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There are other important factors to consider when selecting a control valve, such as valve type
and valve characteristic but this article will concentrate on valve sizing.
Sizing a control valve for a particular duty is governed by the required flow rate the valve must
pass and the pressure drop that can be allowed across the valve.
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Sizing a control valve accurately is an iterative process requiring manufacturer’s information and
knowledge of the piping system in which the valve is to be installed.
However, the procedure is fairly simple and straightforward. It becomes even easier if it is known
that the liquid will not flash or cavitate as it flows through the valve. For preliminary estimates of
control valve size it is usually OK to assume that the piping geometry factor is 1.
The Cv is defined as the flow rate of water in US gallons per minute that can pass through a valve
with a pressure drop of 1 psi at a temperature of 60F.
Where:
If the pressures upstream, inside and downstream of the control valve are greater than the vapour
pressure of the liquid at the flowing temperature, the effective pressure drop is equal to the
actual pressure difference between the upstream and downstream sides of the valve. In this case,
the flow is said to be “sub-critical” and the fluid remains in the liquid phase throughout the
system.
In the vast majority of cases it is preferable to maintain sub-critical flow as it reduces valve
damage, improves controllability and requires simpler, less expensive valve designs.
However, if the liquid vapour pressure exceeds the system pressure inside or downstream of the
valve, vaporisation will occur and the flow will become “critical”. In this case, the effective
pressure drop across the valve will be limited by the valve design and the physical properties of
the liquid. When the flow is “critical”, the pressure downstream of the valve does not affect the
flow rate.
P1 − P2 < ΔPmax
ΔPef f = P1 − P2
Where:
2
ΔPmax = F (P 1 − F v P v )
L
−−−
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FF = 0.96 − 0.28√
Pv
Pc
ΔPef f = ΔPmax
The valve liquid pressure recovery factor is usually measured experimentally and is tabulated in
valve manufacturers’ catalogues.
ΣK Cv
Fp = [1 + ( )]
2
890 d
valve
Where:
Most commonly, the fittings connected to a control valve are upstream and downstream
reducers. In this case the sum of the fittings factors for the reducers is:
2
2
d
valve
ΣK = 1.5(1 − )
2
d
pipe
Note:
Determining the control valve Cv becomes an iterative process when the piping geometry factor
doesn’t equal 1.
We need to size a valve in liquid propane duty. The required information is given below:
Result
The selected valve is an Emerson 3” ES globe valve with linear trim and a maximum Cv of 135.