THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG

UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES

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RESEARCH CONTENT

Subiect : AMERICAN CULTURE

Topic : INTRODUCTION TO THE USA
Students : Group 1
Class : 04-2320
Supervisor : Đinh Thị Hoàng Triều

Danang, 1/2024
I. Introduction (Nguyễn Thị Hồng Yến)
When learning American Culture, this subject holds importance in fostering
national identity, understanding diversity, appreciating historical significance,
promoting the arts, facilitating social interactions, encouraging tourism and
cultural exchange, and recognizing the global impact of American contributions.
Studying American culture can provide a wide range of knowledge and insights
into history, people and language, education, religion, music, cuisine, and
numerous different aspects of the United State. In addition, studying American
culture is a multidimensional endeavor that allows for a comprehensive
understanding of the country's history, arts, language, customs, and societal
dynamics. It provides a foundation for appreciating the complexities and nuances
of American society and its contributions to the global community. Our topic
research is Introduction to the USA, which is divided into thirteen main parts:
Geography, Fifty States, Places of Interest, National Anthem, National
Declaration Of Independence, National Flag, Economy, Languages, History,
Government, Education, Family Life, and Cultural Life .From its rich history,
diverse cultures, and iconic landmarks to its system of governance and values, the
USA offers a fascinating tapestry of experiences and opportunities. Through this
research, exploring the key aspects that define the nation, including its founding
principles, political structure, cultural heritage, and significant contributions to
various fields provides a journey to discover the essence of the United States and
gain a deeper understanding of its unique place in the world.
II. Body

II.1. Definitions

II.1.1. Federalism (Chế độ liên bang): A system of government in which states unite
and give up some of their powers to a central authority.

II.1.2. Due Process (Quy trình hợp pháp): A citizen's fair treatment within the rules
of a government's legal system.

II.1.3. McCarthyism (Chủ nghĩa McCarthy): The practice of accusing someone of

being a Communist and therefore avoiding or not trusting them.

II.1.4. Melting Pot (Nồi lẩu văn hóa): A place where many different people and
ideas exist together, often mixing and producing something new.

II.1.5. Mosaic (Xã hội hòa nhập): The mix of ethnic groups, languages and cultures
that coexist within society.
 II.1.6. Suffrage (Quyền bầu cử): The right to vote in an election, especially to vote
for representatives in a government.

II.1.7. Senate (Thượng viện): The upper house of the parliaments of the US.

II.1.8. House of Representatives (Hạ viện): The lower house of the parliaments of
the US.

=> These words were taken from the source website: dictionary.cambridge.org

II.2. GEOGRAPHY

Geographical Map of the US

II.2.1. Location and Borders

II.2.1.1 Geographical location

The United States of America is situated in the heart of North America, spanning a
vast land area that encompasses diverse geographical features. The country is known for
its remarkable and varied landscapes. From the towering peaks of the Rocky Mountains
in the west to the expansive Great Plains in the center, the USA offers a range of natural
wonders. The Appalachian Mountains traverse the eastern part of the country, providing
picturesque vistas and opportunities for outdoor activities. Moving beyond the mountains,
the Midwest showcases vast plains and agricultural landscapes. The United States is also
home to numerous rivers and lakes, including the mighty Mississippi River and the Great
Lakes, which are a collection of freshwater lakes in the northern part of the country. In
addition to these landforms, the US boasts remarkable natural landmarks such as the awe-
inspiring Grand Canyon, the geothermal wonders of Yellowstone National Park, and the
breathtaking waterfalls of Niagara Falls. The geographical location of the United States
contributes to its incredible diversity, offering an array of climates, ecosystems, and
geographical wonders for both residents and visitors to explore.
 II.2.1.2 Bordering countries

The United States of America shares land borders with two countries: Canada and
Mexico. To the north, the US shares the longest international land border in the world
with Canada. This border stretches over 8,891 kilometers (5,525 miles) and is marked by
a diverse range of terrain, including mountains, forests, lakes, and rivers. The US-Canada
border is known for its peaceful nature, and it serves as a vital economic and cultural link
between the two countries. To the south, the United States shares a border with Mexico.
Spanning approximately 3,145 kilometers (1,954 miles), the US-Mexico border traverses
a dynamic region characterized by diverse landscapes, including deserts, mountains, and
coastal areas. This border has received significant attention due to immigration and trade
discussions, as well as cultural exchange. The border regions between the United States
and its neighboring countries are not only points of connection but also areas of unique
cultural fusion and economic cooperation.

II.2.1.3 Coastline along the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

The United States is blessed with extensive coastlines along both the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans, offering a diverse array of coastal landscapes and experiences. Along the
Atlantic coast, stretching from Maine in the northeast to Florida in the southeast, the US
boasts beautiful sandy beaches, picturesque coastal towns, and iconic landmarks. From
the rugged cliffs of Acadia National Park in Maine to the vibrant boardwalks of Miami
Beach in Florida, the Atlantic coastline offers a mix of natural beauty and bustling
seaside communities. On the opposite side of the country, the Pacific coast spans from
the border with Mexico in California to the rugged coastlines of Oregon and Washington
in the north. The Pacific coastline is renowned for its stunning seascapes, towering cliffs,
and pristine beaches. From the iconic Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco to the
breathtaking coastal drives along the Pacific Coast Highway, this region offers a wealth
of natural wonders and outdoor activities. The Pacific coast is also known for its vibrant
surf culture, with popular surf spots attracting enthusiasts from around the world. The
coastal regions along the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are not only picturesque but also
provide important economic hubs and gateways for international trade. Major ports such
as New York, Los Angeles, and Miami facilitate global commerce and serve as entry
points for goods and people from all corners of the globe.

II.2.2. Size and Topography

II.2.2.1 Size of the United States

The United States is a vast country, encompassing a substantial land area that
ranks among the largest in the world. With a total area of approximately 9.8 million
square kilometers (3.8 million square miles), it occupies a significant portion of the North
American continent. The country stretches from the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast to
the Pacific Ocean on the west coast, covering a breadth of about 4,300 kilometers (2,700
miles) from coast to coast. From north to south, the United States spans about 2,600
kilometers (1,600 miles) at its widest point.

The size and diverse geography of the United States contribute to its remarkable
range of landscapes and climates. The country encompasses various regions, including
expansive plains, towering mountain ranges, vast deserts, fertile farmlands, and
picturesque coastlines. Within its borders, the United States is home to diverse
ecosystems, such as the dense forests of the Pacific Northwest, the arid deserts of the
Southwest, the rolling plains of the Midwest, and the tropical landscapes of Hawaii and
Puerto Rico.

II.2.2.2 The largest land area in the globe

The United States of America holds the title for the third-largest land area in the
world, following Russia and Canada. With a total land area of approximately 9.1 million
square kilometers (3.5 million square miles), the United States encompasses a vast
territory that spans from the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast to the Pacific Ocean on the
west coast. The country extends from the northern border with Canada to the southern
border with Mexico. The size and diverse geography of the United States contribute to its
wide range of landscapes and climates. From the rugged mountains of the Rocky
Mountain range to the expansive Great Plains, from the dense forests of the Pacific
Northwest to the arid deserts of the Southwest, the United States offers a remarkable
array of natural wonders. Its vast land area also supports a variety of ecosystems,
including forests, grasslands, wetlands, and coastal habitats. With such an expansive
territory, the United States provides ample space for diverse cultural traditions, economic
opportunities, and a wide range of recreational activities for residents and visitors alike.

II.2.2.3 Diverse Topography

 Topography of the US

II.2.2.3.1 Mountain ranges

The United States is blessed with a diverse array of mountain ranges, each
contributing to the nation's unique topography and offering breathtaking landscapes. One
of the most prominent mountain ranges is the Rocky Mountains, which spans multiple
states, including Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho. Known for its majestic peaks
and rugged terrain, the Rockies are home to iconic landmarks such as the towering peaks
of the Colorado Rockies, including Longs Peak and Pikes Peak. Moving westward, the
Sierra Nevada range in California showcases stunning granite peaks, including the
famous Mount Whitney, the highest point in the contiguous United States. The Cascade
Range, stretching from northern California through Oregon and Washington, is
characterized by volcanic peaks, such as Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier, which
showcase the region's geologic activity. The Appalachian Mountains, running along the
eastern seaboard, offer a more gentle topography compared to the Rockies but are no less
captivating. This ancient range features rolling hills, dense forests, and the iconic Blue
Ridge Mountains, providing a picturesque backdrop for areas like the Great Smoky
Mountains National Park. These mountain ranges not only contribute to the country's
scenic beauty but also provide opportunities for outdoor recreation, including hiking,
skiing, rock climbing, and wildlife observation.

II.2.2.3.2 Plains

The United States is home to vast and expansive plains that stretch across its
heartland, offering a distinct topographical feature. The Great Plains, also known as the
American Prairie, cover a substantial portion of the country, extending from the state of
Texas in the south all the way to the Canadian provinces in the north. This immense
region is characterized by vast, flat landscapes, characterized by rolling grasslands and
fertile agricultural fields. The Great Plains are divided into several subregions, including
the High Plains, Central Plains, and Coastal Plains, each with its own unique
characteristics. The High Plains, located in the western part of the region, feature arid
conditions and are known for their deep canyons and mesas. The Central Plains,
occupying the central portion, offer a mix of grasslands and farmlands, making it a prime
agricultural area. The Coastal Plains, found along the Gulf of Mexico, are marked by
marshy wetlands and estuaries. The Great Plains not only provide a picturesque backdrop
to the American landscape but also serve as an important agricultural region, contributing
to the nation's grain production and livestock farming. Additionally, these plains are rich
in natural resources, including oil, natural gas, and minerals.

II.2.2.3.3 Plateaus

The United States features several notable plateaus that contribute to the country's
diverse topography. One prominent plateau is the Colorado Plateau, located in the
southwestern part of the country, encompassing parts of Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and
New Mexico. This plateau is renowned for its stunning red rock formations, deep
canyons, and iconic landmarks such as the Grand Canyon and Monument Valley. The
Colorado Plateau is also home to numerous national parks, including Zion National Park
and Bryce Canyon National Park, which attract visitors from around the world with their
unique geological features.

Another significant plateau is the Columbia Plateau, situated in the Pacific

Northwest region. This plateau was formed by ancient lava flows and is characterized by
a basaltic landscape dotted with rolling hills, cliffs, and deep gorges. The Columbia
River, one of the largest rivers in North America, has carved through the plateau, creating
the spectacular Columbia River Gorge.

II.2.2.3.4 Deserts

The United States is home to several captivating desert regions, each with its own
distinct topography. One notable desert is the Mojave Desert, located primarily in
southeastern California and extending into Nevada, Arizona, and Utah. This desert is
characterized by vast stretches of arid land, sand dunes, and sparse vegetation. It is also
home to iconic landmarks such as Joshua Tree National Park, where unique Joshua trees
dot the landscape, and Death Valley National Park, known for its extreme temperatures
and stunning desert scenery.

Another prominent desert in the United States is the Sonoran Desert, which spans
parts of Arizona, California, and northwest Mexico. The Sonoran Desert features diverse
topography, including rugged mountains, expansive sand dunes, and vast plains. It is
renowned for its rich biodiversity, with unique flora and fauna such as the iconic saguaro
cactus and the elusive desert tortoise.
 The Chihuahuan Desert, stretching across parts of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona,
and northern Mexico, is another notable desert region. It encompasses various landforms,
including rolling hills, dry riverbeds, and rugged canyons. Big Bend National Park,
situated in the Chihuahuan Desert, showcases its stunning landscapes, with towering
cliffs, deep canyons, and the meandering Rio Grande.

II.2.2.3.5 Coastal areas

The coastal areas of the United States offer a diverse and captivating topography
that varies along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. On the Atlantic coast, the topography
ranges from rocky cliffs and rugged shorelines in the northeastern states such as Maine
and Massachusetts to sandy beaches and barrier islands in the southeastern states like
Florida and the Carolinas. The region is characterized by picturesque coastal towns,
bustling harbors, and iconic landmarks such as the Cape Cod National Seashore and the
Outer Banks. Moving to the Pacific coast, the topography changes to include dramatic
cliffs, towering mountains, and sandy beaches. California's coastline features stunning
coastal ranges like the Santa Monica Mountains and the Big Sur cliffs, while Oregon and
Washington offer rugged sea stacks, expansive sand dunes, and charming coastal towns.
The Pacific Northwest is also known for its fjords and deep coastal inlets, such as the
Puget Sound in Washington. The coastal areas of the United States provide a wealth of
natural beauty, recreational opportunities, and a deep connection to the sea. They attract
visitors with their scenic landscapes, vibrant communities, and a wide range of activities
including surfing, whale watching, and beachcombing.

II.2.2.3.6 Rivers

The rivers of the United States contribute to the country's diverse topography in
various ways. The Mississippi River, one of the most renowned rivers in the country,
flows through the central part of the United States, creating fertile floodplains and
shaping the surrounding landscapes. It has formed majestic bluffs and carved out deep
valleys along its course. The Colorado River, famous for its role in creating the Grand
Canyon, has sculpted rugged canyons and breathtaking cliffs in the arid southwest. The
Columbia River, flowing through the Pacific Northwest, has shaped the region with its
meandering path, creating scenic gorges and contributing to the unique coastal
landscapes. Other notable rivers, such as the Missouri River and the Ohio River, have
influenced the surrounding terrain, creating valleys and supporting diverse ecosystems.
These rivers not only provide vital water resources but also offer opportunities for
boating, fishing, and other recreational activities. Overall, the rivers of the United States
play a significant role in shaping the country's topography and enriching its natural
beauty.

II.2.3. Climate and Regional Variations

II.2.3.1 Diverse Climate Zones and Variations

 The United States encompasses a wide range of climate zones, each contributing
to the country's diverse weather patterns and ecological landscapes. From the frigid
Arctic climate of Alaska to the tropical climate of Hawaii, and everything in between, the
U.S. offers a remarkable variety of climates.

In the northernmost regions of Alaska, a polar climate prevails, characterized by

extremely cold temperatures and long, dark winters. Moving southward, the continental
climate of the Midwest and Northeast brings hot summers and cold winters with
moderate precipitation. The western coastal areas, including California and the Pacific
Northwest, experience a Mediterranean climate, featuring mild, wet winters and warm,
dry summers. This region is also prone to coastal fog and cool ocean currents. The
Southwest, encompassing states like Arizona and New Mexico, is known for its arid and
desert climate, with scorching summers and mild winters. These areas receive minimal
rainfall and are marked by vast desert landscapes.

The Southeastern states, such as Florida and Louisiana, have a humid subtropical
climate, characterized by hot, humid summers and mild, wet winters. This region is prone
to tropical storms and hurricanes during the summer and fall months. The central states,
known as the Great Plains, have a continental climate, with hot summers, cold winters,
and a wide range of precipitation patterns. This region experiences thunderstorms and
tornadoes during the spring and summer. Mountainous regions, including the Rocky
Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, exhibit an alpine climate, characterized by cold, snowy
winters and cool summers at higher elevations.

These diverse climate zones contribute to the country's rich ecological diversity,
supporting a wide variety of plant and animal species. They also shape the lifestyles,
agriculture, and recreational activities of the people living in each region.

II.2.3.2 Geography and climate’s influence on different aspects of life

Geography and climate exert a profound influence on various aspects of life in the
United States. The country's vast and diverse geography, encompassing mountains,
plains, coastlines, and forests, contributes to a wide range of economic activities. Coastal
regions facilitate thriving fishing industries, while fertile plains support agricultural
production. Mountainous areas provide opportunities for mining and tourism, and rivers
enable transportation and hydroelectric power generation. Climate also shapes daily life,
from the types of clothing people wear to the recreational activities they engage in. Warm
coastal climates encourage beach tourism and water sports, while colder northern regions
foster winter sports and activities. Moreover, climate influences architecture, energy
consumption, and even cultural practices. For instance, hot climates in the Southwest
have popularized adobe-style architecture, and the abundance of sunlight in many regions
has prompted the adoption of solar energy technologies. Understanding and adapting to
the geographical and climatic conditions of different areas are essential for thriving and
appreciating the diverse aspects of American life.

II.3. PLACES OF INTEREST:

 Some Places of Interest of the USA

II.3.1 Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands proudly on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, just
off the southern tip of Manhattan, New York City. This towering neoclassical sculpture
has become an iconic symbol of freedom and democracy, not only in the United States
but around the world. It was a gift from France to the United States and was dedicated in
1886.

The Statue of Liberty is famous for several reasons. First and foremost, it serves as
a beacon of hope and a welcoming sight for immigrants arriving in America, representing
the country's ideals of liberty, opportunity, and refuge. Moreover, the statue's impressive
stature and design make it a marvel of engineering and artistry. Standing at over 305 feet
tall, including the pedestal, it is one of the largest statues in the world. Visitors can take a
ferry to Liberty Island and explore the museum inside the pedestal, which provides
historical context and information about the statue's construction. Climbing to the crown
offers breathtaking views of the New York City skyline and the harbor.

II.3.2 Times Square

Times Square is located in the heart of Manhattan, New York City, at the
intersection of Broadway and Seventh Avenue. This bustling commercial and
entertainment hub is famous for its vibrant energy, bright neon lights, and iconic
billboards that illuminate the area day and night. It has earned the nickname "The
Crossroads of the World."

Times Square is renowned for its connection to the entertainment industry, with
numerous Broadway theaters showcasing world-class performances. It is also a popular
location for television studios, hosting live broadcasts and events. The square's fame is
further heightened by its role as the focal point of the annual New Year's Eve celebration.
Millions of people gather here to witness the iconic ball drop and ring in the new year
with an electrifying atmosphere. Times Square's central location, surrounded by shops,
restaurants, and attractions, makes it a magnet for both locals and tourists alike. It offers a
unique sensory experience with its bustling crowds, street performers, and an array of
entertainment options.

II.3.3 The White House

The White House, the official residence and workplace of the President of the
United States, is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. Situated
in the heart of the nation's capital, it holds immense historical, political, and symbolic
significance.

The White House is famous for being the center of American governance, where
presidents have made crucial decisions that have shaped the nation's history. It serves as a
symbol of the U.S. government and democracy itself, representing the executive branch
and the power vested in the presidency. Visitors to Washington, D.C. can tour parts of the
White House grounds and explore the public areas, such as the East Wing and the State
Rooms. The White House also hosts important events, including state dinners, press
conferences, and ceremonies, further adding to its fame. Beyond its political importance,
the White House's neoclassical architecture and iconic facade have made it an instantly
recognizable landmark worldwide. It has served as a backdrop for countless photographs,
news broadcasts, and historic moments, solidifying its fame as an enduring symbol of
American leadership and the presidency.

II.3.4 Walt Disney World

Walt Disney World, one of the most famous theme parks in the world, is located
in Orlando, Florida. This sprawling entertainment resort covers an expansive area and is
divided into several distinct theme parks, including Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disney's
Hollywood Studios, and Disney's Animal Kingdom.

Walt Disney World is famous for its enchanting and immersive experiences that
transport visitors into a world of fantasy and imagination. It offers a wide range of
attractions, shows, and character meet-and-greets that appeal to guests of all ages. One of
the main reasons for its fame is the legacy of Walt Disney himself, the visionary behind
the resort. Walt Disney World is the embodiment of his dream to create a place where
families can come together to enjoy magical experiences and create lasting memories.
The resort's attention to detail, world-class entertainment, and iconic characters like
Mickey Mouse and Cinderella have captivated the hearts of millions. It is also famous for
its parades, fireworks displays, and special events throughout the year, making every visit
a unique and unforgettable adventure.

II.3.5 Niagara Falls

Niagara Falls is located on the border between the United States and Canada,
straddling the state of New York and the province of Ontario. This awe-inspiring natural
wonder is formed by three massive waterfalls: the Horseshoe Falls, the American Falls,
and the Bridal Veil Falls.

Niagara Falls is famous for its breathtaking beauty and sheer power. It attracts
millions of visitors each year who come to witness the thundering roar and misty spray of
the cascading water. The falls offer a mesmerizing display of nature's force and grandeur.
Beyond its visual appeal, Niagara Falls has also become renowned as a symbol of
romance and natural wonder. The site has been the backdrop for countless movies,
photographs, and honeymoon getaways, adding to its fame. Visitors can experience the
falls up close by taking boat tours, such as the Maid of the Mist or Hornblower Niagara
Cruises, or by walking along the observation decks and trails that provide stunning views.
The surrounding area offers attractions, casinos, and a range of outdoor activities, making
Niagara Falls a must-visit destination for nature lovers and adventure seekers.

II.3.6 Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone National Park is situated primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming,

although it also extends into Montana and Idaho. This vast and diverse national park
covers an area of over 2.2 million acres, making it one of the largest and most iconic
national parks in the United States.

Yellowstone National Park is famous for its extraordinary geothermal features,

including the renowned Old Faithful geyser. The park is home to the largest
concentration of geysers in the world, with over 10,000 thermal features, including hot
springs, fumaroles, and mud pots. These unique geological formations create a surreal
landscape and showcase the Earth's powerful natural forces. In addition to its geothermal
wonders, Yellowstone is famous for its diverse wildlife. The park is home to an
abundance of wildlife species, including grizzly bears, wolves, herds of bison and elk,
and elusive mountain lions. Visitors have the opportunity to observe these animals in
their natural habitats, providing unforgettable wildlife encounters. Furthermore,
Yellowstone offers stunning natural beauty, with majestic waterfalls, pristine lakes, deep
canyons, and vast forests. The park boasts numerous hiking trails, scenic drives, and
camping opportunities, allowing visitors to immerse themselves in its breathtaking
landscapes.

II.3.7 Hollywood Walk of Fame

The Hollywood Walk of Fame is situated along Hollywood Boulevard and Vine
Street in the heart of Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. This iconic landmark is
famous for its sidewalk embedded with more than 2,600 brass stars, each representing a
notable figure in the entertainment industry.

The Hollywood Walk of Fame is renowned for honoring the contributions of

actors, musicians, directors, producers, and other individuals who have made significant
achievements in the world of entertainment. Each star bears the name of a celebrated
artist and is accompanied by a symbolic emblem representing their respective fields. This
historic cultural attraction draws millions of visitors each year, who come to stroll along
the Walk of Fame and search for the stars of their favorite celebrities. It has become a
pilgrimage site for entertainment enthusiasts and a symbol of Hollywood's glamorous
legacy. Beyond the stars themselves, the Walk of Fame is surrounded by iconic theaters,
cinemas, and landmarks associated with the film and television industry. It has been
featured in numerous movies, TV shows, and music videos, further adding to its fame
and cultural significance.

II.3.8 Golden Gate Bridge

The Golden Gate Bridge is located in San Francisco, California, spanning the
Golden Gate Strait, the entrance to the San Francisco Bay from the Pacific Ocean. This
iconic suspension bridge is renowned for its majestic presence and breathtaking views.

The Golden Gate Bridge is famous for several reasons. First and foremost, it is an
engineering marvel, considered one of the greatest achievements in bridge construction.
Its distinctive orange-red color and graceful Art Deco design make it an architectural
masterpiece. The bridge's fame also stems from its scenic beauty and its status as a
symbol of San Francisco. The sweeping vistas of the bridge against the backdrop of the
bay, with the city's skyline and Alcatraz Island in the distance, have become iconic
images associated with the city. Furthermore, the Golden Gate Bridge offers an
unforgettable experience for visitors. The bridge has been featured in numerous films,
books, and works of art, further solidifying its fame and cultural significance.

II.4. FIFTY STATES:

Map of Fifty States in the US

II.4.1. Northeast Region

The Northeast region of the United States, encompassing the states of Connecticut,
Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont, is a diverse and historically significant part of
the country. This region played a pivotal role in the early history of the United States,
from the founding of the nation in Massachusetts to the signing of the Declaration of
Independence in Pennsylvania. The Northeast is known for its bustling cities, including
New York City, Boston, and Philadelphia, which are centers of commerce, finance, and
culture. The region is also home to prestigious educational institutions like Harvard
University and Yale University. With a mix of urban landscapes, picturesque coastlines,
and stunning mountain ranges, the Northeast offers a variety of outdoor recreational
opportunities, from hiking in the White Mountains of New Hampshire to exploring the
beaches of Cape Cod. The Northeast's rich history, vibrant cities, and natural beauty
make it a captivating and dynamic region within the fifty states of the United States.

II.4.2. Midwest Region

The Midwest region of the United States, often referred to as the heartland,
encompasses a diverse group of states including Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and
Wisconsin. This region is characterized by its vast stretches of farmland, which
contribute significantly to the nation's agricultural production. The Midwest is known for
its friendly communities, strong work ethic, and close-knit values. Major cities such as
Chicago, Detroit, and Minneapolis are centers of industry, culture, and innovation. The
region is also home to the Great Lakes, which provide abundant freshwater resources and
support avariety of recreational activities. The Midwest experiences a continental climate,
with hot summers and cold winters, making it an ideal region for outdoor pursuits like
fishing, hunting, and camping. The Midwest is known for its love of sports, with football,
basketball, and baseball being popular pastimes. Additionally, the region has a rich
cultural heritage, with a blend of European, Native American, and African American
influences. From the vibrant music scene of Chicago's blues clubs to the German heritage
celebrated during Oktoberfest in Ohio, the Midwest offers a unique mix of traditions and
experiences.

II.4.3. South Region

The South region of the United States is a culturally diverse and historically rich area
that includes states such as Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West
Virginia. Known for its warm climate, southern hospitality, and flavorful cuisine, the
South offers a unique blend of traditions and landscapes. From the vibrant jazz and blues
scenes of New Orleans to the country music heritage in Nashville, the South has a deep
musical legacy. The region is also known for its historical sites, such as the Civil Rights
landmarks in Alabama and the antebellum plantations in Georgia. The South features a
mix of bustling cities like Atlanta and Houston, as well as charming small towns that
showcase southern charm. With its coastal beaches, lush forests, and expansive
farmlands, the South offers a wide range of outdoor activities. From crawfish boils in
Louisiana to barbecue feasts in Texas, the South's culinary traditions are cherished and
celebrated. The South's rich history, diverse cultures, and warm hospitality make it a
captivating and dynamic region within the fifty states of the United States.

II.4.4. West Region

The West region of the United States encompasses a vast and diverse area, including
states such as Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada,
New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. This region is known for its
stunning natural landscapes, ranging from the rugged mountains of the Rockies to the
picturesque coastlines of California and Oregon. The West is home to several iconic
national parks, including Yellowstone, Yosemite, and Grand Canyon, attracting visitors
from around the world. The region is also characterized by its progressive and innovative
cities, such as San Francisco, Seattle, and Los Angeles, which serve as hubs for
technology, entertainment, and cultural diversity. The West offers a wealth of outdoor
activities, including hiking, skiing, surfing, and rock climbing, making it a paradise for
adventure enthusiasts. With its rich Native American heritage, vibrant arts scene, and
commitment to environmental conservation, the West region exemplifies a unique blend
of natural beauty, cultural diversity, and forward-thinking mindset within the fifty states
of the United States.

II.5. NATIONAL ANTHEM:

II.5.1. "The Star-Spangled Banner":

 The Star-Spangled Banner, US National Anthem

II.5.1.1 Authorship and composition

The Star-Spangled Banner, the national anthem of the United States, has a
fascinating history of authorship and composition. The lyrics were written by Francis
Scott Key during the War of 1812. Key was an American lawyer and amateur poet who
witnessed the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor during the
Battle of Baltimore in 1814. Inspired by the sight of the American flag still flying over
the fort after the night-long bombardment, Key penned the words that would become the
anthem. The music for The Star-Spangled Banner was not originally composed
specifically for the lyrics. It was a popular British song called "To Anacreon in Heaven,"
written by John Stafford Smith. The melody was well-known and widely sung in
America at the time, making it a natural choice to accompany Key's patriotic verses. Over
the years, The Star-Spangled Banner gained popularity and was officially designated as
the national anthem of the United States in 1931. Today, it continues to be sung at
important national events and symbolizes the pride and resilience of the American
people.

II.5.1.2 Adoption as the national anthem

 The adoption of The Star-Spangled Banner as the national anthem of the United
States holds historical significance. The movement to establish an official national
anthem began in the late 19th century, but it wasn't until March 3, 1931, that the song was
officially recognized with a congressional resolution signed by President Herbert Hoover.
The resolution declared The Star-Spangled Banner as the national anthem of the United
States. The decision to choose this particular song was influenced by its historical
connection to the War of 1812 and its powerful lyrics that captured the spirit of American
resilience and patriotism. The anthem's association with national pride grew stronger over
time, especially during significant events like World War I and World War II. Today, the
adoption of The Star-Spangled Banner as the national anthem stands as a symbol of unity
and reverence for the country's ideals and history. It is performed at various national
ceremonies, sporting events, and gatherings to inspire a sense of national pride and honor
the sacrifices made by those who fought for the nation's freedom.

II.5.2. Lyrics and Symbolism

II.5.2.1 Description of the anthem's lyrics

The lyrics of The Star-Spangled Banner, the national anthem of the United States,
vividly depict a historic moment during the War of 1812. Written by Francis Scott Key,
the song begins with the iconic line, "Oh, say can you see, by the dawn's early light." The
lyrics then recount the intense bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British navy and
Key's anticipation of whether the American flag would still be flying at daybreak. The
anthem's verses describe the sights and sounds of the battle, emphasizing the resilience
and determination of the American people. Lines such as "Whose broad stripes and bright
stars, through the perilous fight" and "And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in
air" paint a vivid picture of the conflict and the enduring symbol of the American flag.
The lyrics of The Star-Spangled Banner encapsulate the spirit of patriotism, valor, and
pride, serving as a reminder of the nation's history and the sacrifices made in defense of
freedom.

II.5.2.2 Symbolism in the anthem

The anthem of The Star-Spangled Banner holds significant symbolism within its
lyrics, representing key ideals and values of the United States. The central symbol is the
American flag, which is prominently featured throughout the song. The flag's "broad
stripes and bright stars" serve as a visual representation of the unity, strength, and
resilience of the nation. The lyrics also highlight the importance of freedom and
independence, as seen in phrases like "land of the free" and "home of the brave". These
words evoke the spirit of liberty and the courage of those who fought for the nation's
sovereignty. Additionally, the Star-Spangled Banner symbolizes national pride and the
enduring spirit of the American people. The anthem's lyrics describe a moment of
triumph and resilience during the War of 1812, emphasizing the unwavering dedication
to defending the ideals upon which the United States was founded. As the anthem is
 sung, it serves as a powerful symbol of unity, patriotism, and the shared values that bind
the American people together.

* Correlation with the national anthem of Viet Nam:

The national anthem of Vietnam, "Tiến Quân

Tiến quân ca, Vietnam National Anthem
represent the unique struggles and triumphs of each nation and evoke a sense of pride in
their shared heritage and values.
Ca" (The Marching Song), holds deep
correlation with the country's history, culture,
and national identity. Composed by Văn Cao in
1944, the anthem reflects the spirit of resistance
and determination during Vietnam's struggle for
independence. Its lyrics evoke a sense of unity,
resilience, and sacrifice in the face of foreign
occupation. National anthem of Vietnam
provides insights into the nation's rich cultural
heritage, the historical context of its fight for
independence, and the enduring spirit of its
people. Additionally, the correlation with
Vietnam's national anthem allows for a deeper
exploration of the country's collective memory,
its journey toward reunification, and its ongoing
development as a sovereign nation. It also
highlights the importance of music as a powerful
tool for expressing national pride and inspiring
patriotism. Both anthems of Viet Nam and the US
II.6. NATIONAL DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: (Nguyễn Thị
Xuân Nhi)

National Declaration of Independence of the US

II.6.1. Background and Purpose

By issuing the Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Continental Congress

on July 4, 1776, the 13 American colonies severed their political connections to Great
Britain. The Declaration summarized the colonists’ motivations for seeking
independence. By declaring themselves an independent nation, the American colonists
were able to confirm an official alliance with the Government of France and obtain
French assistance in the war against Great Britain.

The Revolution Begins

In the early 1770s, more and more colonists became convinced that Parliament
intended to take away their freedom. In fact, the Americans saw a pattern of increasing
oppression and corruption happening all around the world. Parliament was determined to
bring its unruly American subjects to heel. Britain began to prepare for war in early 1775.
The first fighting broke out in April in Massachusetts. In August, the King declared the
colonists “in a state of open and avowed rebellion.” For the first time, many colonists
began to seriously consider cutting ties with Britain. The publication of Thomas Paine’s
stirring pamphlet Common Sense in early 1776 lit a fire under this previously
unthinkable idea. The movement for independence was now in full swing.

Choosing Independence

The colonists elected delegates to attend a Continental Congress that eventually

became the governing body of the union during the Revolution. Its second meeting was
convened in Philadelphia in 1775. The delegates to Congress adopted strict rules of
secrecy to protect the cause of American liberty and their own lives. In less than a year,
most of the delegates abandoned hope of reconciliation with Britain. On June 7, 1776,
Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution “that these united colonies are and of right
ought to be free and independent states.” They appointed a Committee of Five to write an
announcement explaining the reasons for independence. Thomas Jefferson, who chaired
the committee and had established himself as a bold and talented political writer, wrote
the first draft.

Writing the Declaration

The Declaration of Independence was primarily drafted by Thomas Jefferson, with

input and revisions from John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R.
Livingston. Jefferson's eloquent writing is often highlighted in the document. The main
purpose of the declaration was to explain and justify the colonies' decision to seek
independence from Great Britain.

On June 11, 1776, Jefferson holed up in his Philadelphia boarding house and
began to write. He borrowed freely from existing documents like the Virginia Declaration
of Rights and incorporated accepted ideals of the Enlightenment. Jefferson later
explained that “he was not striving for originality of principal or sentiment.” Instead, he
hoped his words served as an “expression of the American mind.” Less than three weeks
after he’d begun, he presented his draft to Congress. He was not pleased when Congress
“mangled” his composition by cutting and changing much of his carefully chosen
wording. He was especially sorry they removed the part blaming King George III for the
slave trade, although he knew the time wasn’t right to deal with the issue.

Declaring Independence

On July 2, 1776, Congress voted to declare independence. They made a few

changes in wording during several days of debate and deleted nearly a fourth of the text.
The wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved on July 4, 1776, and sent
to the printer for publication. John Dunlap, official printer to Congress, worked through
the night to set the Declaration in type and print approximately 200 copies. These copies,
known as the Dunlap Broadsides, were sent to various committees, assemblies, and
commanders of the Continental troops. The Dunlap Broadsides weren’t signed, but John
Hancock’s name appears in large type at the bottom. One copy crossed the Atlantic,
reaching King George III months later. The official British response scolded the
“misguided Americans” and “their extravagant and inadmissible Claim of
Independency''.

II.6.2. Key Principles and Ideas

The Declaration of Independence states three basic ideas: (1) God made all men
equal and gave them the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; (2) the main
business of government is to protect these rights; (3) if a government tries to withhold
these rights, the people are free to revolt and to set up a new government.

II.6.3. Structure and Contents

The Declaration of Independence was designed for multiple audiences: the King, the
colonists, and the world. It was also designed to multitask. Its goals were to rally the
troops, win foreign allies, and to announce the creation of a new country. The
introductory sentence states the Declaration’s main purpose, to explain the colonists’
right to revolution. In other words, “to declare the causes which impel them to the
separation.” Congress had to prove the legitimacy of its cause. It had just defied the most
powerful nation on Earth. It needed to motivate foreign allies to join the fight.

Preamble

These are the lines contemporary Americans know best: “We hold these truths to
be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator
with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of
Happiness.” These stirring words were designed to convince Americans to put their lives
on the line for the cause. Separation from the mother country threatened their sense of
security, economic stability, and identity. The preamble sought to inspire and unite them
through the vision of a better life.

List of Grievances

The list of 27 complaints against King George III constitute the proof of the right
to rebellion. Congress cast “the causes which impel them to separation” in universal
terms for an international audience. Join our fight, reads the subtext, and you join
humankind’s fight against tyranny. The longest part of the Declaration begins with "He
has refused his Assent to Laws" and goes on to list the unfair actions of the British king
and Parliament. In their complaints, the colonists make it clear that they are angry with
the British king and government for taking away their rights as English citizens. They
point out that the king has ignored or changed their colonial governments, as well as their
rights to a trial by jury. The colonists accuse the king of sending a hired army to force
them to obey unjust laws. They say the king is “unfit to be the ruler of a free people.”

Formal declaration of independence

 The final paragraph, beginning with "We, therefore, the Representatives of the
United States of America," affirms that the 13 colonies are free and independent states. It
breaks all ties with the British government and people. As independent states, they can
make trade agreements and treaties, wage war, and do whatever is necessary to govern
themselves. This formal declaration of independence ends with important words. The
words tell us what the signers of the Declaration of Independence were willing to give up
for freedom: “…we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred
Honor.”

Signatures

There are 56 signatures on the Declaration of Independence. Fifty men from 13 states
signed the document on August 2 in 1776. The other six signed over the course of the
next year and a half. As the President of the Second Continental Congress, John Hancock
signed first. He wrote his name very large. Some of the men abbreviated their first names,
like Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin.

II.6.4. Influence and Legacy

The Declaration of Independence holds profound and enduring significance in

shaping the United States and its principles. As a symbol of American democracy and
freedom, it played a pivotal role in rallying support for the Revolutionary War and
declaring the nation's resolve for independence. The eloquent composition of the
document, embracing the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, inspired
movements for emancipation, including the end of slavery. Leaders like Martin Luther
King Jr. referenced the Declaration in their pursuit of racial equality and justice,
Abraham Lincoln drew inspiration from the Declaration, contributing to the concept of
the American Dream.

The Declaration has fostered equality among men and women, influencing societal
values and practices. Its principles are ingrained in the hearts of people, leading to
greater opportunities for women and a reduction in slave trade due to the belief in
universal equality. The document's impact extends to the Constitution and Bill of Rights,
with these foundational documents reflecting the moral and ethical standards set by the
Declaration. The Bill of Rights, including freedoms of speech, assembly, and petition,
draws upon the principles articulated in the Declaration, creating a cohesive framework
for the nation's governance.

* Correlation with the declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of

Vietnam:

The Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

(Vietnamese: Tuyên ngôn độc lập Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa) was written by Hồ Chí
Minh, and announced in public at the Ba Đình flower garden (now the Ba Đình Square)
in Hanoi on September 2, 1945. It led to the foundation of the Democratic Republic of
Vietnam, replacing the Nguyen dynasty. The first lines of his speech repeated verbatim
the famous second paragraph of America’s 1776 Declaration of Independence:

“All people are created equal; they are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights; among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”

National Declaration of Independence of Democratic Republic of Vietnam

This immortal statement was made in the Declaration of Independence of the United
States of America in 1776. In a broader sense, this means: All the peoples on the earth are
equal from birth, all the peoples have a right to live, to be happy and free.

He also referred to the lines of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of
the French Revolution made in 1791: “All men are born free and with equal rights, and
must always remain free and have equal rights.”

Next, the declaration condemns the crimes of the French colonialists against the
Vietnamese people during more than 80 years of invasion. It is an economic, political,
and cultural crime, the crime of selling the country twice to Japan. The declaration
highlights the just struggle and victory of our people. The declaration ends with a
declaration of the right to independence and freedom and the determination to protect the
independence and freedom of the entire nation.

Ho Chi Minh's Declaration of Independence played a crucial role in laying the foundation
for Vietnam's struggle for independence. It marked the beginning of a new chapter in
Vietnamese history, as the nation embarked on a path towards self-determination and
sovereignty.

II.7. NATIONAL FLAG:

 II.7.1. Description of the flag's design

II.7.1.1 Dimensions and proportions

The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 10 to 19. In practice, most United States

national flags available for sale to the public follow the federal star arrangement, but have
a different width-to-height ratio; common sizes are 2 × 3 ft. or 4 × 6 ft. (flag ratio 1.5),
2.5 × 4 ft. or 5 × 8 ft. (1.6), or 3 × 5 ft. or 6 × 10 ft. (1.667). Even flags flown over the
U.S. Capitol for sale to the public through Representatives or Senators are provided in
these sizes.[89] Flags that are made to the prescribed 1.9 ratio are often referred to as "G-
spec" (for "government specification") flags.

Diagram of flag design

II.7.1.2 Elements of the flag

The United States flag consists of thirteen horizontal stripes alternating between
red and white, representing the original thirteen colonies. In the top left corner, there is a
blue rectangle, known as the canton, which contains fifty white stars. Each star represents
a state in the country. The flag's design remains consistent, with the stars arranged in
rows. The colors of the flag, red, white, and blue, are vibrant and bold, creating a striking
visual impact. The flag's elements, including the stripes, canton, and stars, come together
to form a recognizable symbol of the United States.

II.7.2. Symbolism of the flag's elements

 Flag of the US

II.7.2.1 The stripes represent the original thirteen colonies

The seven red and six white stripes represent the 13 original colonies. These were
the colonies that rebelled against the British Monarchy and went on to become the first
13 states of the Union.

II.7.2.2 The color red symbolizes bravery

The color red in the United States flag symbolizes valor and bravery. It is a vivid
hue that represents the courage and sacrifice of those who have defended and continue to
defend the nation. The red stripes on the flag, alternating with white, embody the
resilience and strength of the American people. This bold color serves as a visual
reminder of the enduring spirit that has defined the United States throughout its history.
Whether displayed in times of conflict or celebration, the red in the flag is a powerful
symbol of the commitment to principles of liberty, justice, and the pursuit of happiness.

II.7.2.3 The color white symbolizes purity and innocence

The color white in the United States flag signifies purity and innocence. As one of
the alternating stripes alongside red, it represents the lofty ideals that underpin the
nation's foundation. White stands as a symbol of the commitment to uphold principles of
integrity, honesty, and the pursuit of a just society. It reflects the aspirational nature of the
American experiment, emphasizing the collective dedication to fostering a nation where
equality and freedom thrive. The white stripes on the flag, unfurled in times of peace and
unity, embody the nation's continual pursuit of a harmonious and equitable society,
devoid of prejudice and injustice.

II.7.2.4 The blue field represents vigilance, perseverance, and justice

The color blue in the United States flag holds profound significance. As the field
that hosts the fifty stars, it symbolizes the unity of the states within the federal
government. Blue reflects the enduring commitment to principles of freedom and
democracy, serving as a visual anchor for the nation's identity. Whether seen against the
backdrop of clear skies or draped over the shoulders of servicemembers, the blue in the
flag embodies the enduring spirit of the United States, reminding citizens of their shared
responsibilities and the pursuit of a just and equitable society

II.7.2.5 The fifty white stars representing the fifty states of the Union

To reflect the United States’ steady growth and development, a star was added to
its flag every time a new state was added to the Union. Because of this constant change,
the flag has had 27 versions to date, with Hawaii as the last state to join the Union in
1960 and the last star added to the United States flag. Other American territories like
Guam, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, and others, may also be considered for
statehood and eventually be added to theUnited States flag in the form of stars.

II.7.3. Flag Evolution

II.7.3.1 Historical development of the flag's design

After the commencement of the American Revolution, the first unofficial national
flag was raised at Prospect Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts, on January 1, 1776.
Known as the Continental Colours or Grand Union Flag, it had 13 horizontal stripes,
likely in red and white or red, white, and blue, along with the first version of the British
Union Flag in the canton. This flag, endorsed by General George Washington, became
the symbol of the Continental Army and was flown at forts and on naval vessels. Another
early flag, used by the Sons of Liberty in 1765, had only nine red and white stripes.
"Don't Tread on Me" coiled-rattlesnake flags, like the Gadsden flag, appeared on various
colonial banners during the Revolutionary War. One such version from Culpeper County,
Virginia, included the rattlesnake, the motto, and Patrick Henry's famous words "Liberty
or Death."

The first official flag of the United States was approved by the Continental
Congress on June 14, 1777. The resolution decreed that the flag would have thirteen
stripes, alternating between red and white. It also declared that the flag would have
thirteen white stars against a blue field. While each stripe represented the 13 colonies, the
13 stars represented each state of the United States. There were issues with the
Resolution though. It did not clearly specify how the stars should be arranged, how many
points they would have, and whether the flag should have more red or white stripes.

Flag makers made different versions of it, but Betsy Ross’s version became one of
the most popular. It featured 13 five-pointed stars forming a circle with the stars pointing
outwards.
 While there are ongoing debates on the exact origin of the American flag, some
historians believe that it was first designed by New Jersey Congressman Francis
Hopkinson and sewn by Philadelphia seamstress Betsy Ross in the late 1770s. However,
there is some doubt that Betsy Ross made the first US flag. William Canby, Besty Ross’s
grandchild, claimed that George Washington walked into her shop and asked her to sew
the first American flag. The Pennsylvania Historical Society disagrees, stating that there
is little evidence to support Canby’s version of events and considering it more of a myth
rather than a historical fact.

On May 1, 1795, Congress enacted the second Flag Resolution, marking a change
in the Stars and Stripes. This resolution mandated the addition of new stars and stripes to
the flag with each new state admitted to the Union. The first two states added were
Vermont (1791) and Kentucky (1792). In 1818, after five more states joined, Congress
enacted the third and final Flag Resolution, establishing that the number of stripes should
remain 13, the number of stars should match the number of states, and a new star should
be added on July 4 following a state's admission. This system has been in place since
then. From 1777 to 1960, there were 27 versions of the flag, with 25 involving changes in
the stars only. An executive order by President William Howard Taft in 1912
standardized the proportions and sizes of the flag's elements for the first time, and in
1934, the exact shades of color were also standardized.

II.7.3.2 Flag Acts and official specifications

On June 14, 1777, the Second Continental Congress passed the first Flag
Resolution. This resolution officially adopted the “Stars and Stripes” as the national flag
and states: “Resolved That the Flag of the United States be 13 stripes alternate red and
white, that the Union be 13 stars white in a blue field representing a new constellation.”
June 14th is celebrated as Flag Day because of this resolution. Since the resolution did
not specify the arrangements of the stars, flags exist with a variety of “constellations.”
The “Betsy Ross” flag arranges the stars in a circular pattern.

In 1794, a second Flag Act was signed. In this resolution, two new stars and two
more stripes were added to the design, which symbolized the addition of Vermont and
Kentucky into the Union. It provided for fifteen stripes as well as fifteen stars. This flag
remained in use even when five more states were added to the Union. In 1818, the third
Flag Act was signed that started the precedent of adding another star to the flag after each
state’s entrance into the Union. In addition, this act reduced the number of stripes from
fifteen to thirteen.

In 1912, the 48-star flag was adopted. This was the first time that a flag act
specified an official arrangement of the stars in the canton, namely six rows of eight stars
each, where each star would point upward. The United States Army and United States
Navy, however, has already been using standardized designs. Throughout the 19th
century, different star patterns, both rectangular and circular, had been abundant in
civilian use.
 In 1960, the current 50-star flag was adopted, incorporating the most recent
change, from 49 stars to 50, when the present design was chosen, after Hawaii gained
statehood in August 1959. Before that, the admission of Alaska in January 1959 had
prompted the debut of a short-lived 49-star flag.

II.7.4. Flag Variations

II.7.4.1 State flags

The flags of the U.S. states, territories, and the District of Columbia (Washington,
D.C.) exhibit a variety of regional influences and local histories, as well as different
styles and design principles. Modern U.S. state flags date from the turn of the 20th
century, when states considered distinctive symbols for the 1893 World's Columbian
Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. Most U.S. state flags were designed and adopted between
1893 and World War I. Some state flags feature animals, plants, stars, seals, or coats of
arms that represent the state's natural resources, heritage, or achievements. Some state
flags have unique designs, such as Ohio's swallowtail shape, Maryland's heraldic
quartering, or Hawaii's incorporation of the British Union Jack. Some state flags have
been controversial, such as Mississippi's former use of the Confederate battle flag, or
Georgia's multiple changes over the years.

II.7.4.2 Military and Government flags

Military flags:

There are different flags for each military branch such as the Army, Navy, Air
Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and Space Force. The military flags of the United
States stand as proud symbols of the nation's armed forces, each carrying a unique
identity reflective of its branch's history and mission. The United States Army flag,
adorned with the Army emblem on a white field, signifies the strength and commitment
of the land forces. The United States Marine Corps flag, featuring the iconic emblem with
a globe, anchor, and eagle on a scarlet background, embodies the Corps' tradition of
global readiness and amphibious prowess. The United States Navy flag, marked by an
emblem with an eagle, anchor, and ship on a dark blue field, represents the maritime
strength and capabilities of the Navy. The United States Air Force flag, showcasing the
emblem with a stylized eagle and star against a blue background, symbolizes the Air
Force's dedication to air and space superiority. Lastly, the United States Coast Guard flag,
displaying a shield, anchor, and rope on a white field with dark blue details, highlights
the Coast Guard's crucial role in maritime security and safety. Together, these military
flags underscore the unity, resilience, and unwavering commitment of the United States
armed forces to safeguard the nation and its values.
 Armed Forces Flag Kit

Government flags:

There are also flags for various government agencies such as the Department of
State, the Department of Defense, the Department of Homeland Security, NASA and
others. These flags usually have the agency’s seal or emblem on a blue or white
background. The President of the United States is represented by the Presidential
Standard, a flag that bears the presidential seal on a blue background. This flag is often
flown when the President is present and symbolizes the authority and presence of the
Commander-in-Chief. Similar to the Presidential Standard, the Vice President has a
specific flag with the vice presidential seal on a blue background. It is used to signify the
presence of the Vice President at official events. Representing the overarching defense
structure, the Department of Defense (DoD) flag features a blue field with a gold fringe
and includes the department's emblem at the center. This emblem incorporates a bald
eagle, a shield, and an olive branch, symbolizing the nation's commitment to defense and
peace.
 U.S. State Department Agency Flag

* Correlation with the national flag of Vietnam:

On November 23th 1940, it was the

Vietnamese National Flags
as the national flag of Vietnam.
first time the red flag with a five -
pointed yellow star appeared in the
Southern uprising against French and
Japanese. A year later, in May 1941,
the 8th Central Communist Party
Conference was held under the
leadership of Ho Chi Minh. The
purpose of this conference was to
establish the People’s Government of
the Democratic Republic of Vietnam,
then proclaimed the red flag with a
five - pointed yellow star in the center

With the defeat of American and South Vietnamese forces in 1975, communists
ruled the entire country. Their 1945 flag flew in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in
the north; in the south the Republic of Vietnam (led militarily by the Viet Cong) had a
similar flag. The Viet Cong banner had equal horizontal stripes of red over light blue with
a central five-pointed star. The government and flag of the south disappeared on July 2,
1976, when the two halves of the country united, and today the red flag with a yellow star
is used throughout Vietnam. The five points of the star are said to stand for the five
principal classes composing the political front—the proletariat, peasantry, military,
intellectuals, and petty bourgeoisie.

II.8. ECONOMY:
 U.S. Economy

II.8.1. Fields

II.8.1.1 Manufacturing

Durable Manufacturing

Durable Manufacturing is classified as the manufacturing sector engaged in the

production of durable products such as computers, automobiles, firearms, sports
equipment, house appliances, and aircraft which are characterized by long durations
between purchases and are usually rentable.

The durable manufacturing industry in the United States has a GDP value added
of $910 billion which represents 6% of the national GDP. The sector is highly
volatile and is affected by local and international factors such as global oil prices as
well as the performance of the US dollar on international money markets. The
durable manufacturing industry plays a significant role in employment in the US
economy with over 349,000 of Americans being either directly or indirectly
employed in the industry.

Non-durable Manufacturing

The non-durable manufacturing industry produces commodities that are defined

as having a lifespan of less than three years, such as gasoline, electricity, and
clothing. Non-durable manufacturing is a predominant pillar in the U.S. with a GDP
value-added that's 4.8% of the national GDP, according to the Federal Reserve. The
non-durable manufacturing sector is less valuable than durable manufacturing;
however, it employs more people and accounts for 4.4 million jobs compared to
349,000 jobs from durable manufacturing.

The MAPI Foundation suggests annual export growth will increase thanks to
increased manufacturing productivity. The Foundation points to increasing capital
spending, improved global economic conditions, and business tax reform that are
motivating businesses to invest in the manufacturing industry as factors that will
boost manufacturing in the next few years.

II.8.1.2 Services

Real Estate, renting, and leasing

Real Estate, renting, and leasing constitutes the largest sector of the United
States’ economy with the GDP value added of $1.898 trillion accounting for 13% of
the national GDP. The sector contributes to the economy in two fronts; the first
being through consumer spending through rent and payment of household utilities,
and the other being through residential investment which encompasses the
construction of new housing units, broker fees, and residential remodeling.
Finance and Insurance

The U.S. is a global financial hub. The Finance and Insurance sector is another
top GDP contributor in the United States with the industry having a GDP value
added of $1.159 trillion which is equivalent to 8% of the total GDP. The Finance
and Insurance industry is made up of four distinct sectors which include insurance
carriers, credit intermediation and Federal Reserve banks, commodity contracts and
securities, trusts and funds and other financial vehicles.

The growth of the finance and insurance industry is critical to the US economy
as it helps in the facilitation of US exports. The industry is also estimated to directly
employ over 5 million people in the United States which is equivalent to 4% of the
nation’s total employment.

Health And Medical Insurance

The US's Health And Medical Insurance Industry is estimated to grow due to
various factors, including a consistent rise in healthcare expenditure, medical cost
inflation, etc. In terms of market size, the Health And Medical Insurance Industry is
a top-ranked Finance And Insurance industry. It is to be noted that the Health And
Medical Insurance Industry has also greatly benefitted from an aging population, as
older people need more health insurance coverage than younger people. Moreover,
government-sponsored programs like Medicare have helped increase government
spending on health and medical insurance

Tourism

The US tourism economy is a large and important sector that contributes to the
country’s GDP and employment. According to the International Trade
Administration, the US travel and tourism industry generated $1.9 trillion in
economic output, supported 9.5 million American jobs and accounted for 2.9% of
US GDP in 2019. However, the sector was severely affected by the COVID-19
pandemic and has not fully recovered to its pre-pandemic levels. In 2022, the gross
domestic product (GDP) of the travel and tourism sector in the United States
amounted to approximately 2.02 trillion U.S. dollars.

II.8.1.3 Welfare

II.8.1.3.1. An overview of welfare in the US

The United States spends approximately $2.3 trillion on federal and state
social programs including cash assistance, health insurance, food assistance,
housing subsidies, energy and utilities subsidies, and education and childcare
assistance. Similar benefits are sometimes provided by the private sector either
through policy mandates or on a voluntary basis. Employer-sponsored health
insurance is an example of this.
 II.8.1.3.2. Who funded the social welfare programs in the US?

The source of social welfare in the United States primarily comes from
public funding, including both federal and state budgets. Social welfare programs
are often funded and administered by both the federal government and state
governments. The federal budget provides significant funding for national programs
such as Medicaid (healthcare for the poor) and Social Security, while state budgets
typically fund specific welfare programs such as Medicaid for low-income health
care and assistance for the disabled.

Additionally, other sources of funding may include grants from non-profit

organizations, charitable agencies, and contributions from businesses and
individuals. However, most important social welfare programs still rely heavily on
government funding.

II.8.1.3.3. Main social welfare programs

The United States operates several key welfare programs aimed at

providing assistance to individuals and families facing financial hardship.
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) offers financial aid and support
services to low-income families with dependent children, while the Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) provides food assistance to eligible
households. Medicaid ensures healthcare coverage for low-income individuals,
while Supplemental Security Income (SSI) offers cash assistance to the elderly,
blind, and disabled. Housing assistance programs, such as Section 8 vouchers, help
low-income households afford safe housing, and the Earned Income Tax Credit
(EITC) provides tax relief to low-wage workers. Unemployment Insurance (UI)
offers temporary financial support to those who have lost their jobs. These programs
collectively aim to alleviate poverty and improve the well-being of vulnerable
populations in the United States.

II.8.1.3.2. Welfare recipients

Government welfare is primarily aimed at people with little to no income,

aging adults, and people with disabilities. Welfare can include grants, food stamps,
vouchers, Medicaid, health care, and housing assistance. The subsidized program is
only available for legal citizens and permanent residents of the United States.
Federal law bans states from using grants to assist most legal immigrants unless they
have resided in the country for five years or more.

A valid Social Security Number (SSN) is needed to apply for welfare. In households
with more than one member, all members must have an SSN. In addition to meeting
the requirements postulated by the federal government, individuals applying for
welfare must also meet their states' requirements. For example, some states require
that the applicant be a resident of that state to live there continuously.
 II.8.1.4 Agriculture

The U.S. agriculture economy is a vital pillar of the nation's economic

landscape, encompassing a diverse range of crops, livestock, and agribusiness
activities. The country's vast and varied geography allows for the production of a
wide array of agricultural products, including corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, fruits,
and vegetables. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, agriculture, food,
and related industries contributed roughly $1.264 trillion to U.S. gross domestic
product (GDP) in 2021, a 5.4-percent share. The output of America’s farms
contributed $164.7 billion of this sum—about 0.7 percent of U.S. GDP. The U.S. is
the world leader in maize production, with 392 million tons in 2018. The agriculture
sector is not only a key contributor to the nation's GDP but also plays a crucial role
in ensuring food security both domestically and globally. Modern farming practices,
incorporating advanced technologies and machinery, have significantly increased
productivity. Family farms, as well as large commercial operations, coexist in the
American agricultural landscape. The sector faces challenges such as fluctuating
commodity prices, weather-related uncertainties, and evolving trade dynamics.
Government policies, including farm subsidies and support programs, play a role in
stabilizing the agricultural economy. Despite challenges, the U.S. agriculture
economy remains resilient, innovative, and essential to meeting the demands of a
growing population.

II.8.2. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Notably, in 2018, the economy experienced its strongest quarterly growth

rates since 2014. The yearly GDP growth in 2018 at 2.9% was the best performance
in a decade before a great GDP decline in early 2020 because of the impact of
COVID-19. In 2020, The US economy suffered major setbacks because of the
shutting down of significant sections of the country's economy. However, as a
highly developed nation, the United States continues to sustain its position as one of
the world's most powerful and largest economies. As per the latest 2022 estimate,
the US GDP of $25.35 trillion is the largest nominal GDP in the world, which
accounts for about a quarter of the world's nominal GDP. In 2023, the U.S. GDP
increased from the previous year to about 27.36 trillion U.S. dollars.This increase in
GDP can be attributed to a continued rebound from the impact of the coronavirus
pandemic. Gross domestic product (GDP) refers to the market value of all goods
and services produced within a country. The United States also has the most
technologically powerful and innovative economy in the world. By Purchasing
Power Parity, the US holds more than 16% of the gross world product and is
considered to be the second-largest in the world, just behind the People's Republic
of China.

II.8.3. Government Intervention and Regulation

 II.8.3.1 Role of the government

Although the United States economy leans toward a market economy, the
government plays a significant role. The most obvious way the government is
involved in the U.S. economy is providing public goods and services like education,
military protection, national parks and federal highways. These goods and services
are paid for with tax revenue, which introduces a second role of government –
redistribution of income.

The government also serves an important role in protecting private property –

which is critical for markets to function properly. That means that other people don’t
have a right to live in your house or use your invention, and you can seek legal help
if they try. When markets fail to function properly, the government sometimes steps
into a market to resolve a market failure by limiting the power of a monopoly or to
address negative side effects for third parties, like pollution. The government may
also affect markets through regulations that impact the way producers make goods
and services.

II.8.3.2 Overview of economic policies and regulations

Policies

The U.S. government uses two types of policies—monetary policy and fiscal
policy—to influence economic performance. Both have the same purpose: to help
the economy achieve growth, full employment, and price stability.

Monetary policy is used to control the money supply and interest rates. It’s
exercised through an independent government agency called the Federal Reserve
System (“the Fed”), which has the power to control the money supply and interest
rates. When the Fed believes that inflation is a problem, it will use contractionary
policy to decrease the money supply and raise interest rates. To counter a recession,
it will use expansionary policy to increase the money supply and reduce interest
rates.

Fiscal policy uses the government’s power to spend and tax. When the country is
in a recession, the government will increase spending, reduce taxes, or do both to
expand the economy. When we’re experiencing inflation, the government will
decrease spending or increase taxes, or both. When the government takes in more
money in a given year (through taxes) than it spends, the result is a surplus. When
the opposite happens, the government spends more money than it takes in—we have
a deficit. The cumulative sum of deficits is the national debt—the total amount of
money owed by the federal government.

Regulations
 The U.S. federal government regulates private enterprise in numerous ways.
Regulation falls into two general categories. Economic regulation seeks, either
directly or indirectly, to control prices. Traditionally, the government has sought to
prevent monopolies such as electric utilities from raising prices beyond the level that
would ensure them reasonable profits. At times, the government has extended
economic control to other kinds of industries as well. A number of other industries
-- trucking and, later, airlines -- successfully sought regulation themselves to limit
what they considered harmful price-cutting.

Another form of economic regulation, antitrust law, seeks to strengthen market

forces so that direct regulation is unnecessary. The government -- and, sometimes,
private parties -- have used antitrust law to prohibit practices or mergers that would
unduly limit competition.

The government also exercises control over private companies to achieve social
goals, such as protecting the public's health and safety or maintaining a clean and
healthy environment. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration bans harmful drugs,
for example; the Occupational Safety and Health Administration protects workers
from hazards they may encounter in their jobs; the Environmental Protection
Agency seeks to control water and air pollution.
 II.9. LANGUAGES: (Nguyễn Thị Kiều Nhiên)

Most Spoken Languages in USA

II.9.1. English

English is the predominant language in the United States, serving as the primary means
of communication across the nation. As a result of historical events and cultural
influences, English has become deeply ingrained in American society, shaping the
country's linguistic landscape. The English language in America is known for its diversity
and regional variations, reflecting the rich tapestry of the nation's history and the influx of
immigrants from around the globe.

The roots of English in America can be traced back to the early 17th century when the
British colonists established the first permanent English settlement in Jamestown,
Virginia. Over time, English evolved and adapted to its new environment, incorporating
influences from Native American languages, as well as Dutch, French, and Spanish,
among others. This amalgamation of linguistic influences gave rise to distinct American
English dialects, such as Southern, New England, Midwestern, and African American
Vernacular English (AAVE).

American English also underwent significant changes through contact with other
languages during periods of mass immigration. Throughout the 19th and early 20th
centuries, millions of immigrants arrived on American shores, bringing with them their
native languages. While many immigrants eventually adopted English as their primary
language, they often influenced the development of American English by introducing new
vocabulary, idioms, and pronunciation patterns. As a result, American English became a
dynamic and ever-evolving linguistic entity, constantly absorbing and incorporating
linguistic elements from diverse cultural backgrounds.

The influence of American English extends beyond the borders of the United States,
with its global reach stemming from the country's economic, political, and cultural
dominance. American English has become the de facto international language of business,
technology, and popular culture, with American idioms, expressions, and accents
permeating the global media landscape. Hollywood movies, American music, and the
internet have all played a significant role in disseminating American English worldwide,
contributing to its status as a widely recognized and widely spoken language.

In conclusion, the English language in America is a reflection of the nation's history,

cultural diversity, and global influence. Its regional variations, immigrant contributions,
and international reach make it a vibrant and ever-evolving linguistic force. From its
humble beginnings in colonial Jamestown to its current status as a global language,
English in America remains a central and defining element of American identity.

II.9.2. Multilingualism

The United States is a melting pot of cultures and languages, making multilingualism
an integral part of its linguistic landscape. With a rich history of immigration and a diverse
population, the country is home to a multitude of languages spoken by its residents. While
English is the dominant language, numerous other languages thrive in different
communities, creating a vibrant tapestry of multilingualism.

The multilingual nature of America can be traced back to its early colonial days when
European settlers brought their native languages with them. Throughout history, waves of
immigration from different parts of the world have contributed to the linguistic diversity of
the country. Spanish, for example, has a significant presence due to the Spanish
colonization of regions such as Florida, Texas, California, and Puerto Rico. Spanish is now
the second most widely spoken language in the United States, with millions of Spanish-
speaking individuals residing in various states.

Apart from Spanish, other languages have also established strong communities and
cultural identities. Chinese, Tagalog, Vietnamese, French, German, Italian, and Korean are
just a few examples of languages spoken by sizable populations in the United States. These
communities often maintain their languages through cultural institutions, media, and
educational programs, allowing their languages to flourish alongside English.

The benefits of multilingualism are numerous. Being able to communicate in multiple

languages enhances cultural understanding, facilitates economic opportunities, and fosters
a sense of inclusivity within communities. In diverse cities like New York, Los Angeles,
and Miami, the multilingual fabric of society is evident in the signs, advertisements, and
conversations heard on the streets.
 In recognition of the importance of multilingualism, many schools and educational
institutions across the country offer bilingual or language immersion programs. These
programs provide students with the opportunity to learn languages such as Spanish, French,
Mandarin, or Arabic from an early age, promoting cross-cultural understanding and
preparing them for a globalized world.

In conclusion, the multilingualism of languages in America reflects its diverse

population and complex history of immigration. While English remains the dominant
language, the presence of numerous other languages adds richness and depth to the
country's cultural fabric. The United States stands as a testament to the power and beauty
of linguistic diversity, where multiple languages intertwine to form a truly multicultural
nation.

Multilingualsm in USA

II.9.3. Spanish

Spanish is a widely spoken language in the United States, with a significant

presence that reflects the country's historical ties to Spanish-speaking territories and a
growing population of Spanish-speaking individuals. The Spanish language in America
has deep roots that can be traced back to the early Spanish colonization of regions such as
Florida, Texas, California, and Puerto Rico. Today, Spanish is the second most
commonly spoken language in the United States, with millions of individuals who use it
as their primary or secondary language.

The influence of Spanish in America is particularly pronounced in areas with large

Hispanic communities, such as Miami, Los Angeles, and the southwestern states. These
regions are characterized by vibrant Hispanic cultures, where Spanish is spoken in
homes, schools, businesses, and public spaces. Spanish-language media, including
television, radio, and newspapers, also play a significant role in preserving the language
and connecting Spanish speakers across the country.
 The Spanish spoken in America has developed its own distinct flavor, often
referred to as "Spanglish." Spanglish is a hybrid form of Spanish infused with English
words and phrases, reflecting the constant interaction and cultural exchange between
English and Spanish speakers. This linguistic fusion is a testament to the dynamic nature
of language and the bilingualism that exists in many Hispanic communities.

The presence of Spanish in America extends beyond cultural and social contexts.
The economic significance of Spanish is undeniable, as the United States maintains
strong trade and cultural ties with many Spanish-speaking countries. Bilingual
individuals who are fluent in Spanish and English have a competitive edge in the job
market, particularly in industries such as healthcare, education, customer service, and
international business.

Recognizing the importance of Spanish, many educational institutions offer

Spanish language programs, ranging from elementary schools to universities. These
programs provide students with the opportunity to learn Spanish and gain a deeper
understanding of the language and culture. Additionally, Spanish immersion programs
have gained popularity, allowing students to acquire fluency through total immersion in a
Spanish-speaking environment.

In conclusion, the Spanish language in America holds a significant place within the
country's linguistic landscape. Its historical roots, cultural influence, and growing number
of Spanish speakers contribute to the richness and diversity of American society. Spanish
serves as a bridge between cultures, fostering communication and understanding among
communities. As the Spanish-speaking population continues to grow, the language's
impact on American life will only become more pronounced.

II.9.4. Other Language Communities

The linguistic diversity of the United States extends far beyond English and
Spanish, encompassing a rich tapestry of other language communities that contribute to
the cultural fabric of the nation. These communities represent a wide range of languages
from all corners of the globe, reflecting the country's history of immigration and the
diverse origins of its inhabitants. From Asian languages to indigenous languages, African
languages to European languages, these linguistic communities maintain their heritage
and enrich the multicultural landscape of America.

Asian languages have a significant presence across the United States, reflecting the
waves of immigration from countries such as China, Japan, India, Korea, Vietnam, and
the Philippines. Chinese languages, including Mandarin, Cantonese, and various dialects,
are widely spoken in Chinatowns and Chinese American communities throughout the
country. Japanese, with its unique writing system and cultural heritage, is prevalent in
Japanese American communities. Korean, Tagalog, Vietnamese, and Hindi are also
prominent languages within their respective communities, each reflecting the diverse
origins and cultural backgrounds of Asian Americans.
 Indigenous languages are an integral part of America's linguistic heritage, with over
500 distinct indigenous languages spoken across the country. Native American
communities have preserved and continue to speak their ancestral languages, which carry
deep cultural and spiritual significance. Languages such as Navajo, Cherokee, Ojibwe,
Choctaw, and many others are actively spoken by Native Americans, fostering a sense of
identity and connection to their cultural heritage. Efforts are being made to revitalize and
preserve these endangered languages through language preservation programs, tribal
schools, and community initiatives.

African languages also contribute to the linguistic diversity of America. With a

history rooted in the transatlantic slave trade, African languages have influenced the
development of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and Creole languages
such as Gullah and Louisiana Creole. These languages, while influenced by English and
French respectively, retain significant African linguistic features and serve as a testament
to the resilience and cultural heritage of African Americans.

European languages maintain a presence in various communities throughout

America, reflecting the diverse waves of immigration from European countries. German,
with its historical ties to immigration and settlement in the Midwest, continues to be
spoken among German American communities. Italian, brought by Italian immigrants
during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, is prevalent in cities like New York,
Chicago, and Philadelphia. Polish, Greek, Russian, and other European languages are
maintained by their respective communities, connecting them to their ancestral roots.

In addition to these well-established language communities, America is also home

to diverse diaspora communities that speak languages from all over the world. Arabic,
spoken by Arab Americans, represents a wide range of dialects and cultural backgrounds,
reflecting the diversity of the Arab world. Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, and other languages
from the Indian subcontinent are spoken by Indian Americans, while Urdu is spoken by
Pakistani Americans. Other diaspora communities speak languages such as Farsi,
Turkish, Swahili, and many more, maintaining strong ties to their cultural heritage.

The importance of these other language communities in America is recognized

through various initiatives and support systems. Bilingual education programs, language
schools, and community centers provide resources and opportunities for language
learning and cultural exchange. These initiatives help preserve languages, foster a sense
of identity, and promote understanding and appreciation of different cultures within the
broader American society.

The contributions of these language communities extend beyond language itself.

They enrich American culture, cuisine, arts, and literature, offering unique perspectives
and diverse experiences. Festivals, celebrations, and cultural events organized by these
communities showcase their traditions, music, dance, and culinary delights, providing
opportunities for cultural exchange and promoting a deeper understanding of their
heritage.
 In conclusion, the linguistic diversity of America extends far beyond English and
Spanish, encompassing a multitude of other language communities. These communities,
representing diverse regions, cultures, and histories, contribute to the multicultural fabric
of the nation. Asian languages, indigenous languages, African languages, European
languages, and diaspora communities all play a vital role in maintaining linguistic
diversity, cultural heritage, and fostering intercultural understanding within American
society.

* Correlation with Language of Vietnam:

Vietnam and the United States of America differ significantly when it comes to
language. In Vietnam, the official language is Vietnamese, which is spoken by the
majority of the population. Vietnamese is a tonal language with a complex system of
accents and intonations. It uses the Latin alphabet, but with additional diacritical marks to
represent different sounds. English, as a foreign language, is also widely taught and
spoken, particularly in urban areas and among the younger generation.

On the other hand, the United States does not have an official language at the
federal level, although English is the de facto language of communication and
administration. English in the United States is primarily based on American English,
which has its unique vocabulary, pronunciation, and regional variations. However, due to
its diverse population and history of immigration, the U.S. is home to a wide array of
languages spoken by various communities, including Spanish, Chinese, Tagalog, French,
and many more.

While both countries have their respective dominant languages, the linguistic
landscape in the United States is much more diverse due to its multicultural society. In
Vietnam, Vietnamese remains the primary language of communication, with limited
regional variations. In contrast, the United States embraces a multitude of languages,
reflecting the country's rich cultural heritage and ongoing influx of immigrants from
around the world.

II.10. HISTORY:
 American History

II.10.1. American Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War, which took place from 1775 to 1783, was a
defining moment in American history. It was a conflict between Great Britain and the
thirteen colonies that sought independence, eventually leading to the birth of the United
States. The war was triggered by a series of events, including unfair taxation, lack of
representation, and growing resentment towards British rule.

The war witnessed various key battles, such as the Battle of Lexington and Concord,
Saratoga, and Yorktown. American leaders like George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,
and Benjamin Franklin played crucial roles in the fight for independence. The war
concluded with the Treaty of Paris in 1783, officially recognizing the United States as a
sovereign nation.

The American Revolutionary War not only secured independence for the colonies
but also inspired similar movements around the world. It laid the foundation for modern
democratic principles and established the United States as a beacon of liberty and
freedom.

II.10.2. The Civil War

The Civil War, spanning from 1861 to 1865, stands as one of the most transformative
and defining periods in American history. Rooted in the deep divisions between the
Northern and Southern states over issues of slavery, states' rights, and economic
differences, this brutal conflict tore the nation apart.

The war began when Confederate forces, representing the Southern states that
seceded from the Union, attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina. What ensued was a
devastating struggle that engulfed the nation in chaos and bloodshed. The Union, led by
President Abraham Lincoln, fought to preserve the United States and end the institution
of slavery. The Confederacy, led by President Jefferson Davis, sought to establish an
independent nation based on the preservation of slavery.

The Civil War witnessed epic battles, such as Gettysburg and Antietam, where
countless lives were lost and landscapes scarred. The war resulted in the emancipation of
millions of enslaved African Americans and ultimately led to the preservation of the
Union. However, the conflict came at an immense cost, with over 600,000 lives lost.

The Civil War forever altered the fabric of American society, reshaping the nation's
politics, economy, and social dynamics. Its legacy continues to shape America's ongoing
struggle for equality and justice.
 II.10.3. The Roaring Twenties

The Roaring Twenties, spanning from 1920 to 1929, was a vibrant and
transformative era in American history. It was a time of significant social, cultural, and
economic change, characterized by unprecedented prosperity and cultural dynamism.

Following the end of World War I, the United States experienced a period of
economic boom and rapid urbanization. Industries such as automobiles, aviation, and
consumer goods thrived, fueling a consumer-driven economy. This era saw the rise of
iconic figures like Henry Ford, who revolutionized the production process with his
assembly line, and celebrities like Charles Lindbergh, who captured the nation's
imagination with his solo transatlantic flight.

The Roaring Twenties also witnessed a cultural revolution. Jazz music became
immensely popular, with the likes of Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington defining the
era's sound. Flappers challenged traditional gender norms, embracing a more liberated
lifestyle characterized by shorter skirts, bobbed hair, and a newfound sense of
independence.

However, beneath the surface of this apparent prosperity, the decade was also
marked by social tensions. Prohibition, the nationwide ban on the production and sale of
alcohol, led to the rise of illegal speakeasies and organized crime.

The era came to an abrupt end with the stock market crash of 1929, which triggered
the Great Depression and brought an end to the exuberance of the Roaring Twenties.
Nevertheless, this period remains an iconic chapter in American history, representing a
unique blend of progress and cultural transformation.

The American Revolution stands as a testament to the power of ordinary individuals

to challenge oppressive rule and fight for their rights. It laid the groundwork for the
formation of a new nation, one that would go on to become a beacon of freedom and a
symbol of democratic ideals. The legacy of the American Revolution continues to shape
American identity and remains a defining chapter in the nation's history.

II.10.4. The Great Depression

The Great Depression, which began in 1929, was a devastating economic crisis that
engulfed the United States. It was triggered by the stock market crash on October 29,
1929, commonly known as Black Tuesday. The crash led to a sharp decline in stock
prices, wiping out billions of dollars in wealth and causing widespread panic.

The impact of the Great Depression was felt across the nation. Unemployment
soared, reaching a staggering 25% by 1933. People lost their homes, businesses
collapsed, and poverty became widespread. The depression had a profound effect on the
lives of ordinary Americans, forcing many into breadlines and shantytowns.
 President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented the New Deal, a series of economic
programs and reforms aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform. These measures
included public works projects, financial regulations, and social welfare programs.

It took years for the United States to recover from the Great Depression, with the
economy eventually rebounding due to World War II. The lessons learned from this
period continue to shape economic policies and serve as a reminder of the importance of
financial stability and regulation.

II.10.5. The Civil Rights Movement

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s was a pivotal chapter in
American history, marked by a collective struggle for racial equality and justice. During
this period, African Americans and their allies fought against racial segregation,
discrimination, and the denial of basic civil rights.

Led by prominent figures like Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and Malcolm X,
the movement utilized nonviolent protests, civil disobedience, and grassroots organizing
to challenge the status quo. Landmark events such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the
March on Washington, and the Selma to Montgomery marches galvanized public support
and brought national attention to the cause.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were significant
legislative victories that dismantled legal segregation and protected voting rights. These
achievements paved the way for greater equality and fostered a broader movement for
social justice.

The Civil Rights Movement not only transformed the lives of African Americans but
also reshaped the nation's moral conscience. Its legacy continues to inspire ongoing
efforts to combat discrimination and promote equal rights for all.

* Compare Vietnam And The United States Of America For History

Vietnam and the United States of America have vastly different historical
trajectories. Vietnam has a long and rich history that dates back thousands of years,
influenced by Chinese civilization, the Khmer Empire, and indigenous cultures. It
experienced periods of independence, foreign domination, and colonization. The Vietnam
War, spanning the 1950s to the 1970s, was a defining chapter in Vietnam's history,
resulting in a reunified socialist country. The war had a profound impact on the nation,
both politically and socially.

In contrast, the United States has a relatively shorter history. It was colonized by
European powers, primarily the British, in the 17th century. The American Revolutionary
War in the late 18th century led to the nation's independence from Britain and the
formation of the United States. The country experienced rapid westward expansion,
conflicts with indigenous populations, and the institution of slavery. The American Civil
War in the 19th century resulted in the abolition of slavery and the preservation of the
Union.

While Vietnam's history is deeply rooted in its Asian heritage and influenced by
struggles for independence and reunification, the United States' history is characterized
by colonization, westward expansion, and social change. The Vietnam War remains a
significant chapter in both countries' histories, with far-reaching implications for politics,
culture, and international relations.

It is important to acknowledge and understand the distinct historical contexts of

Vietnam and the United States to comprehend their unique identities and perspectives.
Despite their different historical trajectories, both countries have experienced significant
transformative periods that have shaped their societies and continue to influence their
present-day dynamics.

II.11. GOVERNMENT:

II.11.1 The Three Branches of Government

The three branches of US government

II.11.1.1. The Executive Branch

The Executive Branch of the United States government is one of the three
branches established by the Constitution, alongside the Legislative and Judicial branches.
It is responsible for the execution and enforcement of laws, as well as the day-to-day
governance of the country. At the head of the Executive Branch is the President of the
United States, who serves as the chief executive and commander-in-chief.

The President is elected for a four-year term and is limited to serving a maximum
of two terms. The powers of the President include the ability to sign or veto legislation,
nominate federal judges and executive officials, conduct foreign policy, and serve as the
symbolic leader of the nation. The President also has the power to issue executive orders,
which are directives that carry the weight of law but can be subject to judicial review.

The Executive Branch consists of various departments and agencies that assist the
President in carrying out their duties. These include the Department of State, Department
of Defense, Department of Justice, and many others. Each department is headed by a
cabinet-level secretary, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.

The Executive Branch operates within a system of checks and balances, with
oversight from the Legislative and Judicial branches. The President can be impeached
and removed from office by the House of Representatives and the Senate, and their
actions can be subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court.

The Executive Branch plays a crucial role in shaping and implementing policies that
affect the daily lives of Americans. It is charged with safeguarding national security,
managing the economy, and addressing domestic and foreign challenges. The
effectiveness and leadership of the President, along with the cooperation and support of
the executive agencies, are vital in fulfilling the responsibilities of the Executive Branch
and ensuring the smooth functioning of the government.

II.11.1.2. The Legislative Branch

The Legislative Branch of the United States government, as outlined in the

Constitution, is a crucial component of the nation's governance. Comprising Congress, it
is responsible for creating, debating, and passing laws that shape the nation's policies.
The Congress itself consists of two chambers: the House of Representatives and the
Senate.

The House of Representatives is composed of members elected from

congressional districts based on population, serving as the lower house. The number of
representatives per state is determined by its population size. The Senate, serving as the
upper house, has two senators from each state, regardless of population. Together, these
chambers provide a system of checks and balances, ensuring that laws are not created
without thorough consideration and debate.

The primary role of the Legislative Branch is to enact laws. Members of Congress
propose bills, which undergo committee review, floor debates, and voting processes in
both the House of Representatives and the Senate. For a bill to become a law, it must pass
both chambers in identical form and receive the President's signature or override a veto
with a two-thirds majority vote.

In addition to lawmaking, the Legislative Branch holds significant powers. It has

the authority to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate commerce. Congress also conducts
oversight of the executive branch, ensuring that government agencies and officials are
accountable for their actions.
 The Legislative Branch plays a vital role in representing the interests of the
American people. Its members are elected to serve as the voice of their constituents,
advocating for their concerns and priorities. Through the legislative process, the branch
reflects the diverse perspectives of the nation and navigates complex policy challenges.
Overall, the Legislative Branch serves as a fundamental pillar of American democracy,
fostering deliberation, accountability, and the creation of laws that shape the nation's
direction.

II.11.1.3. The Judicial Branch

The Judicial Branch of the United States government is a vital component of the
nation's system of checks and balances. Established by the Constitution, it is responsible
for interpreting the law, settling disputes, and ensuring the fair administration of justice.
At the pinnacle of the Judicial Branch is the Supreme Court, composed of nine justices
who serve lifetime appointments.

The Supreme Court holds the power of judicial review, enabling it to examine the
constitutionality of laws and executive actions. Its decisions serve as legal precedents that
guide lower courts and shape the interpretation of the Constitution. The Court's
jurisdiction extends to cases involving federal law, constitutional issues, and disputes
between states.

In addition to the Supreme Court, the Judicial Branch comprises lower federal
courts, including circuit courts of appeals and district courts. These courts handle a wide
range of cases, from civil and criminal matters to administrative law and constitutional
challenges.

The Judicial Branch acts as a critical check on the other branches of government.
By ensuring that laws and executive actions comply with constitutional principles, it
safeguards individual rights, civil liberties, and the rule of law. The independence of the
judiciary is paramount to its functioning, allowing judges to render impartial decisions
without political influence.

The Judicial Branch plays a fundamental role in upholding the principles of

justice, preserving the balance of power, and protecting the rights of individuals. Through
its interpretation and application of the law, it contributes to the stability and integrity of
the American legal system.

II.11.2 The Roles and Powers of the President

II.11.2.1. Life of Presidents

Up to this year's election, the United States has had 46 presidents. Here is a brief
overview of the presidents.
 II.11.2.1.1 First President

The first US President, George Washington, played a crucial

role in shaping the nation's early years. Born on February
22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Washington
became a symbol of American leadership and integrity. As
the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the
American Revolutionary War, he led the fight for
independence against the British. Washington's strategic
brilliance and unwavering determination were instrumental
in securing victory.

In 1789, Washington was unanimously elected as the first

President of the United States. His presidency established
The first US President, important precedents, including the peaceful transfer of
George Washington power, the establishment of a strong executive branch, and
the adherence to democratic principles. Washington's Farewell Address in 1796
emphasized the importance of national unity and warned against political division and
foreign entanglements.

Washington's leadership and character continue to inspire generations, making him

an iconic figure in American history. His commitment to the ideals of liberty, unity, and
public service set a standard for future presidents and laid the foundation for the nation's
democratic traditions.

II.11.2.1.2 Current President

Joe Biden is the 46th President of the United States. Born on

November 20, 1942, in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Biden has had
a long career in politics. He served as the Vice President under
President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2017. Biden's political
journey began when he was elected to the United States
Senate in 1972, where he represented Delaware for several
decades.

As President, Biden has focused on a wide range of issues,

including the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, racial
justice, and economic recovery. He has implemented various
policy initiatives, such as the American Rescue Plan, aimed at
providing relief and support to individuals, businesses, and The current US President,
communities affected by the pandemic. Joe Biden

Biden's leadership style emphasizes unity, and he has expressed a commitment to work
across party lines to address the nation's challenges. His presidency marks a significant
chapter in American history, and his policies and actions will continue to shape the
country's trajectory.

II.11.2.2. The Roles of the President

The President of the United States holds several significant roles and responsibilities.
First and foremost, the president is the head of state and the chief executive of the federal
government. As the chief executive, the president has the authority to enforce and
administer laws, appoint federal officials, and manage the executive branch.

The president also serves as the commander-in-chief of the U.S. military, responsible
for making crucial decisions related to national security and defense. Additionally, the
president has the power to negotiate treaties with foreign nations, subject to Senate
approval.

Another critical role of the president is to propose and advocate for legislation. The
president can present a legislative agenda to Congress, sign bills into law, or veto them.
The president's role as the leader of their political party often involves campaigning and
fundraising for party members

The president also plays a significant role in shaping the nation's foreign policy,
representing the United States on the global stage and maintaining diplomatic relations
with other countries.

Overall, the president's roles encompass executive leadership, legislative influence,

military command, and diplomatic representation, making them a central figure in
American governance.

II.11.2.3. The Powers of the President

The President of the United States possesses significant powers outlined in the
Constitution. First and foremost, the president has the power to execute and enforce
federal laws. This authority allows the president to oversee the implementation of
policies, manage executive agencies, and ensure the faithful execution of legislation.

The president also holds the power to appoint and nominate individuals to key
positions within the executive branch, subject to Senate confirmation. This includes
cabinet members, federal judges, and ambassadors, among others. Additionally, the
president has the power to issue executive orders, which are directives that carry the force
of law and guide the operations of the federal government.

As the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, the president has the power to
deploy troops, make military decisions, and protect the nation's security interests. The
president also has the authority to negotiate treaties with foreign nations, though they
require Senate approval for ratification.
 While the president possesses substantial powers, the system of checks and balances
ensures that their actions are subject to oversight and review by the other branches of
government. This balance of power helps maintain the principles of democracy and
accountability in American governance.

* Compare Vietnam And The United States Of America For Government

Vietnam and the United States of America have fundamentally different government
systems. Vietnam operates under a socialist republic with a single-party system, where
the Communist Party of Vietnam holds the leading role in governance. The government
is centralized, with the party exerting significant control over decision-making processes
and policies. In contrast, the United States follows a federal presidential constitutional
republic with a multi-party system. Power is distributed among three branches of
government: the executive, legislative, and judicial, with a system of checks and balances
in place to prevent the concentration of power.

Vietnam's government emphasizes collective goals, social equality, and economic

development, while the United States places a strong emphasis on individual liberties,
democracy, and the protection of fundamental rights. Vietnam's political landscape is
characterized by a dominant ruling party and limited political opposition, with tighter
control over media and civil liberties. In contrast, the United States promotes a vibrant
political environment with multiple political parties, competitive elections, and robust
protection of freedom of speech, press, and assembly.

These differences reflect the unique political ideologies and historical contexts of each
country. Understanding these distinctions is crucial in comprehending the divergent
approaches to governance and political dynamics in Vietnam and the United States.
II.12. EDUCATION: (Nguyễn Thị Phương)

American Educational System

II.12.1. Education System Structure

II.12.1.1 Early Childhood Education

Early childhood education in the United States is a critical phase of learning and
development that typically encompasses the years from birth to eight. Acknowledging the
significance of this period in shaping a child's cognitive, social, and emotional skills,
various early childhood education programs exist, including preschools, daycare centers,
and kindergarten. The focus is on providing a nurturing and stimulating environment that
supports children in developing foundational skills such as language, numeracy, and
social interaction. Early childhood education also emphasizes the importance of play in
learning, recognizing its role in fostering creativity and critical thinking. In recent years,
there has been a growing emphasis on the quality and accessibility of early childhood
education, with policymakers, educators, and parents recognizing its impact on future
academic success. Efforts are underway to address disparities in access, ensure teacher
quality, and implement evidence-based practices that support the holistic development of
young learners in the U.S.

II.12.1.2 Elementary Education

Elementary education in the United States typically covers the initial six years of
formal schooling, encompassing grades one through six or sometimes kindergarten
through fifth grade. This crucial stage lays the groundwork for a child's academic journey
by focusing on core subjects such as English Language Arts, mathematics, science, and
social studies. Elementary schools provide a comprehensive curriculum designed to build
foundational skills, including reading, writing, basic mathematics, and critical thinking.
Dedicated educators aim to create a supportive and engaging learning environment that
fosters intellectual curiosity and social development. Standardized testing may be
introduced to assess students' progress and identify areas for improvement. Elementary
education not only imparts academic knowledge but also emphasizes social skills,
teamwork, and character development. It sets the stage for a well-rounded education,
preparing students for the subsequent phases of their educational journey in the United
States.

II.12.1.3 Middle School/Junior High School

Middle school or junior high school in the United States typically spans grades six
through eight, serving as a transitional phase between elementary school and high school.
During these formative years, students experience significant physical, emotional, and
intellectual development. The educational structure often involves a departmentalized
approach, where students move between classrooms for different subjects, preparing
them for the more specialized curriculum in high school. In addition to academic
subjects, middle schools aim to foster social and emotional growth by offering
extracurricular activities, sports, and clubs. This stage of education is crucial for students
to develop critical thinking skills, explore various interests, and establish a foundation for
future academic pursuits. Educators in middle schools play a vital role in guiding students
through this transitional period, providing support and encouragement as they navigate
the challenges and opportunities presented during these critical years. The U.S. education
system places importance on the middle school experience, recognizing it as a pivotal
time in a student's educational journey.

II.12.1.4 High School

High school in the United States typically covers grades nine through twelve and
serves as a crucial stage in a student's academic and personal development. It represents a
period of increasing specialization, where students can choose from a variety of courses
based on their interests and future goals. The curriculum is designed to provide a well-
rounded education, including core subjects like mathematics, science, English, and social
studies, alongside elective courses in areas such as the arts, technology, and foreign
languages. High schools also emphasize extracurricular activities, sports, and clubs,
offering students opportunities to explore their passions beyond the classroom. The high
school experience culminates in the pursuit of a diploma, and students often engage in
standardized tests, college admissions processes, and career planning during these years.
The U.S. high school system plays a pivotal role in preparing students for higher
education, vocational pursuits, or entry into the workforce. It is a time when young
individuals develop essential skills, form lasting friendships, and shape their identities as
they transition into adulthood.
II.12.1.5 Higher Education

Higher education in the United States is diverse and expansive, encompassing a

wide range of institutions, from community colleges and liberal arts colleges to research
universities. Students typically pursue higher education after completing high school,
seeking bachelor's degrees, associate degrees, or vocational training. The U.S. higher
education system is known for its emphasis on academic freedom, innovation, and
research. Universities often offer a broad array of majors and minors, allowing students
to tailor their education to their interests and career goals. Admissions to colleges and
universities are competitive, with standardized tests like the SAT or ACT playing a role
in the application process. Financial aid, scholarships, and student loans are common
means of supporting higher education, but the cost of tuition and student debt remain
significant concerns. The U.S. higher education system is globally recognized for its
academic excellence, attracting international students from around the world. Beyond
academics, higher education provides students with opportunities for personal growth,
critical thinking, and exposure to diverse perspectives, preparing them for a range of
professional and personal pursuits.

II.12.2. Key Components

II.12.2.1 Basic Subjects

In the United States, basic subjects form the core of the elementary and secondary
education curriculum, laying the foundation for students' academic development. These
fundamental subjects typically include English Language Arts (ELA), Mathematics,
Science, and Social Studies. English Language Arts encompasses reading, writing,
grammar, and communication skills, fostering proficiency in language. Mathematics
instruction progresses from foundational arithmetic to more advanced concepts, building
problem-solving and analytical abilities. Science education introduces students to the
principles of the natural world, while Social Studies covers topics such as history,
geography, civics, and economics, providing an understanding of societal structures.
These basic subjects aim to equip students with essential knowledge and skills,
promoting critical thinking, effective communication, and a well-rounded understanding
of the world. As students progress through the education system, these foundational
subjects serve as the building blocks for more specialized learning in higher grades and
prepare them for the challenges of higher education or the workforce.

II.12.2.2 Education Governance

Education governance in the United States is a complex and decentralized system

that involves a combination of federal, state, and local authorities. The U.S. Constitution
grants primary authority over education to individual states, resulting in each state having
its own Department of Education and State Board of Education. At the federal level, the
U.S. Department of Education provides funding, sets broad policies, and administers
federal education laws. Key federal legislation, such as the Elementary and Secondary
Education Act (ESEA), plays a significant role in shaping education policies across the
nation. Local school districts, governed by elected school boards, have substantial
autonomy in implementing educational policies and managing individual schools. This
decentralized structure allows for flexibility but can also lead to disparities in educational
quality and resources. Policymaking involves collaboration and negotiation among
federal, state, and local entities, creating a dynamic landscape where education priorities
and initiatives may vary across jurisdictions. The balance between federal mandates and
local autonomy remains a subject of ongoing debate and consideration in the U.S.
education system.

II.12.2.3 Standardized Testing

Standardized testing in the United States is a pervasive and controversial aspect of

the education system. These tests, such as the SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test) and
ACT (American College Testing), are administered at various levels of education, from
elementary through high school, and are often used as a key factor in college admissions.
The aim is to provide a consistent measure of academic proficiency and readiness for
higher education. Proponents argue that standardized testing offers an objective
benchmark for student performance, helps identify achievement gaps, and facilitates
accountability in the education system. However, critics raise concerns about the
potential for these tests to reflect socio-economic disparities, emphasize rote
memorization over critical thinking, and lead to a narrowed curriculum known as
"teaching to the test." The debate over the efficacy and equity of standardized testing has
led to discussions about alternative methods for evaluating student achievement and
potential reforms within the education system. Despite ongoing controversies,
standardized testing remains a significant factor in shaping educational policies and
practices in the United States.

II.12.2.4 Development in technology, STEM, and inclusion

In the United States, the intersection of technology, STEM (Science, Technology,

Engineering, and Mathematics) education, and inclusion has been a focal point of societal
and educational advancements. Technological development has propelled the nation
forward, influencing various sectors and shaping the workforce landscape. STEM
education initiatives have gained prominence, aiming to equip students with the skills
needed for an increasingly technology-driven world. Efforts to promote diversity and
inclusion within STEM fields have also become a priority, recognizing the importance of
a diverse workforce in fostering innovation and addressing societal challenges. Initiatives
and organizations strive to bridge gender and racial gaps, ensuring equitable opportunities
for underrepresented groups in STEM. The recognition of the value of diversity in
technological and scientific fields not only enhances innovation but also promotes a more
inclusive and dynamic society. As the U.S. continues to embrace technological
advancements, the emphasis on STEM education and inclusive practices remains crucial
for fostering a competitive, innovative, and socially responsible future.
II.13. FAMILY LIFE:

American Family

II.13.1 Family Life

Family life in the United States is characterized by a diversity of structures and

dynamics, reflecting the nation's multicultural fabric. While the traditional nuclear family
consisting of parents and children remains prevalent, there is a growing acknowledgment
and acceptance of alternative family arrangements, including single-parent households,
same-sex parents, and blended families. Moreover, geographic mobility often separates
extended family members, leading to reliance on technology for communication and
support. In terms of lifestyle, there's a balance between work and family, with many
households navigating dual-income arrangements and scheduling challenges. Education
and extracurricular activities play significant roles in family life, with parents heavily
involved in their children's academic and personal development. Additionally, the
concept of "family time" is highly valued, with rituals such as shared meals and outings
serving as opportunities for bonding and creating lasting memories. Overall, the features
of family life in the United States reflect a blend of tradition, adaptation, and the pursuit
of individual and collective well-being.

Family life in the United States has undergone significant transformations over time.
In previous generations, traditional family structures typically consisted of a nuclear
family unit with a breadwinning father, a homemaker mother, and children. Roles were
often rigidly defined, with clear gender expectations. However, in contemporary society,
family dynamics have become more diverse and fluid. Dual-income households are
increasingly common, with both parents sharing financial responsibilities and caregiving
duties. Moreover, there's been a shift towards more inclusive definitions of family,
embracing various forms such as single-parent households, same-sex couples, and
blended families.

In United States family life, dual-income households have become increasingly

prevalent, with both parents actively participating in the workforce. This trend has
resulted from economic necessity as well as shifting societal norms regarding gender
roles. Consequently, caregiving responsibilities for children have become more evenly
distributed between parents, often facilitated by flexible work arrangements and
supportive policies. However, alongside these changes, divorce rates have also remained
significant, leading to an increase in single-parent households. Divorce can present
unique challenges for families, requiring adjustments in parenting arrangements and
financial management. Additionally, as the population ages, the role of older family
members, particularly grandparents, has gained prominence. Many grandparents provide
crucial support in childcare, financial assistance, and emotional guidance.

II.13.2 Family Violence

Family violence in the United States persists as a deeply concerning social issue,
encompassing various forms of abuse within intimate relationships and households.
Statistics reveal a troubling prevalence, with millions of individuals, predominantly
women, enduring physical, emotional, or sexual harm at the hands of their partners each
year. This violence inflicts profound and lasting consequences, extending beyond
immediate physical injuries to encompass psychological trauma, economic hardship, and
intergenerational cycles of abuse. Despite increased awareness and legal interventions,
significant barriers, such as fear, stigma, and economic dependency, often deter survivors
from seeking help or reporting abuse. Efforts to address family violence require
multifaceted approaches, including comprehensive support services, legal protections,
and societal shifts to challenge harmful attitudes and behaviors. Collaboration among
individuals, communities, and policymakers remains essential to effectively combat this
pervasive issue and ensure the safety and well-being of all individuals within familial
relationships.

II.14. CULTURAL LIFE:

II.14.1 Media
II.14.1.1. Press

The press in the United States plays a fundamental role in shaping public
discourse, fostering transparency, and upholding the principles of a free and democratic
society. The U.S. media landscape is diverse, encompassing traditional print outlets,
broadcast networks, online platforms, and a multitude of independent voices. Freedom of
the press is enshrined in the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, emphasizing the
importance of a robust and independent media. While journalistic integrity is a
cornerstone, the media landscape is not without challenges, including concerns about
bias, misinformation, and the impact of digital technologies on news consumption. The
press serves as a vital check on government power, providing citizens with information to
make informed decisions. Ongoing discussions about media literacy, journalistic ethics,
and the evolving nature of news consumption highlight the dynamic role of the press in
the United States as it continues to adapt to the changing information landscape.

II.14.1.2. Television

Television in the United States has long been a cultural cornerstone, influencing
and reflecting societal trends and values. With a history dating back to the mid-20th
century, television has evolved from a limited number of black-and-white channels to a
vast array of networks and streaming platforms catering to diverse tastes and interests.
The shift towards cable and satellite television expanded channel options, providing
viewers with specialized content. In recent years, the rise of streaming services has
further transformed the television landscape, offering on-demand access to a plethora of
shows and movies. Television continues to shape public opinion, spark conversations,
and provide a shared cultural experience for audiences across the diverse spectrum of
American society.

II.14.1.3. External broadcasting

External broadcasting in the United States refers to the dissemination of

information, news, and cultural content to international audiences through various media
channels. This includes government-funded outlets like Voice of America (VOA), which
aims to provide accurate and objective news to global audiences, promoting democratic
values and a free press. Additionally, U.S.-based international news networks, such as
CNN and BBC World News, contribute to external broadcasting by offering diverse
perspectives on global events. Private media companies, streaming platforms, and social
media also play a role in projecting American culture and values internationally. The
landscape of external broadcasting continues to evolve with advancements in technology,
providing new opportunities for global outreach and engagement.

II.14.2 Public Holidays

 Some Famous Public Holidays in the USA

II.14.2.1. New Year's Day

New Year's Day in the United States is a celebratory occasion marked by various
traditions and festivities as people bid farewell to the old year and welcome the new one.
While the night before, New Year's Eve, is often celebrated with parties, fireworks, and
the iconic Times Square ball drop in New York City, New Year's Day itself is a time for
reflection and optimism. Many Americans use the day to set resolutions for self-
improvement or embark on new ventures. The holiday is also associated with certain
traditions like watching parades, college football bowl games, and participating in the
polar bear plunge—a chilly swim that symbolizes a fresh start. Families and friends often
gather for special meals, and some people engage in symbolic acts, such as eating black-
eyed peas for good luck in the Southern tradition. New Year's Day is a time of joy, hope,
and the anticipation of new opportunities as people across the country welcome the
beginning of a new chapter.

II.14.2.2. Independence Day

Independence Day, celebrated on July 4th, holds significant cultural and historical
importance in the United States. Commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of
Independence in 1776, this day marks the birth of the nation and the courage of the
Founding Fathers who sought freedom from British rule. Independence Day is
characterized by patriotic displays, including parades, fireworks, concerts, and family
gatherings. Barbecues and picnics are common, with citizens donning red, white, and
blue attire to showcase their national pride. The night sky is illuminated with dazzling
fireworks displays, a tradition that symbolizes the "rockets' red glare" mentioned in the
U.S. national anthem. The day is also a time for reflection on the principles of liberty,
democracy, and the ongoing pursuit of a more perfect union. Independence Day fosters a
sense of unity and shared identity as Americans come together to celebrate the values that
define their nation's history and inspire its future.

II.14.2.3. Thanksgiving Day

Thanksgiving Day in the United States is a cherished national holiday observed on

the fourth Thursday of November. Rooted in a historic feast shared between Pilgrims and
Native Americans in 1621, the holiday has evolved into a time for Americans to express
gratitude for the blessings in their lives. Families and friends gather for festive meals,
featuring a traditional turkey centerpiece, along with side dishes like stuffing, cranberry
sauce, and pumpkin pie. The day often begins with the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade
in New York City, showcasing elaborate floats and performances. Many also take the
opportunity to volunteer at local charities, emphasizing the spirit of giving back.
Thanksgiving is a time for reflection, appreciation, and the warmth of shared moments,
fostering a sense of community and connection across the nation. The holiday sets the
stage for the upcoming festive season and is a reminder to pause, express gratitude, and
celebrate the abundance of life's blessings.

II.14.2.4. Christmas Day

Christmas Day in the United States is a joyous and festive occasion that holds both
religious and cultural significance. Celebrated on December 25th, it marks the birth of
Jesus Christ for Christians and is widely observed as a time of gift-giving, feasting, and
merriment. Families often decorate their homes with lights, ornaments, and Christmas
trees, creating a festive atmosphere. The exchange of gifts, inspired by the biblical story
of the three wise men, is a central tradition, and children eagerly anticipate the arrival of
Santa Claus. Many attend Christmas services, and carolers spread cheer by singing
traditional songs. The day is spent with loved ones, enjoying special meals and creating
lasting memories. In addition to religious observances, secular customs like hanging
stockings, sending greeting cards, and watching holiday movies contribute to the diverse
tapestry of Christmas celebrations in the U.S. Overall, Christmas Day is a time for
reflection, kindness, and the celebration of love, bringing communities together in the
spirit of goodwill and joy.

II.13.3 Festivals
 Some Famous Festivals in the USA

II.13.3.1. Mardi Gras

Mardi Gras, French for "Fat Tuesday," is a vibrant and festive celebration in the
United States, most notably associated with the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. This
annual carnival season culminates on Fat Tuesday, the day before the Christian season of
Lent begins. Mardi Gras is renowned for its colorful parades, elaborate costumes, lively
music, and indulgent feasting. Revelers fill the streets, and iconic traditions include the
throwing of colorful beads, doubloons, and other trinkets from parade floats. Masked
balls, lively street parties, and the flamboyant display of Mardi Gras floats add to the
festivities. While New Orleans is the epicenter of Mardi Gras in the U.S., other regions,
such as Mobile, Alabama, and parts of Texas and Florida, also embrace the celebration
with their unique cultural twists. Mardi Gras serves as a time for communities to come
together, celebrate life, and enjoy a collective burst of exuberance before the reflective
period of Lent begins

II.13.3.2. Coachella

Coachella, one of the most iconic music and arts festivals in the United States,
takes place annually in the California desert. Renowned for its diverse lineup of musical
acts spanning various genres, the festival draws music enthusiasts and celebrities alike.
Established in 1999, Coachella has evolved beyond a typical music festival into a cultural
phenomenon, attracting attendees with its bohemian atmosphere, art installations, and a
range of culinary experiences. The festival spans two weekends in April and features
multiple stages where both mainstream and emerging artists showcase their talents.
Coachella has become a fashion and style showcase, setting trends for festival wear. The
event's cultural impact extends beyond the music, making it a platform for artistic
expression and a reflection of contemporary youth culture. Coachella has established
itself not just as a music festival but as a cultural pilgrimage that captures the spirit of
creativity, community, and a collective celebration of art and music.

II.13.3.3. South by Southwest

South by Southwest (SXSW) is a renowned annual event in the United States that
brings together a diverse array of industries, including music, film, interactive media, and
technology. Held in Austin, Texas, SXSW is a multifaceted festival and conference that
serves as a platform for emerging artists, filmmakers, and innovators to showcase their
work and ideas. Originating in 1987, the event has grown exponentially, attracting a
global audience and fostering a unique blend of creativity and collaboration. SXSW
features a dynamic lineup of live performances, film screenings, panel discussions, and
interactive exhibits, making it a melting pot of talent and innovation. Beyond its
entertainment value, SXSW has become a hub for networking, idea exchange, and the
exploration of cutting-edge trends in various industries. The festival reflects the spirit of
Austin, known for its vibrant cultural scene and eclectic community, and continues to be
a significant influencer in the realms of music, film, and technology.

II.13.3.4. New York Comic Con

New York Comic Con (NYCC) is a premier pop culture event held annually in
New York City, attracting enthusiasts and fans from across the United States and around
the world. Established in 2006, NYCC has grown into one of the largest comic
conventions in the country. The event celebrates various aspects of popular culture,
including comic books, graphic novels, anime, manga, movies, television shows, video
games, and more. NYCC provides a platform for fans to engage with their favorite
franchises, meet creators, and participate in a wide range of activities such as panel
discussions, autograph sessions, and exclusive previews. Attendees often showcase
elaborate costumes in the tradition of cosplay, adding to the vibrant and energetic
atmosphere. The convention not only caters to comic book enthusiasts but also embraces
the broader spectrum of geek culture, making it a significant annual gathering for those
passionate about all things pop culture in the heart of New York City.

III. Conclusion

The United States of America is a nation that captivates the imagination with its rich
history, diverse culture, and global influence. From its founding as a nation built on the
principles of freedom and equality to its current status as a global superpower, the United
States has made an indelible mark on the world. The United States is a land of
opportunity and dreams, attracting people from every corner of the globe in search of a
better life. Its foundation as a nation of immigrants has contributed to its cultural
diversity and dynamism. The United States has become a melting pot, where various
cultures, traditions, and languages intertwine, creating a unique national identity that
embraces diversity and celebrates individualism. The democratic principles that the
United States was built upon have been a guiding force throughout its history. The
Constitution and the Bill of Rights establish a framework that protects individual liberties
and ensures a system of checks and balances. The United States has undergone
significant social and political changes, from the abolition of slavery to the fight for civil
rights, showcasing its commitment to progress and equality. Economically, the United
States is a powerhouse that has shaped the global economy. With its entrepreneurial spirit
and emphasis on innovation, the country has been a hub for technological advancements
and economic growth. The United States has been at the forefront of industries such as
technology, finance, entertainment, and manufacturing, paving the way for
groundbreaking developments that have transformed the world. Geographically, the
United States offers a diverse and breathtaking landscape. From the vast plains of the
Midwest to the towering peaks of the Rocky Mountains, from the bustling cities of the
East Coast to the serene beauty of the Pacific Northwest, the country's natural wonders
are awe-inspiring. National parks and protected areas preserve these treasures, allowing
people to explore and appreciate the country's stunning scenery and unique ecosystems.
The United States also holds significant global influence. As a superpower, its foreign
policy decisions and diplomatic efforts shape international relations. The United States
has played a pivotal role in promoting democracy and human rights, as well as addressing
global challenges such as climate change, terrorism, and disease outbreaks. Its alliances
and partnerships with other nations contribute to maintaining global stability and
fostering cooperation on various global issues. In conclusion, the United States of
America stands as a nation that embodies the ideals of freedom, opportunity, and
democracy. Its diverse culture, democratic values, economic strength, and global
influence have made it a country that continues to shape the world. While facing
challenges and striving for progress, the United States remains a land of dreams, where
individuals can pursue their aspirations and contribute to a society that cherishes
freedom, embraces diversity, and strives for a better future.