally into wires

Brittleness: It is opposite of Ductility

Malleability: Property of material which permits the

material to extend in all directions without rupture.
Forging, Hot rolling, manufacture of sheets etc .
 Toughness: Property of material to absorb the energy
without fracture
 Hardness: Resistance to indentation or scratching

 Strength: Property of material to resist the externally

applied loads
 Stiffness: Property of material to resist deformation
 Resilience: Property of material to absorb and store the
energy
 Creep: Permanent deformation of shape under continuous
load or temperature
 Elastic Constants
• 1. Modulus of Elasticity:
σ F∗ L
• E = Stress /Strain = =
ἐ A ∗ δL
• 2. Rigidity Modulus:
τ
• G = Shear Stress / Shear strain =
ϕ
• 3. Bulk Modulus:
σ
• K = Equal stress / Volumetric strain =
ἐ𝑣
 Elastic Constants

• 1. Relation between E and G:

• E = 2 G (1 + 𝑣)
• 2. Relation between E and K:
• E = 3 K (1-2 𝑣)
• 3. Relation between three moduli:
9𝐾𝐺
• E=
3𝐾 + 𝐺
Problems:
1. A tensile test was conducted on a steel bar and the following data was
obtained: Diameter of the bar= 20 mm. Load applied = 60 kN
Extension in the bar= 0.115 Gauge length of the bar= 104mm
Find: i) stress, ii) Strain and iii) Modulus of elasticity
Solution:
𝐹 60000
Stress σ =
𝐴
=
π ∗ d2 = 190.98 MPa
4
∆l 0.115
a)Strain ε = = = 1.106 x 10-3
𝑙 104
Stress 190.98
b)Modulus of elasticity E= = = 172.712 x 103 MPa
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 1.106 𝑥 10−3
*******
2. A hollow shaft is subjected to an axial load of 90kN. It is made of CI having

ultimate tensile stress of 500 MPa. Taking FOS as 4, find the diameters of the

shaft if their ratio is 2. What is the change in length if the modulus of elasticity of

the material is 120 GPa and length is 2.7 m.

σu 500
Solution: Allowable stress σ = = = 125 MPa
𝐹𝑂𝑆 4
do = 2 x di
F 90000
a)Stress σ = 125 = π
𝐴
4
∗ (do 2 − di 2)
b) di = 17.48 and do = 2*di = 34.96 mm
F∗l σ∗ l 125∗ 2700
c) ∆l = = = = 2.8125 mm
𝐴 ∗𝐸 𝐸 125x103
*******
 Problems….:
• 3. A rod of rectangular cross section 30 mm and 60 mm is 600 mm long. It is
subjected to a tensile load of 120 kN. E= 200 GPa. Find the change in length,
width and thickness. Poisson’s ratio is 0.3.
• Solution: b= 60 mm, t = 30 mm, l = 600 mm, F = 120,000N
• E = 200,000 MPa, Poisson ratio μ = 0.3

F∗l 120,000∗ 600

• 1. Change in length ∆l = = = 0.2 mm
𝐴 ∗𝐸 60 𝑥 30 200𝑥 103
• 2. Change in width and thickness:
∆b)
(
∆t
( )
μ ={ b } = { t }
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
• Poisson ratio =
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 ∆l ∆l
l l
∆l 0.2
• ∆b = μ * * b = 0.3 ( ) * 60 = 0.006 mm
l 600
∆l 0.2
• ∆t = μ * * t = 0.3 ( ) * 30 = 0.003 mm.
l 600

*******
 Problems……
• 4. A vertical rod of diameter 30 mm and length 1.2 m, is subjected to a
compressive load of 90 kN. Find the change in diameter. E = 210 GPa.
and Poisson’s ratio = 0.33.
• Solution: d= 30 mm, l = 1200 mm, F = 90,000N
• E = 210,000 MPa, Poisson ratio μ = 0.33
90,000∗ 1200
• 1. Change in length ∆l = F𝐴 ∗∗𝐸l = π 2 = 0.728 mm
4
30 ∗ 210𝑥 10 3

• 2. Change in diameter:
∆d)
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 (
• Poisson ratio = μ ={ d }
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 ∆l
l
•
∆l 0.728
• ∆d = μ * ( ) * d = 0.33 * * 30 = 0.006 mm.
l 1200
• *******
Bending Stresses
 L F

M σ
𝐸 NA
Bending: = =
I 𝐶 𝑅
• Where M = Bending Moment = F x L R NA
• I = Moment of Inertia
• C = Distance from Neutral axis to outer fibre
• σ = Bending Stress
+
• E = Modulus of Elasticity
• R = Radius to neutral axis
M M
• Hence bending stress σ = xC =
I Z
I
• Where Z = section modulus =
C

Dr. T. Krishna Rao. Dept of Mech Engg, GAT Design of Machine Elements -1 , 18ME52 114
 Solution:
• Load F = 2 kN = 2000 N Length l = 2 m = 2000 mm
• Width b = 40 mm depth d = 60 mm
𝑀 σ
• For cantilever under bending: =
𝐼 𝐶
• Where M = bending moment = F * l = 2000 x 2000 = 4 x 106 N-mm
𝑏∗𝑑 3 40∗603
• I = moment of inertia = = = 720000 mm 4
12 12
d 60
• C = distance from cg to outer fibre = = = 30 mm
2 2
𝑀 4 x 106
• Stress σ = *C = * 30 = 83.33 MPa
𝐼 720000
• *******
circular cross section 50 mm diameter and 3 m
long and is made of same material?
 Solution:
• A) Simply supported beam of square cross section:
W∗l
• SSB with central load, B M M=
4
400 x 2000
• M= = 200 000 N-mm
4
4 4
h 20
• For square cross section MI I= = = 13333.33 mm4
12 12
h 20
• C = distance from cg to outer fibre = = = 10 mm
2 2
𝑀 σ
• Substituting in bending equation, =
𝐼 𝐶
200 000 σ
• =
133333.33 10
• ⸫ Stress at failure σ = 150 MPa
•
• Contd/-
• B) Cantilever with UDL, of circular cross section:
2
w∗l w ∗ 30002
• M=
2
= 2 4
π ∗ d4 π ∗50
• For circular cross section: I= =
64 64

d 50
• Stress at failure σ = 150 MPa, C = = = 25
2 2

• Substituting, w x 30002 / 2 =
150
π ∗504 25
• ( 64
)
• UDL w = 0.0409 N / mm = 0.0409 kN / m
• ********
 A circular rod of C30 steel is simply supported between bearings 2.4 m
apart carries a central load of 10 kN. Find the suitable diameter of
the rod. The deflection at the middle is not to exceed 3 mm.
10 kN
• Solution: Data: Central Load =10 kN =10,000 N L/2
• Material C30 , yield stress = σy = 294.2 MPa.
d
• Assume FoS = 2.5
σy 294.2
• ⸫ allowable stress σ = = = 117.68 MPa L = 2.4m = 2400 mm
𝐹𝑂𝑆 2.5
• The beam is subjected to bending.
𝑀 σ
• Equation of bending is: =
𝐼 𝐶
• for simply supported beam with central load
𝐹𝑥𝐿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎
• Mb = Bending Moment = = = 6 x106
4 𝟒
• contd……
Dr. T. Krishna Rao. Dept of Mech Engg, GAT Design of Machine Elements -1 , 18ME52 125
• I = Moment of Inertia = π * d4 / 64 and
• C = Distance from Neutral axis to outer fibre = d / 2
• Substituting: 6x106 = 117.68
• (π * d4 / 64 ) (d/2)
• solving, diameter d = 80.38 ≈ 81 mm
• 2. Considering the deflection, for simply supported beam with central load
F∗ l3
• Deflection y=
48 E I
10000x24003
• 3=
4848∗200x103 x (π ∗ d4 / 64)
• ⸫ d = 99.44 mm
Recommended diameter d = 99.44 mm ≈ 100 mm
• (bigger of the above two)
• ********

Dr. T. Krishna Rao. Dept of Mech Engg, GAT Design of Machine Elements -1 , 18ME52 126
Torsional Stresses in shafts
Torsional shear stress
 Problems on shafts:
Problem 1: Find the diameter of a shaft required to transmit
12 kW at 1200 rpm. The allowable shear stress in the shaft
is to be limited to 72 MPa. The angle of twist is to be limited
to 0.5 deg / meter length. Take G = 81 GPa.

Solution: Power P = 12 kW, Speed n = 1200 rpm

Allowable shear stress τ = 72 MPa, G = 81,000 MPa

Angle of Twist θ = 0.5 0 = 0.5 x π / 180 radians, length l = 1m

 𝑇 τ 𝐺∗θ
Equation of torsion is = =
𝐽 𝑅 𝑙
6 6
60 x10 x P 60 x10 x 12
Where T = torque = = = 95,493 N-mm
2πn 2 π ∗1200
4
π ∗d d
J = Polar MI = and R =
32 2
𝑇 τ 95,493 72
1. Consider = 4 =
d)
Simplifying d = 18.9 mm
𝐽 𝑅 π ∗d (
(
32
) 2

81000 x(0.5x π )
𝑇 𝐺∗θ 95,493 180
2. Consider = 4 =
1000
𝐽 𝑙
(
π ∗d )
32
Simplifying d = 30.35 mm
3. Recommended diameter d = 30.35mm
 Problem 2:
A shaft of diameter 60 mm rotates at 1800 rpm. Taking allowable stress
as 60 MPa, find the power that can be safely transmitted by this shaft.
Solution: diameter d =60 mm, Speed n =1800 rpm. allowable stress τ = 60 MPa,

T τ
Consider =
J R
4
π ∗d d
Where T = torque , J = Polar MI = and R = τ = 60 MPa
32 2
T 60
Substituting, =
π ∗60
4
(
60)
( ) 2
32
Solving, Torque T = 2.55 x 106 N-mm = 2.55 x 103 Nm

Power P = 2 π n T / 60000 = 479.66 kW.

********
Problem – 3: A hollow shaft of diameters 300 mm and 150 mm is used as a
spindle to transmit a torque of 600N m. Find the shear stress induced and the
angle of twist in a length of 500 mm taking rigidity as 80 GPa.
Solution: diameter do =300 mm, di = 150 mm, l = 500 mm, G = 80,000MPa
T = torque = 600 N-m = 600,000 N-mm
𝑇 τ 𝐺∗θ
Equation of torsion: = =
𝐽 𝑅 𝑙
π ∗(𝑑𝑜4 − 𝑑𝑖 4 ) π ∗(3004 −1504 )
J = polar M I = = = 745,515 mm4
32 32
𝑑𝑜 300
R= = = 150 mm
2 2
𝑇 τ 600,000 τ
1. Consider : = =
𝐽 𝑅 745,515 150
Solving τ =120.72 MPa

𝑇 𝐺∗θ 600,000 80,000 ∗ θ

2. Consider = =
𝐽 𝑙 745,515 500
Θ = 0.00503 rad = 0.00503 x 180 / π = 0.288 deg
*******
Problem - 4: Find the diameter of a shaft required to
transmit 12 kW at 1200 rpm. The allowable shear stress
in the shaft is to be limited to 72 MPa. Also find the angle
of twist in the shaft of length 1 m. Take G = 81 GPa.
Solution: Power P = 12 kW, Speed n = 1200 rpm,
G = 81,000 Mpa, Allowable shear stress τ = 72 MPa,
length l = 1m = 1000 mm
𝑇 τ 𝐺∗θ
Equation of torsion is: = =
𝐽 𝑅 𝑙
60 x 106 x P 60 x106 x 12
Where T = torque = =
2πn 2 π ∗1200
= 95,493 N-mm
4
π ∗d d
J = Polar MI = and R =
32 2
Contd/-
 𝑇 τ
1. Consider = 95,493 = 72
𝐽 𝑅
4
π ∗d d
32 2

simplifying d = 18.9 mm

𝑇 𝐺∗θ
2. Consider = 95,493 = 81000 xΘ
𝐽 𝑙
π d4 / 32 1000

Θ = 0.094 rad = 0.094 x180/π = 5.39 deg

*************
THANK YOU