SL Periodicity revision [33 marks]

1. Which describes an atom of bismuth, Bi (Z = 83)? [1

mark]

2. What are typical characteristics of metals? [1

mark]

3. Which of the following would have the same numerical value for all [1
elements in the same period? mark]
A. Highest energy levels occupied
B. Energy sub-levels occupied
C. Orbitals occupied
D. Valence electrons C
4. How do the following properties change down Group 17 of the periodic [1
table? mark]

5. Which oxides produce an acidic solution when added to water? [1

I. Al2O 3 and SiO2 mark]

II. P 4O 6 and P4O 10

III. NO2 and SO2

A. I and II only
B. I and III only
B
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

6. Which describes the oxide of sodium, Na2O? [1

mark]

7. Which trends are correct across period 3 (from Na to Cl)? [1

I. Atomic radius decreases mark]
II. Melting point increases
III. First ionization energy increases
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
A
D. I, II and III
8. Which metal has the strongest metallic bond? [1
A. Li mark]

B. Na
C. K
D. Rb Rb

Across period 3, elements increase in atomic number, decrease in atomic radius

and increase in electronegativity.

9a. Define the term electronegativity. [1

mark]
The ability of an element to attract electrons in a covalent bond.

9b. Explain why the atomic radius of elements decreases across the period. [2 marks]

The atomic radius decreases across the period due to the increase of electron attractivity keeping the valence orbitals
tighter with the nucleus, which is caused by an increase in the numbers of protons in the nucleus.
9c. State the equations for the reactions of sodium oxide with water and [2 marks]
phosphorus(V) oxide with water.

Na2O + H2O -> 2NaOH

P2O5 + 3H2O -> 2H3PO4

9d. Suggest the pH of the solutions formed in part (c) (i). [2 marks]

Na2O + H2O -> 2NaOH

P2O5 + 3H2O -> 2H3PO4

9e. State the formula of the compounds formed between the elements [2 marks]
below.

Sodium and sulfur:

Magnesium and phosphorus:

Na2S

Mg3P2
 Magnesium, a reactive metal found in many common minerals, is also an essential
nutrient for both plants and animals.

10a. Define the term first ionization energy. [2 marks]

The energy necessary to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of an atom.

Successive ionization energies of magnesium are given in the table below.

10b. (i) Explain why the second ionization energy is greater than the first [4 marks]
ionization energy.
When removing one electron from the valence orbital, the electron attraction becomes greater due to the unchanged
number of protons in the nucleus, causing a higher nuclear charge. Thus, the next ionization energy will be greater.

(ii) Explain why the third ionization energy is much greater than the second
ionization energy.

Magnesium is in group 2, meaning it has two valence electrons. Both these electrons are removed after two ionisation
energies and the full outer orbital is gone, the element is ionized. There are more protons in the nucleus, making the
electron attraction very strong and a higher nuclear charge, as well as a full energy level being difficult to remove an
atom from. The third ionization energy would need to be very high in order to break apart a full orbital.
 The graph of the first ionization energy plotted against atomic number for the first
twenty elements shows periodicity.

11a. Define the term first ionization energ y and state what is meant by the [2 marks]
term periodicity.

11b. State the electron arrangement of argon and explain why the noble [3 marks]
gases, helium, neon and argon show the highest first ionization
energies for their respective periods.

11c. A graph of atomic radius plotted against atomic number shows that the [1
atomic radius decreases across a period. Explain why chlorine has a mark]
smaller atomic radius than sodium.

11d. Explain why a sulfide ion, S2− , is larger than a chloride ion, Cl− . [1
mark]

11e. Explain why the melting points of the Group 1 metals (Li → Cs) [3 marks]
decrease down the group whereas the melting points of the Group 7 elements
(F → I) increase down the group.

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