Czariena Jade A.

Aljas BSN 2D
NCM 105: PHARMACOLOGY September 21, 2021

Types of Eating Disorder

1. Anorexia Nervosa

 Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by weight loss (or lack of

appropriate weight gain in growing children); difficulties maintaining an
appropriate body weight for height, age, and stature; and, in many individuals,
distorted body image. People with anorexia generally restrict the number of
calories and the types of food they eat. Some people with the disorder also
exercise compulsively, purge via vomiting and laxatives, and/or binge eat.

 In anorexia nervosa’s cycle of self-starvation, the body is denied the essential

nutrients it needs to function normally. Thus, the body is forced to slow down all
of its processes to conserve energy, resulting in serious medical consequences.

 Anorexia can affect people of all ages, genders, sexual orientations, races, and
ethnicities. Although the disorder most frequently begins during adolescence, an
increasing number of children and older adults are also being diagnosed with
anorexia. A person does not need to be emaciated or underweight to be
struggling. Studies have found that larger-bodied individuals can also have
anorexia, although they may be less likely to be diagnosed due to cultural
prejudice against fat and obesity.
 To be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa according to the DSM-5, the following criteria
must be met:

 Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a significantly low

body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical
health.
 Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight.
 Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced,
undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the
seriousness of the current low body weight.
WARNING SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Emotional and behavioral

 Dramatic weight loss

 Dresses in layers to hide weight loss or stay warm
 Is preoccupied with weight, food, calories, fat grams, and dieting
 Refuses to eat certain foods, progressing to restrictions against whole categories
of food (e.g., no carbohydrates, etc.)
 Makes frequent comments about feeling “fat” or overweight despite weight loss
 Complains of constipation, abdominal pain, cold intolerance, lethargy, and/or
excess energy
 Denies feeling hungry
 Develops food rituals (e.g., eating foods in certain orders, excessive chewing,
rearranging food on a plate)
Physical

 Stomach cramps, other non-specific gastrointestinal complaints (constipation, acid

reflux, etc.)
 Difficulties concentrating
 Abnormal laboratory findings (anemia, low thyroid and hormone levels, low potassium,
low blood cell counts, slow heart rate)
 Dizziness
 Fainting/syncope
 Feeling cold all the time
 Sleep problems
 Menstrual irregularities—amenorrhea, irregular periods or only having a period while
on hormonal contraceptives (this is not considered a “true” period)
 Cuts and calluses across the top of finger joints (a result of inducing vomiting)
 Dental problems, such as enamel erosion, cavities, and tooth sensitivity
 Dry skin
 Dry and brittle nails
 Swelling around area of salivary glands
 Fine hair on body (lanugo)
 Thinning of hair on head, dry and brittle hair
 Cavities, or discoloration of teeth, from vomiting
 Muscle weakness
 Yellow skin (in context of eating large amounts of carrots)
 Cold, mottled hands and feet or swelling of feet
 Poor wound healing
 Impaired immune functioning

2. Bulimia Nervosa

 This condition, bulimia nervosa, occurs when someone is repeatedly binging on

large amounts of food and then purging it. Purging behaviors include forcing
oneself to throw up, over-exercising, and using diet pills and laxatives. Both
binging and purging behaviors are dangerous, and together they can quickly
lead to dangerous physical symptoms.
 It is a severe, potentially fatal eating disorder. Bulimia is characterized by
episodes of bingeing and purging that involve a sense of loss of control over
your eating. Many bulimics also restrict their eating during the day, which
leads to more binge eating and purging. They typically consume a large amount
 of food in a short period of time and then attempt to burn off the extra calories
in an unhealthy manner. Because of guilt, shame, and an intense fear of gaining
weight as a result of overeating, they force themselves to vomit, exercise
excessively, or use other methods, such as laxatives, to get rid of the calories.
- Its symptoms include:
 recurrent episodes of binge eating with a feeling of lack of control
 recurrent episodes of inappropriate purging behaviors to prevent weight
 gain
 a fear of gaining weight, despite having a normal weight

3. Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

 BED is characterized by episodes of binging on large amounts of food. A binge

describes when someone consumes an excessive amount of food within a period
of two hours. Binges are accompanied by a trance-like state, feeling guilty and
ashamed afterward, and weight gain. Unlike bulimia, BED does not usually
include any purging behaviors. Typically, those affected by BED are overweight
or obese because of the binging.
 Individuals suffering from this disorder exhibit symptoms similar to bulimia or
the binge eating subtype of anorexia. They regularly overeat (binge) and feel a
lack of control over their eating. They may eat quickly or consume more food
than intended, even when they are not hungry, and they may continue to eat
even after they are uncomfortably full.

Its symptoms include:

• No use of purging behaviors, such as calorie restriction, vomiting, excessive exercise,

or laxative or diuretic use, to compensate for the binging

 Feelings of distress, such as shame, disgust, or guilt, when thinking about the
binge eating behavior
 Eating large amounts of foods rapidly, in secret and until uncomfortably
 full, despite not feeling hunger
4. PICA

 People with pica crave non-food substances, such as ice, dirt, soil, chalk, soap,
paper, hair, cloth, wool, pebbles, laundry detergent, or cornstarch. Pica can affect
both adults and children and adolescents. Having said that, this disorder is most
commonly seen in children, pregnant women, and people with mental
disabilities. Pica patients may be more prone to poisoning, infections, gut
injuries, and nutritional deficiencies. Pica can be fatal depending on the
substances consumed.

 People with Pica disorder have a strong desire for and consumption of non-food
substances. This disorder is more likely to affect children, pregnant women, and
people with mental disabilities.

5. Rumination Disorder

 It is the repeatedly and persistently regurgitating food after eating, but it's
not due to a medical condition or another eating disorder such as
anorexia, bulimia or binge-eating disorder. Food is brought back up into
the mouth without causing nausea or gagging, and regurgitation is not
always intentional. Regurgitated food is occasionally rechewed, re-
swallowed, or spit out. This rumination typically occurs within the first 30
minutes after a meal. Unlike medical conditions like reflux, it’s voluntary.
If not treated in infants, rumination disorder can cause weight loss and
severe malnutrition, both of which can be fatal.
 Rumination disorder can affect people at any stage of their lives. People
suffering from the condition frequently regurgitate the food they have just
eaten. They then chew it again and either swallow it or spit it out.
6. Purging Disorder
 It is defined as engaging in purging behaviors in the absence of a binge-
eating episode. It involves the use of "purging" behavior to induce weight
loss or to alter body shape such as self-induced vomiting, laxative or
diuretic misuse, misuses of enemas, fasting, and excessive exercise.
Its symptoms include:
• significant emotional distress or disruption to social, work, or personal
life
•fear of gaining weight or obsession with losing weight
• self-esteem issues heavily influenced by body shape or weigh

7. Orthorexia Nervosa
 Orthorexia nervosa is a type of eating disorder characterized by an
unhealthy obsession with healthy eating. It is an obsessive focus on
healthy eating and behaviors that disrupt daily life. They are obsessed
with the "purity" of their foods, as well as the benefits of healthy eating.
 Its symptoms include:
• Compulsive behaviors or mental preoccupations with dietary choices are
believed to promote optimal health.
• Breaking self-imposed dietary rules causes anxiety, shame, fear of
disease, sense of impurity, or negative physical sensations.
• Dietary restrictions that escalate over time and can include the
elimination of entire food groups and addition of cleanses, fasts, or both

8. Night Eating Syndrome

 Individuals with this syndrome frequently overeat, especially after waking
up from sleep. People eat a lot of food after dinner, often waking up in the
middle of the night to eat. People suffering from this condition may miss
their first meal of the day for several hours.
 - Its symptoms include:
• Lack of appetite in the morning • A strong urge to eat between dinner
and sleep • Insomnia four or five nights a week • A belief that eating is
required to sleep or return to sleep • A depressed mood that gets worse
during evening hour

9. Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

 It is defined by failing to meet the minimum daily nutrition requirements
due to a lack of interest in eating. Food is not avoided because of a desire
to lose weight. In childhood, the disorder causes significant weight loss or
failure to gain weight, as well as nutritional deficiencies that can lead to
health problems.

- Its symptoms include:

• Avoiding food with certain sensory characteristics, such as color,
texture, smell, or taste
• Being concerned about the consequences of eating, such as choking

10. Compulsive Over Eating (COE)

 Compulsive overeating, which is also commonly referred to as compulsive
eating, is characterized by eating significant amounts of food in response
to stresses, unpleasant issues they are struggling with, or emotions that
they are not able to properly manage. Unlike those who have bulimia
nervosa, people who struggle with compulsive overeating typically do not
purge after they eat. However, compulsively overeating can lead to serious
damage to one’s health, both physically and psychologically.
  Compulsive overeating tends to be confused with binge-eating, however
those who have binge-eating disorder will consume great deals of food in
a single sitting, while those who compulsively overeat might not eat in
excess each time they consume food. However, these individuals will keep
eating throughout the day, even if it is small amounts at a time. However,
because of the nature in which these individuals are consuming food,
those consistent and small portions often lead to overeating.

11. Drunkorexia
 With a slightly crass sounding name, this term describes an eating
disorder that is accompanied by alcoholism as well. The drunkorexic
individual restricts food and purges in order to “save calories” for
drinking alcohol. Severe malnutrition can develop when drunkorexia
goes untreated.

 As a slang, non-medical term, Drunkorexia refers to someone who

restricts food calories to make room for alcoholic drink calories. Despite
the known risks of these behaviors, studies have shown that 30% of
women between 18 and 23 diet so they can drink.
  "Drunkorexic" behaviors most often stem from the fear of weight gain
from alcohol and are more prevalent in college-aged women, although
men also experience them. In extreme cases, the behaviors may be
related to bulimia or anorexia. However, individuals without eating
disorders that restrict their intake before going out may still struggle
with "drunkorexia."

12. Pregorexia
 Pregorexia" is a term coined by the media that refers to a desire to
control pregnancy weight gain through extreme dieting and exercise.
 Since it is fairly common knowledge that pregnancy leads to weight gain
and other bodily changes, so most women go into pregnancy with a
weight loss plan. Sometimes, the weight loss plan can be too extreme and
can endanger both mom and baby. Pregorexia can lead to low birth
weight, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, hypertension,
cardiovascular disease risk, and depression.

 Health care providers don't uniformly recognize the term, but the behavior
associated with pregorexia is real and could harm a baby's health. While far
more women gain too much weight during pregnancy, some women do
 excessively worry about their weight gain and experience body image issues
during pregnancy. The risk of pregorexia might be higher for women who have
a history of eating disorders and those who have a weak social support system.

Specific warning signs of pregorexia might include:

 Talking about the pregnancy as if it weren't real
 Heavily focusing on calorie counts
 Eating alone or skipping meals
 Exercising excessively