Chemistry 2016 November

1. The concentration of a solution of a weak acid, such as

ethanedioic acid, can be determined by titration with a
standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq). (a)
Distinguish between a weak acid and a strong acid.
2. Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate
ion, - OOCCOO- .
3. Explain how ethanedioate ions act as ligands.
4. Describe the trend in acid-base properties of the oxides of
period 3, sodium to chlorine
5. Describe the structure and bonding in solid magnesium oxide.

Chemistry 2017 may

1. Titanium and vanadium are consecutive elements in the first

transition metal series. (a) Describe the bonding in metals
2. State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the
48 22Ti atom
3. State the full electron configuration of the 48 22Ti2+ ion.
4. Suggest why the melting point of vanadium is higher than
that of titanium
5. Sketch a graph of the first six successive ionization energies
of vanadium on the axes provided.
6. Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure
aluminium
7. Describe, in terms of the electrons involved, how the bond
between a ligand and a central metal ion is formed.
8. Outline why transition metals form coloured compounds.
9. State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts
at 1043K.
10. A chloride of titanium, TiCl4, melts at 248K. Suggest why
the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.
11. TiCl4 reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV)
oxide can be used as a smoke screen. Formulate an equation
for this reaction.
12. Suggest one disadvantage of using this smoke in an
enclosed space

November 2017
1. Explain the general increasing trend in the first ionization
energies of the period 3 elements, Na to Ar.
2. Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li
→ Cs) decrease down the group whereas the melting
points of the group 17 elements (F → I) increase down the
group
3. State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus(V)
oxide, P4O10 (s), with water.
4. Cobalt forms the transition metal complex
[Co(NH3)4(H2O)Cl]Br. (i) State the shape of the complex
ion.
5. Describe, in terms of acid-base theories, the type of
reaction that takes place between the cobalt ion and
water to form the complex ion. [2] .
6. Lewis (electron dot) structures are useful models. (a)
Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structures of PF3 and PF5
and use the VSEPR theory to deduce the molecular
geometry of each species including bond angles.
7. Predict whether the molecules PF3 and PF5 are polar or
non-polar.
8. State the type of hybridization shown by the phosphorus
atom in PF3.