[Maximum mark: 7]

Lithium is a metal in group 1 of the periodic table. The group 1 metals react with
bromine to form soluble bromide salts, which all have the same lattice structure.
1. The melting points of the group 1 metals and their bromide salts are shown in
the graph.

1. Explain the variation in the melting points of the group 1 metals.[2]

2. The following diagram shows the electron density distributions formed
when bromide ions interact with lithium and sodium ions.

1.
1. The following diagram shows the electron density distributions formed
when bromide ions interact with lithium and sodium ions.

Based on the diagram, suggest why the melting point of lithium

bromide is lower than that of sodium bromide.[1]
 2. Lithium is a good electrical conductor, whereas lithium bromide is an electrical
insulator.
1. Explain the difference in the electrical conductivities of lithium and its
bromide salt.[2]
2. Explain how water interacts with lithium bromide to produce an
electrically conductive solution.[2]

Metallic bonding characterizes the bonding present in the elemental form of the
metals on the periodic table.
1. Describe features of metallic bonding.[2]
2. Describe 3 common properties of metals that result from metallic bonding.[3]
3. Solid sodium chloride is brittle while sodium metal is not. Explain this
difference in properties.

Vanadium and titanium are both common metals in aerospace engineering because
they have a high strength to weight ratio.
1. Explain why vanadium has a higher melting point than titanium.[2]

2. Titanium and vanadium are both able to conduct electricity. Explain how this
is possible.[1]

3. Tin is not a good choice for use in aerospace engineering. Predict, with a
reason, why this is so.

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, react in water according to the
equations below.

 I. XO2(s) + H2O(l) → H2XO3(aq)

 II. YO(s) + H2O(l) → Y(OH)2(aq)
1. Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.[4]
2. Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify
your prediction.
3. Explain the difference in physical properties of the following using knowledge
of chemical structure and bonding:
1. The boiling point of hydrochloric acid (HCl)(HCl) is less than that of
lithium chloride (LiCl)(LiCl).[2]
2. Calcium bromide (CaBr2)(CaBrX2) can conduct electricity in a molten
state and aqueous solution, but bromine (Br2)(BrX2) cannot.[2]
3. The boiling point of HIHI is lower than I2IX2.[2]
4. Arrange bromine (Br2)(BrX2), potassium and potassium bromide in order of
increasing boiling points. Outline reasons for this order.[2]