Capillary thread Capillary tube (bore)

bulb

A vacuum flask can keep liquids hot (or cold) for hours. It has 3 main features for
reducing the rate at which thermal energy (heat) flows out (or in):
1. An insulated stopper to reduce conduction and convection
2. A double-walled container with a gap between the walls. Air has been removed from
the gap to reduce conduction and convection.
3. Walls with silvery surfaces to reduce thermal radiation.

stopper

Silvery surfaces Vacuum

of
glass or steel

liquid

A vacuum flask
 Length, l/cm

l100

lθ

l100
lθ l0

l0

0°C 100°C θ 0 θ 100 temperature, θ/°C

Ice point Steam point

copper wire

cold junction is inside the voltm

Hot measuring junction
iron wire

linear scales non-linear scales