NUTRITION FOR

HEALTH AND
FITNESS

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY
PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
 NUTRITION IN WEIGHT MANAGEMENT

WEIGHT MANAGEMENT
• The process of adopting long-term lifestyle modification to maintain a healthy
body weight based on a person's age, sex, and height.
• Methods of weight management include eating a healthy diet and increasing
physical activity levels.
• It is preferred to the term "dieting," because it involves more than regulation of
food intake or treatment of overweight people.
• People diagnosed with eating disorders who are not obese or overweight still
need to practice weight management.
• Some health care professionals use the term "nutritional disorders" to cover all
disorders related to weight. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Purpose of Weight Management

To help each patient The prevention and treatment of

achieve and stay at the diseases and disorders
best weight possible the associated with obesity or eating
disorders. These disorders
context of overall health,
include depression and other
occupation, and living psychiatric disturbances, in
situation. addition to the physical
problems associated with
nutritional disorders.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
Aspects of Weight Management

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
Characteristics of Successful Weight
Management Programs

1. They present weight management as a lifetime commitment to healthful

patterns of eating and exercise, rather than emphasize strict dieting
alternating with carelessness about eating habits.
2. They are tailored to each person's age, general health, living situation, and
other individual characteristics.
3. They recognize that the emotional, psychological, and spiritual facet of
human life is as important to maintaining a healthy lifestyle as the medical
and nutritional facets.

Most weight-management programs are based on a diet that supplies enough

vitamins and minerals; 50–63 grams of protein each day; an adequate intake of
carbohydrates (100 g) and dietary fiber (20–30 g); and no more than 30% of
each day's calories from fat. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Characteristics of Successful Weight
Management Programs

Good weight-management diets are intended to teach people how to make

wise food choices and to encourage gradual weight loss. Some diets are
based on fixed menus, while others are based on food exchanges. In a food-
exchange diet, a person can choose among several items within a particular
food group when following a menu plan.

Nutritional counseling is important to successful weight management

because many people, particularly those with eating disorders, do not
understand how the body uses food. They may also be trying to manage
their weight in unhealthy ways. One recent study of adolescents found that
32% of the females and 17% of the males were using such potentially
dangerous methods of weight control as smoking, fasting, over-the-counter
diet pills, or laxatives. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
 NUTRITION EATING
DISORDERS

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY
PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
ANOREXIA NERVOSA

• Anorexia nervosa refers to the clinical condition in which a person voluntarily

eats very little food (self-imposed starvation). As a result, there is a large weight
loss.
• The disorder is more common among teenage girls.
• The child develops psychological problems leading her to resent her obesity
(which may be real or imagined) and embarks on a self-prescribed starvation
diet.
• She continues to abstain from food even when she has achieved an ideal weight.
After that, her health deteriorates.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Clinical Manifestations

• Although the desire for food is present, the patient refuses to eat and
drink. Occasionally the patient has an uncontrollable urge to gorge, which
is followed by self-induced vomiting. Because of this, anorexic patients
may lose 25%–35% of their body weight and become emaciated and
wasted.
• Electrolyte imbalances occur, and female anorexic patients develop hair
over different parts of their body and cease to menstruate. Also, the
present is decreased body metabolism, cold hands, and feet, decreased
blood pressure, and decreased sensitivity to insulin.
• Bone density is compromised, leading to stress fractures, especially in
female athletes. The heart muscle becomes thin and weak, the immune
system is impaired, anemia develops, insomnia is common, and both men
and women lose their sex drives. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Clinical Manifestations

• Anorexic patients exhibit abnormal behavior such as frequent self-induced

vomiting, excessive use of cathartics (laxatives), and over-exercise
(hyperactivity).
• A worsening mother-daughter relationship may set it off, or a sudden, highly
emotional conflict between the patient and someone else may do so.
• Other possible causes are an abrupt failure in schoolwork and the emotional
turmoil over the beginning or continuing a sexual relationship. These patients
show a lack of feeling for hunger, satiety, tiredness, and sometimes even physical
pain. They generally have a distorted image of their physical size. Some anorexic
patients think that they are 40%–60% larger than they are. Consequently, they
become obsessed with dieting.
• Food binges, guilt about eating, and a reluctance to admit abnormal food habits
are the typical attitudes of anorexic patients toward food.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Clinical Manifestations

• Treatment for a patient with anorexia nervosa consists of

psychotherapy, behavior modification, drug therapy, and
hospitalization for refeeding. The treatment objective of diet
therapy and hospital feedings is to return the patient to a normal
diet and an appropriate, healthy weight.
• Most practitioners start with a diet containing 1000–3000 kcal
and progressively increase the intake by 200 kcal every three or
four days until the daily intake is adequate for an acceptable
weight gain. A liquid diet may be more acceptable to the patient;
it appears to have fewer calories.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Clinical Manifestations

• Most importantly, the attending nurse should monitor the patient’s

eating behavior and pay full attention to the following feeding routines.
1. Check that the foods served to comply with the meal plan.
2. Pay attention to the patient’s hands constantly.
3. Assume a friendly and supportive attitude so that the patient will not
feel spied on.
4. Prevent food disposal by keeping any container (such as a facial tissue
box, a wastebasket, or a flower pot) away from the patient during the
meal and checking the meal tray after the patient has finished eating.
The patient may hide food under napkins or smear it under the bed, on
the window sill, and so forth.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Clinical Manifestations

5. Permit a maximum of one hour for eating a meal.

6. If possible, the patient should wear a pocketless hospital gown
while eating.
7. Insist that the patient rest for 1 ⁄2 to one hour after a meal and
does not leave the bed, since she may induce vomiting.

Recovery is a long and difficult process that may last from six
months to one year or more.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
Nursing Implications

1. All team members must be consistent and caring in their handling of the feeding
routines.
2. Patients may not manipulate or dictate food intake.
3. Feeding periods must be closely supervised.
4. Bathroom privileges must be denied for at least 30 minutes after a meal to
prevent self-induced vomiting.
5. Major sleep disturbances that occur early in treatment cease as the patient gains
weight.
6. Avoid all conversation related to food or weight gain while the patient is
hospitalized, except as it relates to an agreed-upon contract.
7. Nutrition education for patients and families can begin when the patient is
discharged.
8. Psychological counseling takes precedence over nutritional counseling.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
BULIMIA NERVOSA

• Huge amounts of food (up to 5000 kcal in a single sitting, eaten rapidly) are
consumed. This is followed by feelings of guilt and shame at the loss of control.
• In response to these feelings and the need to purge the body of this vast intake of
food, the person practices self-induced vomiting; uses laxatives, diuretics, or diet
pills, and/or engages in strenuous exercise.
• The effect of these behaviors on the body is very damaging.
• The effect on the psyche is also damaging, leading to loss of self-esteem and
depression.
• Persons with bulimia usually keep it a guilt-ridden secret until their symptoms
become apparent. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
BULIMIA NERVOSA

Some of the physical symptoms of bulimia include:

1. Blood-shot eyes and broken blood vessels on the face. Decayed
teeth and eroded enamel on the teeth from self-induced vomiting.
There may also be bruises on the hand that is used to induce the
vomiting.
2. Sore throat, swollen salivary glands, and infrequently, esophageal
tears or ruptures of the gastric mucosa
3. Intestinal problems from overuse of laxatives.
4. Although fatigue is common, as is the cessation of menses, the
weight fluctuates. Clients are not usually underweight or, if they are,
they will cycle back to their previous weight, and sometimes weigh
more than they did previously. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
CHRONIC DIETING SYNDROME

• This disorder, newly classified by the American Psychiatric Association, is commonly called
“compulsive overeating.” It is a reaction to psychological stressors, such as anxiety and
emotional problems, or a need for comfort.
• A great deal of compulsive overeating follows very restrictive dieting practices in an attempt
to reach an unnatural and unrealistic weight goal.
• When failure occurs, rebound eating follows. This creates the characteristic weight cycling.
Each time a cycle occurs the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) drops, and in the next dieting cycle,
the weight comes off more slowly than before.
• Lean body mass is also lost with each cycling, and it is not regained with the refeeding. Body
composition is altered. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Management of Bulimia and Compulsive Overeating

• Managing these eating disorders will require a concerted effort by the health team.
• As a rule, these clients are not hospitalized; they are managed on an outpatient basis.
• The approach is individualized to the client, and psychological treatment will be a priority.
• Clients may receive antidepressant drug therapy along with counseling.
• Nutrition education and counseling receive high priority.
• Behavior modification is helpful.
• Support groups and/or one-on-one counseling in combination with other therapies and
follow-up care are needed.
• The strategies for nutrition management should include written material such as diet plans
and behavioral techniques. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Management of Bulimia and Compulsive Overeating

• The client should keep a journal or log of the food eaten and the things that he or she believes

triggers the eating frenzies. Diets should be planned to not go below the average 1200–1500 kcal

basal requirements. Foods such as fruits, vegetables, and cereal grains that are high in fiber are

emphasized. Clients are advised to use only those foods that are proportioned and only those that are

eaten with utensils (not finger foods).

• The diet should follow the guidelines for nutrient distribution with 50%–55% complex

carbohydrates, protein according to the RDA/DRI for their age and size, and no more than 30% fat.

• Many clients with eating disorders are already knowledgeable about good weight management

practices but are not able to follow them. This is the challenge that health professionals face.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
 NUTRITION EXERCISE AND
SPORTS

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY
PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
NUTRITION EXERCISE AND SPORTS

• Genetic factors play a large part in longevity, but recent research

indicates that regular exercise, fitness, especially cardiovascular fitness,
and reduction of stress lead to extended life spans. The quality of life is
also enhanced.
• One major concern of adults of any age is physical appearance. The role
of exercise in maintaining positive body image and physical fitness is
important. It is especially beneficial when combined with a healthy
eating pattern.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
Physical Fitness

• Most people are not educated in physical fitness requirements. The key
elements to physical fitness include:
➢ frequency of activity
➢ duration of the activity
➢ the intensity of activity
➢ type of activity.
• The first step in beginning a quest for physical fitness involves program
selection. To become physically fit, a program must be selected to reach
individual goals. This is important for continued good health.
• Exercise testing can calculate the functional capacity of the cardiovascular
system, a measurement important to exercise program selection. The goal in
such testing is to determine the predicted heart rate without causing chest
pain. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
An Ideal Program

• The ideal physical fitness program must be suited to both health

considerations and goals. For example, certain programs will
yield increased strength; others will yield increased flexibility,
yet others will increase cardiac and respiratory endurance.
Although all these goals are worthwhile and can be achieved
simultaneously if desired, the most important goal is stimulating
the heart and circulatory system.
• A physical fitness training session is characterized by a warm-up
period, an endurance phase, occasional competition, and finally a
cooling-down period. Typically, the session will last up to an hour
in total. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
An Ideal Program

• Patients undergoing rehabilitation will normally be limited to about half

that time. Frequency and intensity vary according to the individual’s
medical and exercise history, but three sessions weekly, performed at
70% or greater of a person’s maximum heart rate, usually provides
sufficient exercise to keep the body conditioned and ample time for
recovery.
• For flexibility and strength programs, exercise must continue after the
goal is attained to prevent loss of what has been achieved.
• An effective program includes good dietary habits that provide optimal
nutrition and adequate calories, a diet low in fat but high in energy
foods, such as complex carbohydrates.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Caloric Costs and Exercise

• Exercise spends calories. For example, studies of running have

determined that pace has little effect on calorie expenditure. Two men of
equal bodyweight who run the same distance will expend about the
same number of calories, regardless of whether one is in the top
physical condition and the other is a neophyte runner.
• When caloric costs are known, exercise can be used to control weight. If
an individual eats 3000 calories per day and expends 200 calories per
day through exercise can eat an additional 200 calories per day without
gaining weight.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
Caloric Costs and Exercise

• The key to physical fitness lies in tailoring a program to meet individual

needs.
• If exercise uses more calories than are consumed, weight loss results.
• Attempts to gain or lose weight can affect both health and performance
and should, therefore, be under supervision.
• Attempts to gain or lose weight should follow certain basic health
guidelines, and nutritious foods from all the food groups should be
included.
• Sufficient time to achieve weight loss should be allowed.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
NUTRITION AND BONE HEALTH

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY
PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
NUTRITION AND BONE HEALTH

• Strong bones are crucial to good health, and good nutrition

is crucial to strong bones. Nutrition strongly affects bone
health throughout our lives. For instance, what our mothers
eat while pregnant with us will affect our eventual bone
mass as adults.
• As children, our bones are almost exploding with rapid
growth. By around 18 or 19 years old, we’ve reached about
95% of our peak bone mass. We can continue to build some
bone in our 20s. But by age 30, we stop making any more
“bone deposits”. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
NUTRITION AND BONE HEALTH

• The use of good nutrition help bones to keep them

strong, solid, and healthy. Much of the bone structure is
a protein and contains connective tissues (such as the
endosteum or periosteum), a network of nerves and
blood vessels, and of course the marrow at the center.
Thus, good nutrition doesn’t just support bone
mineralization — it helps the whole skeletal complex
stay healthy too. If we’re well-nourished, then our
bones remodel themselves robustly.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Nutrition for Strong Bones

• Eat a balanced diet of whole, fresh foods. Combine that

with regular exercise and your bones will support you
for years to come. The following are specific nutrients
that are involved in bone health.
• Calcium: Bone contains about 99% of the body’s
calcium, and calcium is needed to build bones. The
dietary calcium required daily is between 600-1200
mg. Teenagers need more calcium to support their
growth spurts.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Nutrition for Strong Bones

• Vitamin D: The “sunshine vitamin”, Vitamin D, does a lot of good things

for our health — particularly our bones. Vitamin D is needed to build
bones and absorb calcium. If our blood vitamin D levels are under 30
ng/ml (75 nmol/L), our calcium absorption drops by 10-15%.

• Protein: Protein makes up 20-30% of bone mass. Also, protein intake

can influence growth hormones and growth factors in the body, which
indirectly affect bone health. Higher protein intake also leads to higher
calcium absorption. In other words, a high-calcium plus a high-protein
diet is optimal for bone health. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Nutrition for Strong Bones

• Phosphorus: A protein-rich diet is a phosphorus-rich

diet. And too much phosphorus may harm bone health.
One reason for this is that excess phosphorus can
diminish the formation of active vitamin D in the body.
On the other hand, too little phosphorus is also
associated with poor bone health. The key – as always
– seems to be a balance. Most people get their dietary
phosphorus from foods like meat, milk, cheese, poultry,
and processed foods with phosphate-based additives.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Nutrition for Strong Bones

• Vitamins K, C, E: Vitamin K2 helps to guide calcium

where it needs to go. Foods rich in vitamin K2 include
dairy, meat, poultry, and natto, traditional Japanese
food made from fermented soybeans. Vitamin C helps
to lay down new bone. Foods rich in vitamin C include
vegetables and fruits. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant
to fight off free radical destruction of bones. Foods rich
in vitamin E include nuts, seeds, dark leafy greens, and
tomato sauces.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Nutrition for Strong Bones

• Sodium: Consuming sodium beyond what the body needs appear

to increase calcium losses. While this doesn’t automatically mean
weaker bones, it’s probably something to avoid if you can.
Meanwhile, consuming potassium (which comes from vegetables
and fruits) might result in a more favorable potassium-sodium
balance in the body and help to preserve bone.

• Magnesium: Magnesium helps to lay down bone mass. Foods

rich in magnesium include dark leafy greens, beans, seeds, and
nuts. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Nutrition for Strong Bones

• Vegetables, fruits, beans, whole grains, nuts/seeds: Fruits,

vegetables, beans, whole grains, nuts, and seeds all seem to be
very beneficial for bones. This might be due to phytochemicals,
specifically flavonoids. Some flavonoids may influence bone cell
signaling and prevent oxidation. In addition to their beneficial
phytochemicals, vegetables and fruits preserve our bodies’
optimum acid/ base balance, and this, in turn, helps to promote
bone health. Eating more alkaline foods might help to bump up
growth hormone levels.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Nutrition for Strong Bones

• Dairy: Dairy foods are rich in calcium, potassium, and

magnesium.

• Fats: Getting a balanced mix of fat sources and types is the best
option for controlling inflammation in the body. Controlling
inflammation ultimately promotes bone health.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
NUTRITION FOR ORAL AND
DENTAL HEALTH

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY
PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
NUTRITION FOR ORAL AND DENTAL HEALTH

• According to Ontario Dental Hygienist’s Association Nutrition and Oral

Health (2016), a well-balanced, nutritious diet is important for good oral
health and general health.
• The food we eat supplies the nutrients that the body, bones, teeth, and
gums need to renew tissues and help fight infection and disease,
including periodontal (gum) disease.
• Dental hygienists work with their clients to promote good overall health
by keeping the mouth and body healthy with preventive oral care
treatment and nutrition counseling.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
NUTRITION FOR ORAL AND DENTAL HEALTH

• A poor diet can contribute to gum disease and tooth decay. Food high
in sugars and starches increases the production of acids that can erode
and weaken the tooth’s outer layer (enamel). Eventually, these acids can
cause tooth decay. Lack of proper nutrition can lead to other diseases
and conditions in the body such as obesity, hypertension, high
cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and
some cancers, including oral cancer.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
Risk Factors

• Several factors can put individuals at risk for poor oral and overall
health such as an unhealthy diet, age, medication, allergies,
restrictive diets, chronic disease, lack of vitamins (supplements), as
well as socioeconomic conditions.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
Children and Teens

• Children need a balanced nutritious diet so that their teeth develop

properly and are strong and decay-resistant. Eating patterns and
food choices are important factors that affect how quickly tooth
decay develops and could put them at risk for serious ailments,
such as diabetes and osteoporosis, later in life.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
Elderly

• Often the elderly is at high risk for poor nutrition. Those on

restrictive diets or undergoing medical treatment may be too
isolated, weak, or lack the appetite, time, resources, or money to eat
nutritionally balanced meals. This could result in tooth loss, gum
disease, pain, or a joint dysfunction such as temporomandibular
joint (TMJ) disorder, which can impair an individual’s ability to taste,
bite, chew and swallow food.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
Medication

• Some medications can cause dry mouth, making it difficult to chew

and swallow food. This can result in a poor nutritional state that
could harm oral health.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
Prevention and Home Care

• For the prevention and home care the following are suggested: Eat sweets at mealtime, not as
a snack, because the increased flow of saliva during a meal helps protect the teeth by washing
away and diluting sugar. If sugar is the first ingredient listed on a product label, then the food
has high sugar content. Look for other sugars on the label: corn syrup, corn sweeteners,
dextrose, fructose, glucose, honey, maple syrup, molasses, and sucrose. Check to see if liquid
medicines (such as cough syrup) contain sugar. Ask a physician or pharmacist for sugar-free
medicines. Drink water between meals. Prepare food in healthy ways, such as steamed,
sautéed, poached, or baked. Avoid fried food and limit salt intake. Maintain proper oral
hygiene. Brush twice a day for two minutes with fluoridated toothpaste and a soft toothbrush;
clean or floss between teeth and gums once a day; clean or scrape the tongue daily. Delay
brushing for at least an hour after consuming acidic food or beverages. Because acid softens
the tooth’s surface, brushing will cause more enamel loss. Instead, rinse the mouth with water,
chew hard cheese, or sugarless gum to stimulate saliva flow, which helps to wash away and
neutralize acids. Visit a dental hygienist for regular professional cleanings.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
Healthy Snacking

• Healthy nutritious snacks are good for teeth, gums, and general health.
A variety of snacks and drinks low in sugar and high in nutrition are
best:
1. Plain yogurt, hard cheese, hard-boiled eggs, nuts and seeds
2. Apples, sliced mango, raw vegetables
3. Popcorn sprinkled with Parmesan cheese
4. Vegetable enchilada, sushi
5. Naan bread, tortilla
6. Water to quench thirst between meals
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Vitamin/Mineral Impact on Oral Health and Sources

• According to Ontario Dental Hygienist’s Association Nutrition and Oral

Health (2016), the following are essential to oral and dental health.

• Calcium: essential for bone health; teeth and jaws are made mostly of
calcium. Sources are milk and dairy products, beans, broccoli, nuts, and
oyster.

• Iron: A deficiency can cause tongue inflammation and mouth sores.

Sources are red meat, poultry, fish, fortified cereals, some vegetables,
and nuts. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Vitamin/Mineral Impact on Oral Health and Sources

• Vitamin B3 (niacin): A lack of vitamin B3 can cause bad breath and canker
sores. Sources are chicken and fish.

• Vitamins B12: Mouth sores can develop with insufficient B12 and B2. Sources for
B12: red meat, chicken liver, pork and fish, dairy products. Sources for B2: pasta,
bagels, spinach, and almonds.

• Vitamin C: Helps produce collagen, the connective tissue that holds bone; a
deficiency may lead to bleeding gums and loose teeth. Sources are sweet
potatoes, raw red peppers, and oranges. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Vitamin/Mineral Impact on Oral Health and Sources

• Vitamin D: Enables the body to absorb calcium, which helps build strong bones
and teeth. Sources are milk, egg yolks, fish, and limited amounts of sunshine.

• Vitamin K: Helps synthesize proteins in bone needed for strength, also noted
for its role in blood clotting. Sources are broccoli and leafy green vegetables.

• Phosphorus: Needed for healthy bones and teeth, energy metabolism, and
acid-base balance in the body. Sources are milk, grains, and lean meats.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
Vitamin/Mineral Impact on Oral Health and Sources

• Zinc: Promotes strong bones and helps develop and maintain collagen. Sources
are seafood, meat, and liver.

• Magnesium: Important for bone formation. Sources are green vegetables,

legumes, and nuts.

• Potassium: Helps promote good mineral density and reduces calcium loss.
Sources are fruits and vegetables.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING
 References:

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