UNIT 3 PAPER 2 2015 TO 2021

IB HL CHEMISTRY [80 marks]

Iron may be extracted from iron (II) sulfide, FeS.

1a. Outline why metals, like iron, can conduct electricity. [1 mark]

1b. Justify why sulfur is classified as a non-metal by giving two of its [2 marks]
chemical properties.

Iron (II) sulfide, FeS, is ionically bonded.

1c. State the full electron configuration of the sulfide ion. [1 mark]
1d. Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the [1 mark]
sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.

The first step in the extraction of iron from iron (II) sulfide is to roast it in air to
form iron (III) oxide and sulfur dioxide.

1e. Write the equation for this reaction. [1 mark]

1f. Suggest why this process might raise environmental concerns. [1 mark]
 The properties of elements can be predicted from their position in the periodic
table.

2a. Explain why Si has a smaller atomic radius than Al. [2 marks]

2b. Explain the decrease in radius from Na to Na+. [2 marks]

2c. State the condensed electron configurations for Cr and Cr3+. [2 marks]
3a. Justify why sulfur is classified as a non-metal by giving two of its [2 marks]
chemical properties.

3b. Sketch the first eight successive ionisation energies of sulfur. [2 marks]

3c. Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the [1 mark]
sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.
4a. Explain why Si has a smaller atomic radius than Al. [2 marks]

4b. Explain why the first ionization energy of sulfur is lower than that of [2 marks]
phosphorus.

Chlorine undergoes many reactions.

5a. State the full electron configuration of the chlorine atom. [1 mark]
5b. State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion has a[1 mark]
larger radius.

5c. Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the [2 marks]
sulfur atom.

6. Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the [2 marks]
sulfur atom.
 Automobile air bags inflate by a rapid decomposition reaction. One typical
compound used is guanidinium nitrate, C(NH 2)3NO 3, which decomposes very
rapidly to form nitrogen, water vapour and carbon.

7. Deduce the equation for the decomposition of guanidinium nitrate. [1 mark]

This question is about compounds of sodium.

8. Write equations for the separate reactions of solid sodium oxide and [3 marks]
solid phosphorus(V) oxide with excess water and differentiate between
the solutions formed.
Sodium oxide, Na2O:

Phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O 10:

Differentiation:
 Rhenium, Re, was the last element with a stable isotope to be isolated.

9a. Before its isolation, scientists predicted the existence of rhenium and [2 marks]
some of its properties.
Suggest the basis of these predictions.

One chloride of rhenium has the empirical formula ReCl3.

9b. State the name of this compound, applying IUPAC rules. [1 mark]
 This question is about sodium and its compounds.

10a. Plot the relative values of the first four ionization energies of sodium. [1 mark]

10b. Outline why the alkali metals (group 1) have similar chemical properties. [1 mark]
 Rhenium, Re, was the last element with a stable isotope to be isolated.

11a. The stable isotope of rhenium contains 110 neutrons. [1 mark]

State the nuclear symbol notation A
Z X for this isotope.

Before its isolation, scientists predicted the existence of rhenium and some of its
properties.

11b. Predict two other chemical properties you would expect rhenium to [2 marks]
have, given its position in the periodic table.

11c. Describe how the relative reactivity of rhenium, compared to silver, [2 marks]
zinc, and copper, can be established using pieces of rhenium and
solutions of these metal sulfates.
 Properties of elements and their compounds can be related to the position of the
elements in the periodic table.

12a. Explain the decrease in atomic radius from Na to Cl. [2 marks]

12b. Explain why the radius of the sodium ion, Na+, is smaller than the [2 marks]
radius of the oxide ion, O2−.

12c. State a physical property of sodium oxide. [1 mark]

 The emission spectrum of an element can be used to identify it.

Elements show trends in their physical properties across the periodic table.

13a. Outline why atomic radius decreases across period 3, sodium to chlorine. [1 mark]

13b. Outline why the ionic radius of K+ is smaller than that of Cl−. [2 marks]

14a. Explain the decrease in atomic radius from Na to Cl. [2 marks]

+
14b. Explain why the radius of the sodium ion, Na+, is smaller than the [2 marks]
radius of the oxide ion, O2−.

14c. Sketch a graph to show the relative values of the successive ionization [2 marks]
energies of boron.
 Calcium carbide, CaC2, is an ionic solid.

15. Sketch a graph of the first six ionization energies of calcium. [2 marks]

Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.

16a. Explain the general increasing trend in the first ionization energies of [2 marks]
the period 3 elements, Na to Ar.
16b. Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease [2 marks]
down the group.

16c. State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus (V) oxide, P4O 10 (s), [1 mark]
with water.

Titanium is a transition metal.

TiCl4 reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a
smoke screen.

17. Formulate an equation for this reaction. [2 marks]

 There are many oxides of silver with the formula AgxO y. All of them decompose
into their elements when heated strongly.

18. Some oxides of period 3, such as Na2O and P 4O 10, react with water. A [3 marks]
spatula measure of each oxide was added to a separate 100 cm3 flask
containing distilled water and a few drops of bromothymol blue indicator.
The indicator is listed in section 22 of the data booklet.
Deduce the colour of the resulting solution and the chemical formula of
the product formed after reaction with water for each oxide.

19. Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease [3 marks]
down the group whereas the melting points of the group 17 elements (F
→ I) increase down the group.
 Titanium and vanadium are consecutive elements in the first transition metal
series.

20. Sketch a graph of the first six successive ionization energies of vanadium [1 mark]
on the axes provided.
 Impurities cause phosphine to ignite spontaneously in air to form an oxide of
phosphorus and water.

21. (i) State the equation for the reaction of this oxide of phosphorus with [5 marks]
water.
(ii) Predict how dissolving an oxide of phosphorus would affect the pH and
electrical conductivity of water.
pH:
Electrical conductivity:
(iii) Suggest why oxides of phosphorus are not major contributors to acid
deposition.
(iv) The levels of sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid deposition, can be
minimized by either pre-combustion and post-combustion methods. Outline one
technique of each method.
Pre-combustion:
Post-combustion:
 Magnesium is a group 2 metal which exists as a number of isotopes and forms
many compounds.

22a. Magnesium burns in air to form a white compound, magnesium oxide. [1 mark]
Formulate an equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with water.

22b. Describe the trend in acid-base properties of the oxides of period 3, [2 marks]
sodium to chlorine.

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