Chapter Test
Answers
History
Chapter 1: The rise of
Nationalism in Europe
Ans. 1.(c) The Civil Code of 1804
Ans. 2.(a) The concept of government by consent
Ans. 3.(a) Conservatives
Ans. 4.(a) Giuseppe Mazzini
Ans. 5.(c) 2, 1, 4, 3
Ans. 6.(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 7. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (i) (a) In this period, nationalist groups became
intolerant of each other and ever ready to go
to war.
(ii) (b) Balkans
(iii) (c) Both a. and b.
(iv) The Balkans was a region of geographical
and ethnic variation comprising modern-
day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia –Her zegovina,
Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose
inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
(v) T
 he Balkans was under the control of the
ottoman Expire.
(vi) M acedonia and Albania.
Ans. 9. The most important Contribution of the French
Revolution to the world has been the idea of
Republicanism.
Ans. 10. Constitutionalism with national unification.
Ans. 11. The conditions that led to the Formation of the
British nation state are:
(i) The ideas of conservation and treaty of Vienna.
(ii) The ideology of liberalism
(iii) The emergence of the new middle classes.
Ans. 12. The decade of 1830s is known as the ‘decade
of great economic hardship’ in Europe due to the
below prevailing circumstances:
(i) There was an enormous increase in population
all over Europe. As a result, unemployment
became a common feature in most of the
countries.
(ii) With the advent of industrialisation, the
business of small producers suffered. They
faced with stiff competition from rural areas
where production was carried out mainly in
homes or small workshops.
(iii) Bad harvests lead to substantial increase in
food prices, making it difficult for the people to
fulfill their basic needs.
Ans. 13. The provisions of treaty of Vienna of 1815
include:
(i) The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
(ii) France lost the territories it had annexed under
Napolean.
(iii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries
of France to prevent French expansion in
future.
Ans. 14. Greek war of independence mobilise nationalist
feelings among the educated elite across Europe in
the following ways:
(i) The growth of revolutionary nationalism in
Europe sparked off a struggle for independence
amongst the Greeks.
(ii) Nationalists in Greece got the support from
other Greeks living in exile.
(iii) Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of
European civilisation and mobilised public spirit
in support of Greek struggle against a Muslim
empire.
(iv) The English poet, Lord Byron organised funds
and went to fight in the war.
(v) The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised
Greece as an independent state.
Ans. The Balkan was a region of geographical and ethnic
variation comprising various countries whose
inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. A
large part of Balkan was under the control of the
Ottoman Empire.
Nationalist tension that ultimately led to the First
World War emerged in this region due to the
following factors:
(i) Explosive Region: The spread of the ideas of
romantic nationalism in the Balkans, together
with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
made this region very explosive.
(ii) Internal Conflicts: As the different Slavic
nationalities struggled to define their identity
and independence, the Balkan area became an
area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were
fiercely jealous of each other, and each hoped
to gain more territory and the expense of the
other.
2 |
(iii) Source of Rivalry between Big Powers: Matters
were further complicated because the Balkans
also became the scene of big power rivalry.
During this period, there was an intense rivalry
among European powers over trade and
colonies as well as the naval and military power.
(iv) Series of Wars: Each power—Russia, Germany,
England, Austria and Hungary were keen on
countering the hold of other powers over the
Balkans, and extending their own control over
the area. This led to a series of wars in the
region and finally, the First World War.
Chapter 2: Nationalism in India
Ans. 1. (a) He wanted to enforce martial law very
strictly in Amritsar.
Ans. 2. (a) Industrialists were close the Congress.
Ans. 3. (c) Feroz Shah Kotla ground in Delhi.
Ans. 4. (d) Mahatma Gandhi accompanied 72 of his
trusted members.
Ans. 5. (d) All of the above
Ans. 6. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are
true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 7. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are
true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (i) (b) People were brutally repressed.
(ii) (d) None of the above
(iii) (c) To defend the Khalifa’s temproral powers.
(iv) (a) He wanted to teach Britishers a lesson.
(v) (a) Amritsar
(vi) (c) Middle class
Ans. 9. To celebrate Baisakhi and protest against the
repressive acts of the government.
Ans. 10. Plantation workers were caught by the police
and they were brutally beaten up.
Ans. 11. Provisions of the Rowlatt Act were:
(i) It gave government the power to repress any
political activity or demonstration.
(ii) Under this, the British Government could arrest
anyone and search any place without a warrant.
Impacts of the Rowlatt Act are:
(i) Gandhiji reacted sharply and decided to launch
a non-violent Civil Disobedience Movement
against the Rowlatt Act.
(ii) Rallies were organised in various cities and
workers went on strike in railway workshops
and shops were closed down.
Ans. 12. The tribal peasants interpreted the message
of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of ‘Swaraj’ in the
following ways:
(i) Tribal peasants didn’t conform with the ideas
of non-violence given by Mahatma Gandhi.
They were inclined towards an attack and injury
policy to achieve Swaraj.
(ii) In the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant
Guerrilla Movement was started by peasants
along the same lines in the 1920s against the
colonial government’s decision of closing large
forest areas, preventing people from entering
the forests to graze their cattle or to collect
fuelwood and fruits.
(iii) Their leader Alluri Sitaram Raju was inspired
by the Non-cooperation Movement and
persuaded people to wear khadi and give up
drinking.
(iv) Deprived of their traditional rights and livelihood,
enraged Gudem rebels attacked police stations,
attempted to kill British officials and carried
on Guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj thus
completely straying from Gandhiji’s mantra of
non-violence and Satyagraha.
Ans. 13. Mahatma Gandhi found salt to be a powerful
symbol that could unite the nation because of the
following reasons:
(i) The salt was an essential commodity and was
consumed in equal quantity by both the rich
and poor.
(ii) The British charged tax on salt also and both
the economic groups were against it because it
was an essential commodity.
(iii) Gandhiji found the salt law to be oppressive and
so, sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven
demands and one of them was to abolish the
salt tax.
Ans. 14. The ‘Non-cooperation Movement’ initially
started in the cities with middle-class participation.
Later on, it spread to all sections of the society.
Thousands of students left government
controlled schools and colleges, headmasters
and teachers resigned and lawyers gave up
their legal practices. The council elections were
also boycotted in all provinces except Madras.
The effects of the Non-cooperation Movement on
Indian economy are as follows:
(i) Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops
picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge
bonfires.
(ii) As people began discarding foreign cloth, the
import of foreign cloth halved between 1921
and 1922 dropping in value from ` 102 crore to
` 57 crore, in a year.
(iii) When people decided to put on only Indian
clothes, production of Indian textile mills and
handloom went up and in many places.
(iv) Indian merchants and traders refused to trade
in foreign goods and finance foreign trade.
Common
Students do not mention about the participation of
middle-class people in Non-cooperation Movement
but they only discuss about the movement.
Ans. 15. Nationalism spreads when people begin to
believe that they are all part of the same nation. The
sense of collective belonging came partly through
the experience of united struggles. This can be seen
through the following examples:
 Social Science |  Class 10  | 3
(i) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular ensure full employment and help in post-war
prints and symbols, all played a part in the reconstruction. An agreement was entered into at
making of nationalism. this conference to establish International Monetary
(ii) The identity of India came to be visually Fund and World Bank. This agreement was referred
associated with the image of Bharat Mata. to as the Bretton Woods agreement. 
(iii) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Other important features of this agreement are as
Abanindranath Tagore created a picture of follows:
Bharat Mata and Vande Mataram was evoked (i) Under this system, the International Monetary
as a hymn for the motherland. Fund (IMF) and the International Bank of
(iv) Ideas of nationalism also developed through a Reconstruction and Development (IBRD),
movement to revive Indian folklore. commonly referred to as World Bank, were
(v) Icons and symbols helped in unifying people established.
and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism. (ii) The Bretton Woods system was based on
(vi) During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, fixed exchange rate. In this system, national
a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was currencies, for example the Indian Rupee, was
designed. pegged to the Dollar at fixed exchange rate.
(vii) Reinterpretation of history was considered to (iii) Decision-making authority was given to the
instill a sense of pride in the nation. Western industrial powers. The US was given
the right of veto over key IMF and World Bank
Common
decisions.
The students only give the physical description and
not the allegorical meaning of the two figures. Common
Students often give the meaning of agreement and
Chapter 3: The Making of a not its features or complete explanation.
Global world Ans. 12. The given statement can be justified as follows:
Ans. 1. (a) 1921 (i) In many parts of the world, the developments
Ans. 2. (a) Germany, Italy, Japan. meant loss of freedom and livelihoods.
Ans. 3. (a) R estricted the import of corn to England. (ii) Late 19th century Europeans conquest brought
Ans. 4. (b) D eath and injuries had reduced the number about many destructive economic, social and
of able bodied workforce. ecological changes in the colonies.
Ans. 5. (b) imperial projects
(iii) In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast spreading disease
Ans. 6. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
of cattle plague or rinderpest had a terrifying
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A). impact on people’s livelihoods and the local
Ans. 7. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true economy.
but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation Ans. 13. The developing countries organised G-77 for the
of Assertion (A). following reasons:
Ans. 8. (i) (b) Pre-modern trade (i) To get better opportunity for their manufactured
(ii) (c) Textile and spices goods.
(iii) (a) E
 arly Christian Missionaries and Muslim (ii) To gain real control over their natural resources.
preachers (iii) To get better development assistance and fairer
(iv) (d) All of the above prices for raw materials.
(v) (d) All of these Ans. 14. The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern
(vi) (d) All of the above world helped in the colonisation of America in the
Ans. 9. The new crops of potatoes made a great change following ways:
in the lives of the poor in Europe because they (i) America had been cut-off from regular contact
began to eat better and live longer. with the rest of the world for millions of years.
Ans. 10. (i) Land were cleared in Eastern Europe, Russia, After its discovery, it attracted the European
Amercia and Australia to expand food colonisers because of its vast lands and
production to meet the British demand. abundant mineral wealth.
(ii) New harbours were built and old ones
(ii) When these colonisers came to conquer
expanded to ship the new cargoes.
America, they brought with them the germs
Ans. 11. The Bretton Woods conference took place in
of deadly diseases such as smallpox. Because
July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.
All the leading countries of the world participated of their long isolation, America’s original
in this conference to decide upon a framework inhabitants had no immunity against this
which would help to preserve economic stability, disease.
4 |
(iii) Once introduced, the disease spread deep into
the continent and killed and decimated whole
communities, thus paving way for conquest by
the European colonisers.
So, it can be concluded that global transfer of
disease (smallpox) in the pre-modern world helped
in the colonisation of America.
Ans. 15. Silk routes linked the East and the West,
connecting Asia with Africa, the Middle East and the
Southern Europe. These routes are a good example
of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links, as is
evident from the following points:
(i) Chinese pottery travelled far and wide through
these routes.
(ii) Textiles and spices from South-East Asia were
also transported through these routes.
(iii) Precious metals, such as gold and silver, also
flowed from Europe to Asia along this route.
Chapter 4: Print culture and the
Modern world
Ans. 1. (d) Martin Luther
Ans. 2. (a) The onset of the Great Depression
Ans. 3. (d) H  e published gossip about senior East-India
Company officials.
Ans. 4. (d) Grimm brothers
Ans. 5. (b) The Vernacular Act was passed by the British.
Government to some check on vernacular
newspapers which had become assertively
nationalist.
Ans. 6. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 7. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (i)  The printing press in India was set up by
Portuguese at Goa in 1556.
(ii) The role of missionaries in the growth of
press in India are:
(a) T
 he printing press first came to goa
in western India through Portuguese
missionaries in the mid 16th century.
(b) C
 atholic priests printed the first Tamil
book in 1579 at Cochin.
(iii) The contribution of James Augustus Hickey
published a lot of advertisements, including
those that related to the import and sale of
slaves.
Ans. 9. The features of hand printing in China are:
(a) Calligraphy
(b) The Chinese technology of printing by
wooden blocks flooded the markets by books.
Shopkeepers were able to meet the increasing
demand of books.
Ans. 10. Both books were low priced books printed on
poor quality paper but the Bibliotheque Bleue were
bounded in cheap blue covers.
Ans. 11. The first book printed by Gutenberg was the Bible.
It took him 3 years to print 180 copies.
Ans. 12. Conservative Hindus believed that a literate
girl would be widowed and Muslims feared that
educated women would be corrupted by reading
Urdu romances.
Ans. 13. The reasons why the manuscript was not used
widely in everyday life prior to the age of print in
India are:
(i) The manuscripts were delicate material thus
could be destroyed by regular handling.
(ii) It could not serve the growing demand for
copies.
(iii) Carry manuscripts everywhere was also not
possible thus the sphere for its circulation
remained limited.
Ans. 14. Louis Sebastien Mercier, a novelist declared that
the printing press is the most powerful engine of
progress and public opinion is the force that will
sweep despotism away. He proclaimed ‘Tremble,
therefore, tyrants of the world; Tremble before the
virtual writer.
Ans. 15. Some people, especially from the upper class
fear the effect of easily available printed books due
to the spread literacy among to common people.
They feared that they might lose their position or
authorities.
Ans. 16. The role of new ‘Visual image’ culture in printing
in India are:
(i) With the expanding number of print machines,
visual pictures could be effectively replicated in
different styles which could attract the readers.
(ii) Painters like ‘Raja Ravi Verma’ created the eye
catching pictures for masses in order to attract
the attention of readers.
Ans. 17. Many people believed that print culture created
conditions for the French Revolution in 1789. Their
belief is based on the reasons discussed ahead:
(i) The print technology popularised the ideas of
the enlightened thinkers. They wanted the rule
of reason and demanded that everything should
be judged on the basis of reason and rationality.
They attacked the authority of the Church and
despotic power of the state. The writings of
philosophers like Voltaire and Rousseau were
read widely and inspired the revolutionaries with
ideas of equality and freedom.
(ii) Print created a new culture of debate and
dialogue. All values and institutions were
re-evaluated. The existing beliefs were
questioned. With the print, a new idea of social
revolution began to take shape.
(iii) By 1780s, the published literature mocked the
royalty and their sense of morality. In other
words, it questioned the social order.
Ans. 18. The Vernacular Press Act was an act which
allowed the British Government.

It affects the Verna-newspaper are:
(i) The Vernacular Act was passed to promote
vernacular languages.
(ii) The Vernacular Act was passed by the British
Government to put some check on Vernacular
newspapers which had become assertively
nationalist.
(iii) The Vernacular Act was passed to please
the Indians who wanted tp promote Indian
languages.
(iv) The Vernacular Act was passed to consolidate
British rule in India.
Geography
Chapter 1: Resources and
Development
Ans. 1.(b) Renewable and non-renewable
Ans. 2.(a) Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh
Ans. 3.(d) Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
Ans. 4.(a) Laterite soil
Ans. 5.(c) Sheet erosion
Ans. 6.(a) Both Assertion (A) a and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 7. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (i) (b) Brick soil
(ii) (d) Both a. and b.
(iii) (d) Both a. and b.
(iv) (d) Cashew nut
(v) (c) Semi-arid environment
(vi) (d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. 9. Due to over irrigation in Punjab, the alkalinity of
soil increases which makes it infertile and makes
the soil unsuitable for cultivation. This leads to land
degradation in Punjab.
Ans. 10. Red and Yellow soils are found mainly in parts
of Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Western Ghats. These
soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of
iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
Ans. 11. The main features of Black soil found in India
are:
(i) Black soil is black in colour and is also known as
regur soil. It is typical of the Deccan trap region
spread over North-west Deccan plateau.
(ii) Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also
known as black cotton soil.
(iii) It is well known for its capacity to hold moisture.
Ans. 12. The examples that support the statement are:
(i) The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and
Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal
deposits but lack infrastructure.
(ii) Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of
water resources but lacks in infrastructural
development.
Social Science |  Class 10  | 5
(iii) The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed
with solar and wind energy, but lacks in water
resources.
Ans. 13. To control soil erosion in hilly areas, several
measures or steps can be taken, including:
(i) 
Soil erosion is restricted through Terrace
Cultivation.
(ii) Terraces are created by cutting out steps on the
slopes.
(iii) Contour ploughing is used to prevent soil
erosion along slopes.
Ans. 14. Conservation of resources refers to the
sustainable use and management of national
resources to ensure their availability for future
generations.
The following steps have been taken to promote
conservation of resources at international level:
(i) The Club of Rome advocated resource
conservation for the first time in a systematic
way, in 1968.
(ii) Another significant contribution was made at
the Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in
1992, which adopted Agenda 21 for achieving
sustainable development in the 21st century.
(iii) The seminal contribution with respect to resource
conservation at the global level was made by the
Brundtland Commission Report, 1987.
Ans. 15. Continuous use of land over a long period of time
without taking appropriate measures to conserve
and manage it has resulted in land degradation.
Following steps can be taken to control land
degradation in India:
(i) Afforestation over deforested areas.
(ii) Proper management of grazing on permanent
pastures.
(iii) Growing thorny bushes in areas where
desertification has taken place.
(iv) Proper discharge and disposal of industrial
effluents after treatment.
(v) Planting of shelter belts.
(vi) Control on mining activities.
Chapter 2: Forest and Wildlife
resources
Ans. 1.(b) Madhya Pradesh
Ans. 2.(c) Kaziranga National Park
Ans. 3.(c) Madhya Pradesh
Ans. 4.(a) Project Tiger
Ans. 5.(c) Both b. and c.
Ans. 6.(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 7. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true,
but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (i) Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under
permanent forests, constituting 75% of its
total forest area.
6 |
(ii) Reserved and protected forests are referred
to as the Permanent Forest Estates and they
are maintained for the purpose of producing
timber and other forest products.
(iii) Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal,
and Maharashtra have large percentages of
reserved forests of its total forest area.
Ans. 9. The main purpose of Joint Forest Management
Programme is to protect the forests from
encroachments, grazing, theft and fire and also
to improve the forests.
Ans. 10.  Bishnoi community is known for protecting the
blackbucks.
Ans. 11.  Unclassed Forests are other forests and
wastelands belonging to both government and
private individuals and communities. All North-
Eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very
high percentage of their forests as unclassed
forests managed by local communities.
Ans. 12. Hunting and poaching of wildlife,
overexploitation, environmental pollution are
some factors which leads to the depletion of
forests.
Ans. 13. The following facts support the given statement:
(i) Such losses have increasingly marginalised
and impoverished many forest dependent
communities.
(ii) Among the poor, women are affected
more than men, as women bear the major
responsibility of basic subsistence needs.
With the depletion of these resources, the
drudgery of women increased for they had
to walk for more than 10 km to collect these
resources which in turn, affected their health
and negligence of home and children.
(iii) The indirect impact of degradation, e.g.,
drought or floods etc, also hits the poor the
hardest.
Ans. 14. Project Tiger was launched in 1973. Initially, it
showed success as the tiger population went up but
in 1993, it has dropped.
The major threats to tiger population are poaching
for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion of prey,
growing human population. The trade of tiger
skins and the use of their bones in traditional
medicines especially in the Asian countries had
left the tiger population on the verge of extinction.
There are now 27 tiger reserves in India; Corbett
National Park in Uttarakhand, Sunderbans in West
Bengal, Bandhavgarh in Madhya Pradesh, Sariska in
Rajasthan, Manas in Assam, etc.
Ans. 15. The contribution of the Indian Wildlife Protection
Act can be seen in the following points:
(i) An All India list of protected species was
published. The thrust of the programme was
towards protecting the remaining population of
certain endangered species by banning hunting,
giving legal protection of their habitats and
restricting trade in wildlife.
(ii) The Central government also announced
several projects for protecting specific animals,
which were greatly threatened, including the
tiger, the one horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir
stag or hangul, three types of crocodiles: fresh
water crocodile, saltwater crocodile and the
Gharial, tine Asiatic lion and others.
(iii) Many national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and
bioreserves were established to protect and
conserve the wildlife.
Ans. 16. The conservation projects have changed their
focus in the recent years in the following ways:
(i) The conservation projects are now focusing
on biodiversity rather than on a few of its
components. There is now a more intensive
search for different conservation measures.
Increasingly, even insects are beginning to find
a place in conservation planning.
(ii) In the notification under Wildlife Act of 1980
and 1986, several hundred butterflies, moths,
beetles and one dragonfly have been added to
the list of protected species. In 1991, for the first
time plants were also added to the list, starting
with six species.
(iii) The clear lesson from the dynamics of both
environmental destruction and reconstruction
in India is that local communities everywhere
have to be involved in some kind of natural
resource management.
Ans. 17. The following steps have been taken by the
government for the conservation of forest and
wildlife in India:
(i) National Parks, Biosphere and Wildlife
Sanctuaries: To protect the biodiversity, the
Indian government has established national
parks, wildlife sanctuaries and 17 biosphere
reserves.
(ii) The Indian Wildlife Protection Act: The Indian
Wildlife Protection Act was implemented in 1972,
with various provisions for protecting habitats.
An all India list of protected species was also
published. The thrust of the programme was
towards protecting the remaining population of
certain endangered species by banning hunting,
giving legal protection to their habitats and
restricting trade in wildlife.
(iii) Projects for Protecting Specific Animals:
The central government has also announced
several projects for protecting specific animals
which were greatly threatened, including the
tiger, the one-horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir
stag or hangul, the three types of crocodiles the
freshwater crocodile, the saltwater crocodile
and the Gharial, the Asiatic lion and others.
(iv) Wildlife Act of 1980 and 1986: In its notification,
several hundred butterflies, moths, beetles
and one dragonfly have been added to the list

of protected species. In 1991, for the first time,
plants were also added to the list starting with
six species.
(v) Forest Research Institutes: Indian government
has created many forest Research Institutes for
the research, protection and development of
the forests. IFS Dehradun is the oldest research
institution of the country. rivers.
Ans. 18. There is a need to conserve the forests and
wildlife in India:
(i) Conservation of biodiversity is necessary
because it preserves the ecological diversity.
(ii) Forests and wildlife preserve our life support
systems, i.e., water, air and soil. For example,
the plants, animals and microorganisms
recreate the quality of the air we breathe, the
water we drink and the soil that produces our
food without which we cannot survive.
(iii) It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants
and animals for better growth and breeding of
species. For example, in agriculture we are still
dependent on traditional crop varieties.
(iv) Fisheries too are heavily dependent on the
maintenance of aquatic biodiversity.
(v) Forests are primary producers on which all
other living beings depend not only for food but
indirectly for many other forest produces which
are used for varied purposes.
The conservation project has changed their focus in
the recent years in the following ways:
(i) The conservation projects are now focusing
on biodiversity rather than on a few of its
components. There is now a more intensive
search for different conservation measures.
Increasingly, even insects are beginning to find
a place in conservation planning.
(ii) In the notification under Wildlife Act of 1980
and 1986, several hundred butterflies, moths,
beetles and one dragonfly have been added to
the list of protected species. In 1991, for the first
time plants were also added to the list, starting
with six species.
(iii) The clear lesson from the dynamics of both
environmental destruction and reconstruction
in India is that local communities everywhere
have to be involved in some kind of natural
resource management.
Chapter 3: water resources
Ans. 1. (d) sedimentation
Ans. 2. (c) Tankas
Ans. 3. (b) Siri Fort
Ans. 4. (a) Damming of rivers helps in increasing the
natural water flow.
Ans. 5. (c) A B C D
4 3 2 1
Ans. 6. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Social Science |  Class 10  | 7
Ans. 7. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true,
but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (i) The construction of a dam blocks the flow
of sediment downstream, and increased
sediment build-up in the reservoir.
(ii) (a) Large dams affect the natural flow of
(b) It further results in floods due to the
deposition of sediments in the reserviors.
(iii) A major effect of sedimentation is the loss of
storage capacity.
Ans. 9. The reasons for rise in scarcity of water in most
parts of India are as follows:
(i) The fast growing population has increased
the demand for water used for drinking and
domestic purposes.
(ii) The rising demand of food and cash crops
require large amount of water for agriculture.
Ans. 10. Irrigation without appropriate drainage leads
to land degradation, water logging, and soil
salination leading to crop productivity.
Ans. 11. Rainwater harvesting is carried out to conserve
and store water. This method mainly reduces water
scarcity,
Ans. 12. The conservation and management of water is
necessary, in India due to the following reasons:
(i) The water resources are depleting as
compared to constant increase in population
because the amount of precitation decline
very sharphy and the fast shrinkage of
glaciers due to global warming.
(ii) The intensive agriculture and rapid
industrialisation requires more water, hence,
conservation of water is almost important.
Ans. 13. In recent years, multi-purpose projects and
large dams have become a controversial issues for
variety of reasons:
(i) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their
natural flow causing poor sediment flow and
excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the
reservoir resulting in rockier stream beds and
poorer habitats for the rivers aquatic life.
(ii) Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for
aquatic life to migrate especially for spawning.
(iii) The reservoirs that are created on the flood
plains submerge the existing vegetation and
soil leading to its decomposition over a period
of time.
Ans. 14. Bamboo drip irrigation system is a 200 year old
system of tapping stream and spring water by using
bamboo pipes in which about 18-20 litres of water
enters, get transported over hundreds of metres
and reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site
of the plant.
8 |
Ans. 15. Rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of
Rajasthan is carried out in the following manner:
(i) People living in Rajasthan use rooftops rainwater
harvesting techniques to store drinking water.
(ii) In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan,
particularly in Phalodi, Bikaner and Barmer,
most of the houses, have underground tanks
or ‘tankas’ for storing water in their courtyards.
They are connected to the sloping roofs of the
house through a pipe.
(iii) The rainwater travels through the pipes and
gets stored in the underground tanks or tankas.
The rainwater can be stored till the next rainfall.
(iv) Rainwater or Palar Pani as commonly called in
these parts is considered as the purest form of
natural water.
(v) The agricultural fields are also converted into
rain-fed storage structures that allow the water
to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘Khadins’
in Jaisalmer and the ‘Johads’ in other parts of
Rajasthan.
Ans. 16. The five reasons for water pollution in India are
as follows:
(i) Industries: Industries discharge various
chemicals and hazardous wastes into water
sources such as lakes, ponds and canals
without treating them which cause harm to
aquatic living organisms.
(ii) Agriculture: Modern agricultural practises use
chemical in the form of fertilisers, pesticides
and herbicides which flow into rivers or seep
into groundwater.
(iii) Households: Man uses water for drinking,
cooking, bathing, for cleaning the house, etc.
Most of the used water is drained out through
municipal drains and is then poured into a river
or lake.
(iv) Offshore Drilling and Oil Spills: Exploring for oil
and gas under the sea bed, involves some risks
to the marine environment. The consequences
of such oil spills is of great environmental
concern posing a threat to human survival
ultimately.
(v) Nuclear Wastes: Nuclear power plants, nuclear
weapon testing, laboratories where isotopes
are used, are sources of nuclear wastes which
can pollute the entire water sources of a region.
Ans. 17. The traditional methods of rainwater harvesting
adopted in different parts of India are:
(i) Guls and Kul: People built these in hilly and
mountainous regions to divert water. These are
simple channels mainly used in the Western
Himalayas.
(ii) Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting: It is commonly
practised to store drinking water in Rajasthan.
(iii) Inundation Channels: These channels were
developed in the flood plains of Bengal to
irrigate fields.
(iv) Khadins and Johads: In arid and semi-arid
regions, some of the agricultural fields were
converted into rainfed storage structures. Such
structures are found in Rajasthan.
(v) Tankas or Tanks: In Bikaner, Phalodi and
Barmer, almost all houses have tanks for
storing drinking water. Tanks are part of the
well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting
system.
Ans. 18. Maharashtra Government built Koyna multi-
purpose project on river Godavari and diverted
much water to the state, so, the lower stream of
Godavari remained water starved. It became a
contentious issue between Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh for use of Godavari for agriculture and
industrial purposes. Koyna multi-purpose project is
the reason behind Krishna-Godavari water dispute.
The multi-purpose river valley project constructed
on river Krishna is Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.
Chapter 4: Agriculture
Ans. 1. (c) Punjab and Haryana
Ans. 2. (a) Aus, Aman and Boro
Ans. 3. (c) (iii) and (iv)
Ans. 4. (a)  A B C D
2 3 4 1
Ans. 5. (a) Kisan Credit Card
Ans. 6. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are
true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 7. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are
true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (i) (c) British
(ii) (d) Both a. and b.
(iii) (b) Plantation agriculture
(iv) (b) tea garden
(v) (a) Assam
(vi) (d)  Assertion(A) is false, but Reason (R) is
true.
Ans. 9. A—Kharif B— above 25°C
Ans. 10. It requires 50-75 cm of annual rainfall evenly-
distributed over the growing season.
Ans. 11. Pulses are leguminous crops and help in
restoring the fertility of the soil by fixing
nitrogen from the air in the roots thus they
are grown in rotation with other crops so as to
maintain the fertility of the soil.
 Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are two
important pulse producing states.

Ans. 12. Jute is known as ‘golden fibre’. 
Two geographical conditions essential for cultivation
of jute are as follows:
(i) Jute grows well in a temperature of 25°C.
(ii) 150–200 cm rainfall is essential for the
cultivation of jute.
It is used to manufacture:
(i) gunny bags,     (ii) mats,
(iii) ropes, (iv) carpets.
Ans. 13. The two major cropping seasons of India are:
Rabi: Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to
December and harvested in summer from April to
June. Some of the important Rabi crops are wheat,
barley, peas, gram and mustard. These crops are
mostly grown in Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and UP.
Kharif: Kharif crops are grown with the onset of
monsoon in different parts of the country and
are harvested in September-October. Some of the
important Kharif crops are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra,
tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut
and soyabean. Important paddy-growing areas are
Assam, West Bengal and coastal regions of Odisha,
Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, etc.
Ans. 14. Geographical conditions required for the growth
of rice are as follows:
(i) It is a Kharif crop which requires high
temperature and high humidity. This means
monthly temperature of above 25 °C with minor
variation in season, is suitable for the growth of
the plant.
(ii) Rice, a rain-fed crop, requires 100 cm and above
of annual rainfall. In areas of less rainfall, it
grows with the help of irrigation.
(iii) Rice can grow in a variety of soils including
silts, loams and gravels, but it is grown best in
alluvial soil with a sub-soil of impervious clay.
(iv) Rice also requires a large number of cheap
and skilled labour for preparation of fields,
transplanting of rice plants and harvesting.
(v) Rice is cultivated in almost all of the states of
India, but most of its cultivation is concentrated
in the river valleys, deltas of rivers and the
coastal plains.
Ans. 15. The Government of India has introduced various
technological and institutional reforms to improve
agriculture in 1980s and 1990s. These reforms led
to Green Revolution in the country.
The technological reforms which led to Green
Revolution are as follows:
(i) Several schemes for irrigation were undertaken
and arid and semi-arid areas were brought
under cultivation.
(ii) The development of HYV seeds of wheat in the
early 60s and those of rice in the 70s laid the
foundation of Green Revolution in India.
Social Science |  Class 10  | 9
(iii) Special weather bulletins and agricultural
programmes for farmers were introduced on
radio and television.
The institutional reforms which led to Green
Revolution are as follows:
(i) Crop Insurance Scheme was launched by the
government to protect the farmers against
losses caused by crop failure on account of
natural calamities like drought, flood, hailstorm,
cyclone, fire, etc.
(ii) Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings,
abolition of the Zamindari system, etc., were
given top priority to bring about institutional
reforms in the country after independence.
(iii) Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks
were established for providing loan facilities to
the farmers at lower rates of interest.
(iv) The government announced Minimum Support
Price, remunerative and procurement prices to
reduce exploitation.
Chapter 5: minerals and energy
Resources
Ans. 1. (d) Rajasthan
Ans. 2. (d) Mumbai High
Ans. 3. (b) petroleum
Ans. 4. (b) Neyveli
Ans. 5. (b) Odisha
Ans. 6. (c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
Ans. 7. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (i) Bauxite deposits are formed by the
decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich
in aluminium silicates.
(ii) Aluminium is an important metal because
it combines the strength of metals such as
iron, with extreme lightness and also with
good conductivity and great malleability.
(iii) India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found in
the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the
plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.
Ans. 9. A wide range of colours, hardness, Crystal
forms, lustre and density found in minerals,
because of the high levels of variations in physical
and chemical conditions under which mineral is
formed.
Ans. 10. Placer deposit is an accumulation of valuable
minerals formed by gravity separation from a
specific source rock during sedimentary.
Ans. 11. Conventional energy mean the energy source
which is fixed in nature like oil, natural gas and coal.
Ans. 12. Aluminium metal has great importance because
it combines the strength of metals such as iron with
extreme lightness and also with good conductivity
and great malleability.
10 |
Ans. 13. Mica is a non-metallic mineral that can easily
split into thin sheets.
It is used in many products ranging from drives,
paints fillers etc.
Ans. 14. Commercial vaibility depends on the following
factors:
(i) The mineral content of the ore must be available
in sufficient quantity for extraction.
(ii) The available market and demand of the
minerals.
(iii) The type of formation or structure in which the
minerals are found so that it become easy for
extraction. Ans. 1. (b) Silchar and Porbandar
Ans. 15. Copper is mainly used in electrical cables and
electronic industries as it is malleable, ductile and a
good conductor of heat and electricity.
The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh and Khetri
mines in Rajasthan are the leading producers of
copper in India.
Ans. 16. Uranium and thorium are used for the
generating of atomic or nuclear power.
In India, they are found in the following places:
(i) Jharkhand
(ii) Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan.
(iii) Monazite sands of Kerala.
Ans. 17. Mineral resources are exhaustible resources.
We cannot replenish them after they are exhausted
as the geological process of mineral formation
is very slow. If they are exhausted, then industrial
production will halt and the developmental process
will come to a stand still. So, it is important to
conserve minerals.
The following measures can be adopted for
conservation of minerals:
(i) Wastage in mining and processing should be
minimised.
(ii) Recycling of metallic minerals should be
maximised.
(iii) We should increase the use of non-conventional
sources of energy more and more such as solar,
wind, etc.
(iv) We should use minerals in a planned and
sustainable manner.
(v) Wherever it is possible, recyclable plastic
materials should be used.
(vi) Recycling of metals should be encouraged.
Ans. 18. Energy is a basic requirement for economic
development. The strategy of economic
development that India adopted since independence
necessarily required increasing the amount of
energy consumption. As a result, consumption of
energy in all forms has been rising.
To take care of this, various measures that need to
be adopted are as follows:
(i) We need to increase the use of renewable
energy resources like solar, wind power, biogas,
tidal energy and geothermal energy. This will
decrease the dependence on non-renewable
sources.
(ii) We have to adopt a cautious approach for
judicious use of our limited energy resources.
For example, as a concerned citizen we can use
public transport system in place of individual
vehicle.
(iii) Another measure that need to be adopted is
promotion of energy conservation, For example,
switching off electrical devices when not in use,
using power saving devices.
Chapter 6 : Lifelines of national
economy
Ans. 2. (a) Rural roads
Ans. 3. (c) National Highway Authority of India
Ans. 4. (a) Kolkata
Ans. 5. (b) Uttar Pradesh
Ans. 6. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 7. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (i) (b) Economic and administrative factors.
(ii) (c) 1853
(iii) (b) D
 ue to topographical uniformity and high
density of population.
(iv) (d) All of the above
(v) (b) Because it has a larger capacity.
(vi) (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
Ans. 9. Marmagao port exports more than half of the
total iron ore export of the country.
Ans. 10. The distribution pattern of the railway network
in the country has been largely influenced by
physiographic, economic and administrative factors.
Ans. 11. The distribution of roads is not uniform in India.
This can be explained with the help of the following
examples:
(i) The road density varies from only 12.14 km in
Jammu and Kashmir to 517.77 km in Kerala.
The national average is of 142.68 km (as on 31
March, 2011).
(ii) Road network is well developed in plains but not
in hilly areas.
(iii) There is high congestion of roads in cities but
many villages are still not connected through
all-weather roads.
Ans. 12. International trade is considered the economic
barometer of a country. This can be understood
through the following arguments:
(i) Advancement of international trade of a
country is an index to its economic prosperity
as the trade between two countries through
sea, air or land route helps in the development
of the country.

(ii) As the resources are space bound, no country
can survive without international trade. Export
and import are the components of trade.
(iii) The balance of trade of a country is the difference
between export and import. When the value of
export exceeds the value of imports, it is called
a favourable balance of trade whereas, if the
value of imports exceeds the value of exports, it
is termed as unfavourable balance of trade.
Ans. 13. The pace of change in the communication
sector has been rapid in modern times. This can be
asserted by the following arguments:
(i) Long distance communication has become
easier without the physical movement of
communicator or receiver. Today, smart phones
are used to communicate to the farthest
distances.
(ii) Personal communication and mass
communication including television, radio,
press, digital newspapers, etc., have advanced a
lot as compared to early days.
(iii) The internet has helped to connect far off
places across the globe. E-mails, messages,
data transfer over video calls and digital
meeting platforms have become possible only
due to rapid technological development.
Ans. 14. Efficient means of transport are a pre-requisite
for fast development of the country because of the
below mentioned reasons:
(i) For a long time, trade was restricted to a limited
space. With development in means of transport,
the area of trade has expanded.
(ii) The world has been converted into a large
village with the help of efficient and fast moving
transport.
(iii) Transport has helped to link India with the rest
of the world despite its vast size, diversity and
linguistic and socio-cultural plurality.
(iv) Efficient and fast moving transport could
be developed only with the help of equally
developed communication system.
(v) Transport of perishable goods becomes easier.
(vi) Ports help in the import as well as export of
goods.
(vii) Rail transport helps in the movement of heavy
and bulky goods at long distances.
(viii) Roads connect distant areas and increase
connectivity.
Ans. 15. The distribution pattern of the railway network
in the country has been largely influenced by
physiographic, economic and administrative factors
as will be clear through the following points:
(i) It was difficult to lay railway lines on the
sandy plains of Western Rajasthan, swamps
of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand.
Therefore, rail network is not developed in
these states.
Social Science |  Class 10  | 11
(ii) The Himalayan mountainous regions too are
unfavourable for the construction of railway
lines due to high relief, sparse population and
lack of economic opportunities.
(iii) In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region,
railway tracks are laid through low hills, gaps or
tunnels, which increase the cost of laying down
the tracks.
(iv) The northern plains with their vast level land,
high population density and rich agricultural
resources provide favourable condition for
construction of railway tracks. High population
means large number of travellers that
guarantees immense profits for their growth.
(v) The contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be
crossed only through gaps or passes (Ghats).
Even in the north eastern states, railway
tracks are scarce because of their undulating
geography, heavy forestation and marshy land.
Political Science
Chapter 1: Power-sharing
Ans. 1. (b)  By respecting the feeling and interests of
different communities and regions.
Ans. 2. (a) Equal representation was given Dutch and
French-speaking ministers in the Central
Government.
Ans. 3. (d) Creation of Eelam State
Ans. 4. (d) There is no vertical division of powers.
Ans. 5. (c) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Ans. 6. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 7. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (i) (b) Horizontal distribution of powers
(ii) (b) Checks and balances
(iii) (c) community government
(iv) (d) All of these
A B C D
(v) (c) 2 4 1 3
Ans. 9. Prudential reasons of power sharing stress
facts that:
(i) It ensures the stability of political order.
(ii) It reduces the possibility of conflict between
social groups.
(iii) It gives a fair share to minority.
Ans. 10. Belgium Constitution amended four times
between 1970 and 1993 to work out an arrangement
that would enable everyone to live together within
the same country.
Ans. 11. The following are the consequences of the
majoritarian policies adopted by the Sri Lankan
Government:
12 |
(i) These policies increased the feelings of
alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.
(ii) They felt that none of the major political
parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders was
sensitive to their language and culture.
(iii) They felt that the government was practising
Chapter 2: Federalism
religious discrimination as well as discrimination
in getting jobs and education.
Ans. 12. Power sharing makes a country more united. It
helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between
social group. It is good way to ensure the stability
of potential order as social conflict of ten leads to
violence and political instability.
Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.
Ans. 13. The major causes of tension were:
(i) The minority French-speaking community
was relatively rich and powerful.
(ii) This was resented by the Dutch-speaking
community who got the benefit of economic
development and education much later.
Ans. 14. A series of majoritarian measures were adopted
by the democratically elected government in Sri
Lanka after its independence in 1948 to establish
Sinhala Supremacy. This increased the feelings of
alienation among Sri Lankan Tamils.
The following majoritarian measures were taken in
Sri Lanka:
(i) In 1956, an Act was passed which recognised
Sinhala as the only official language, thus
disregarding Tamil language.
(ii) Preferences were given to Sinhala applicants
for university positions and government jobs,
etc.
(iii) State promoted Buddhism, which was the
religion followed by the Sinhala-speaking
community.
(iv) Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major
political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala
leaders was sensitive to their language and
culture.
Ans. 15. The situation of Belgium and Sri Lanka can be
compared as follows:
(i) Belgium is located in Europe whereas Sri Lanka
is located in South Asia.
(ii) Belgium has a population of over one crore
whereas Sri Lanka has population of two crores.
(iii) In Belgium, French-speaking community is
relatively rich and powerful. In Sri Lanka,
Sinhalese-speaking people are Buddhists and
are powerful.
(iv) In Belgium, Dutch-speaking people are in
numeric majority whereas in Sri Lanka,
Sinhalese-speaking population is in majority.
(v) In Belgium, 59 per cent people living in Flemish
region speak Dutch language, 40 per cent
people living in Wallonia region speak French
and remaining 1 per cent Belgium people speak
German. In Sri Lanka, 74 per cent population
is Sinhalese-speakers and 18 per cent is Tamil
speakers.
Ans. 1. (d)  government power is divided between
different levels of government.
Ans. 2. (c) USA, Australia and Switzerland.
Ans. 3. (a) Education and marriage
Ans. 4. (d)  The Parliament alone has the power to
amend the provisions regarding power-
sharing.
Ans. 5. (d) The Mayor
Ans. 6. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
Ans. 7. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
but Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (i) (a) three lists
(ii) (b) 
We need a uniform policy on these
matters throughout the country.
(iii) (b) State List
(iv) (c) Both a. and b.
(v) (a) divided power between centre and states
in three lists.
(vi) (c) C-3
Ans. 9. In case of a conflict between the central law
and the state law on subject enumerated in the
concurrent list, the central law prevails over the
state law.
Ans. 10. Sarpanch is the head of Gram Panchayat. He is
elected directly by the voters living in the Panchayat
area.
Ans. 11. The sharing of power between the Union and
the State Governments is basic to the structure of
the Constitution of India because of the following
reasons:
(i) Both the Central and State Governments derive
their power from the constitution and it is not
easy to make changes to the power-sharing
arrangement between the Union and the State
Governments. The Parliament cannot on its
own change this arrangement.
(ii) Any change to the sharing of power has to be the
first passed by both the Houses of Parliament
with at least two-thirds majority. Then it has to
be ratified by the legislatures of at least half of
the total states.
(iii) In case of any dispute about the division of
powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court
make a decision.
Ans. 12. The factors responsible for the unity among
such great diversity are:
(i) Through people have different religion, spoke
different language but all Indians are bonded
with the bond of being Indian.

(ii) Whenever the land of India was attacked by
foreigners and invaders the Indian people stand
United against them.
Ans. 13. Power-sharing between Centre and State is
more effective today due to the following reasons:
(i) The Centre and the majority of State
Governments belong to different political
parties in the coalition.
(ii) The coalition government at the Centre has
inculcated respect for federal autonomy.
(iii) A number of regional parties have become
powerful and they play a crucial role at the
Centre and States.
Ans. 14. The success of federalism in India can be owed
to the following factors:
(i) Administration of subjects which are of
national importance and require uniformity
in administration are given to the Central
Government, while subjects of the local
importance or day-to-day administration are
given to the states.
(ii) Both these levels of governments enjoy their
powers independent of each other.
(iii) The fundamental provisions of the Constitution
cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of
government. Such changes require the consent
of both the levels of government.
(iv) The federal system has dual objectives, viz., to
safeguard and promote unity of the country,
while at the same time accommodate regional
diversity.
(v) Sources of revenue for each level of government
are clearly specified to ensure their financial
autonomy.
(vi) Restructuring the Centre-State relations is
one more way in which federalism has been
strengthened in practice.
(vii) Power in India has been decentralised to the local
government. The local government includes
Panchayats in villages and Municipalities in
urban areas.
Ans. 15. Decentralisation of power rational in democracy
in because it enables peoples’ participation in affairs
of the state and their locality.
The structure of rural local government in India is as
follows:
(i) Zila Parishad: It constitutes together all the
mandals in a district. Most of the members are
elected and headed by a chairperson.
(ii) Panchayat Samiti: Its members are elected by
the entire panchayat members in that area. A
few Gram Panchayats are grouped together to
form this body.
(iii) Gram Panchayat: A council consisting of several
ward members is often called Panch and the
President is called Sarpanch. It is the decision-
making body for the entire village.
Social Science |  Class 10  | 13
Chapter 3: gender, religion and
castE
Ans. 1. (c) Discrimination on the basis of gender, religion
and caste.
Ans. 2. (c) State has no official religion.
Ans. 3. (d)  A person who demands equal rights for
women.
Ans. 4. (d) It reserves seats for religious minorities.
Ans. 5. (c) There is a need of moral values in politics.
Ans. 6. (d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. 7. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (i) (a) Caste status of an individual is determined
strictly by his heredity.
(b) Caste system has a system of superiority
and subordination.
(ii) (a) Occupational mobility
(b) Growth of literacy and education
(iii) (a) Many political parties take up the issue of
ending caste discrimination.
(b) Measures for uplifting the status of the
backward castes will be undertaken.
Ans. 9. The Equal Wages Act, 1976 provides that equal
wages should be paid for equal work, yet in almost
all areas of work, women are paid less than men
though both do exactly the same work.
Ans. 10. The groups should be tolerant of each other’s
Cultures.
Ans. 11. The caste of a person is primarily determined
by his/her birth.
Ans. 12. (a) Work-related mobility
(b) Enhancing literacy rates.
Ans. 13. Women still lag behind men in India despite
some improvements since independence. This can
be understood through the following scenarios:
(i) The literacy rate among women is only 54 per
cent as compared to 76 per cent among men.
(ii) A smaller proportion of girl students go for
higher studies. Though girls perform as good
as boys in school but they drop out because
parents prefer to spend their resources for their
boys’ education rather than spending equally
on their sons and daughters.
(iii) The proportion of women among the highly
paid and valued jobs is still very small. On an
average, an Indian woman works one hour
more than an average man every day.
Ans. 14. Communalism can take the following forms
in politics or influence the political set up in the
following ways:
(i) Communalism in Daily Beliefs: The most
common expression of communalism is in
every day beliefs. These routinely involve
religious prejudices, the stereotype of religious
communities and belief in the superiority of
one’s religion over other religions. This is so
14 |
common that we often fail to notice it, even
when we believe in it.
(ii) Communalism as Majoritarian Dominance and
Political Dominance: A communal mind often
leads to a quest for political dominance of one’s
own religious community. For those belonging
to majority community, this takes the form of
‘majoritarian dominance’ and can manifest in
their desire to form a separate political unit.
(iii) Communalism as Political Mobilisation:
Political mobilisation on religious lines is
another frequent form of communalism. This
involves the use of sacred symbols, religious
leaders, emotional appeal and plain fear in
order to bring the followers of one religion
together in the political arena.
Ans. 15. Low representation of women in Indian
legislature leads to the following problems:
(i) When women are not recognised as
an individual, there is increase in child
marriages, females won‘t get proper
education.
(ii) There are less job opportunities for them
and there is an increase in abductions of
women as they are treated as of lower
status.
(iii) There is lack of gender equality and diversity
as well as there is increase in lack of artistic
variations.
Ans. 16. The following factors are responsible for
weakening of the caste system:
(i) The Constitution of India prohibited any caste-
based discrimination and laid the foundations
of policies to reverse the injustices of the caste
system. and to prevent discrimination legally.
(ii) Caste system also got weakened due to the
efforts of our political leaders and social
reformers like Jyotiba Phule, Gandhiji, BR
Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami Naicker.
They advocated and worked to establish a
society in which caste inequalities are absent.
(iii) Spread of education has brought
awareness among people. It has broadened
their outlook and helped to decrease the belief
in caste.
Ans. 17. Secularism means that there is no official
religion for the Indian state and our Constitution
does not give a special status to any religion. All
religions are treated equally by the law.
In India, communalism has always been a major
threat and challenge to the spirit of democracy.
Therefore, the model of secular state was chosen
by the makers of our constitution as they were
aware of this challenge. Constitutional provisions
that make India a secular state are:
(i) There is no official religion for the Indian state.
(ii) Our Constitution does not give a special status
to any religion.
(iii) The Constitution allows the state to intervene
in the matter of religion in order to ensure
equality within religious communities. To ensure
equality, untouchability has been banned.
(iv) Under the Right To Freedom of Religion, our
Constitution provides to all citizens freedom to
profess, practice and propagate any religion or
not to follow any.
Ans. 18. Advantages of the political expression of caste
differences core:
(i) Adding neighbouring castes or sub castes
that were excluded earlier helps in growing
the caste group.
(ii) Caste politics has helped the Dalits and
people from OBC castes to have better
access to make better decisions.
(iii) There have been talks and negotiations in
between castes which had the previous
rivalry.
Disadvantages of the political expression of
caste differences are:
(i) New kinds of castes groups like ‘forward’ and
‘backward’ castes have comeup.
(ii) There are chances of conflict, tensions and
violence when there is a difference of opinion
in between the groups.
Chapter 4: Political parties
Ans. 1. (a) Cultural nationalism
Ans. 2. (a) Supreme Court of India
Ans. 3. (c) representative democracies
Ans. 4. (d) Most people in a democracy are not critical
of political parties.
Ans. 5. (b) No country can choose its party system.
Ans. 6. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
Ans. 7. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (i) (a) Members and supporter of a party choose
candidates.
(ii) (a) From a large number of opinions, best are
selected.
(iii) (a) direction of the party leadership.
(iv) (c) 
by mobilising opposition to the
government.
(v) (b) Top party leadership.
(vi) (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are
true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
Ans. 9. India adopted multi-party system because:
(i) India is a large country and has social and
geographical diversities.

(ii) All these diversities can be accommodated if
there is a multi-party system and just one-
party or two-party system will not help in
more representation and participation of
people in democratic processes.
Ans. 10. (i) Regulation of Internal Affairs of Political
Parties.
(ii) Provision of State funding of elections.
Ans. 11. The rise of political parties are directly linked
to the emergence of representative democracies in
the following ways:
(i) When societies develop and expand, they
become more complex in terms of social,
economic and political relations. So, they
need representatives from parties to sustain
governance.
(ii) Political parties tend to provide the base on
which the representative government is built.
(iii) They gather public views on various important
issues, articulate them and present them to the
government.
Ans. 12. The given statement can be supported by the
following arguments:
(i) Over the last three decades, the number and
strength of state parties has expanded. This has
made the Parliament of India politically more
diverse.
(ii) No single national party has been able to secure
on its own a majority in Lok Sabha. As a result,
the national parties are compelled to form
alliances with state parties.
(iii) Since 1996, nearly everyone of the state parties
has got an opportunity to be a part of one or
the other national level coalition government.
This has contributed to the strengthening of
federalism and democracy in our country.
(iv) The state parties also want to be a part of
the national level coalition because it helps to
expand their base and ensure national level
recognition for them.
Ans. 13. Money and muscle power play an important
role in elections in the following ways:
(i) Due to focus on winning elections, parties tend
to use shortcuts to win elections.
(ii) Parties tend to nominate the candidates who
have or can raise lots of money.
(iii) Rich people and companies tend to have an
influence on the policies and decisions of the
party by providing funds to them.
(iv) Parties support criminals in many cases who
can win the elections.
Ans. 14. National Party: It is a party that secures at least
6 per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha election
or Assembly in four states and wins at least four
seats in Lok Sabha. For example BJP, Indian National
Congress etc.
Social Science |  Class 10  | 15
The conditions as laid down by the Election
Commission to recognise a state party and national
party are:
(i) In a state party, the party members aim to
highlight the regional interests. On the other
hand, a national party gives due importance to
national interests.
(ii) A state party can contest in elections only in a
particular state, whereas a national party can
contest in elections all across the country.
(iii) Example: BJP and Congress are national parties,
whereas Akali Dal and Trinamool Congress are
state level parties.
Ans. 15. The Constitution was amended to prevent
elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties, since
many elected representatives were indulging in
defection in order to become ministers or for cash
rewards.
(i) In order to reduce the influence of money power
and muscle power (criminals), the Supreme
Court of our country passed an order. Now, it
is mandatory for every candidate to file an
affidavit giving details of his/her property and
of criminal cases pending against him/her.
(ii) The Election Commission passed an order for
the political parties to hold their organisational
elections and file their income tax returns.
Chapter 5: Outcomes of
democracy
Ans. 1. (a) Democratic government
Ans. 2. (c)  Democracy is based on the idea of
deliberation and negotiation
Ans. 3. (a) transparency
Ans. 4. (c)  Decisions are taken quickly and are often
forced upon people
Ans. 5. (c) Accommodation of social diversity
Ans. 6. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 7. (d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. 8. (i) In a democracy, we are most concerned
with ensuring that people will have the right
to choose their rulers and people will have
control over the rulers. Whenever possible
and necessary, citizens should be able to
participate in decision-making that affects
them all.
(ii) (a) democracy has strong and significant
indirect effects which contribute to
growth.
(b) democracy is associated with higher
human capital accumulation, lower
inflation, lower political instability.
(iii) It recognises the passion of respect and
freedom of the people.
16 |
Ans. 9. The two common features of democratic
politics are:
(i) It follows the principle of one person, one vote,
one value.
(ii) Major decisions are taken by elected leaders.
Ans. 10. Democracy is based on political equality in India
because it grants every individual the right to vote
and to contest elections irrespective of his/her
caste, religion, creed, economic status etc.
Ans. 11. Democracy is a form of government that
people approve of. It is legitimate, transparent and
accountable. As people are able to choose their
ruler which makes it a legitimate government, so
people support it overwhelmingly.
Ans. 12. The conditions under which democracies
accommodate social diversities are as follows:
(i) Mostly every country in the world has social
diversities in terms of caste, religion, culture,
race, language, etc. Democracy must fulfil these
conditions in order to achieve the outcome.
(ii) It is also necessary that the rule of majority does
not become rule by the majority community in
terms of religion or race or linguistic group.
(iii) It is necessary to understand that democracy
is not simply ruled by majority opinion. The
majority always needs to work with the minority
so that the government functions to represent
the general view.
Ans. 13. A democratic government is known as a
responsive and accountable government because
of the below mentioned reasons:
(i) In democracy, people have the right to choose
their rulers and people have control over the
rulers.
(ii) In democracy, citizens have the right and the
means to examine the process of decision-
making.
(iii) They have the right to participate in decision-
making which affects them all.
Ans. 14. The given statement can be supported with the
following examples:
(i) Democracies develop a procedure to conduct
their competition which reduces the possibility
of social tensions to become violent.
(ii) Democratic regimes have the ability to handle
social differences, divisions and conflicts.
(iii) Democracy can never resolve conflicts among
different groups but it can ask people to respect
the differences and can evolve a mechanism to
negotiate these differences.
For Example, Belgium has successfully
negotiated differences among its ethnic
population which reduces the possibility of
tensions.
Ans. 15. The complaints of citizens are treated as
testimony to the success of democracy as:
(i) It shows that people are aware of their
problems and are criticising the government
for not solving them. People cannot criticise
the government in case of dictatorship.
(ii) A
 public expression of dissatisfaction with
democracy shows the success of democratic
project because the government is allowing its
own criticism and opposition by the public.
(iii) T
he criticism of government by the people
keeps the power holders in check.
Ans. 16. Democracy is a better form of government
when compared with other form of government
because of the following reasons:
(i) Democracy promotes equality among citizens.
Every citizen of the country has equal rights
before the law, and all individuals have equal
weight in electing the representatives.
(ii) Democracy enhances the dignity of the
individual by giving its citizens equal rights.
Democracy gives equal treatment and respect
to women as well as deprived and discriminated
castes.
(iii) Democracy improves the quality of decision-
making, as there is open debate in major issues
in democracy.
(iv) Democracy provides a method to resolve
conflicts and reduces the possibility of social
tension that leads to a peaceful social life and
helps to correct mistakes.
(v) A democratic government is a legitimate
government. Democracy gets the popular
support of the people by holding regular, free
and fair elections.
Ans. 17. Democracy leads to a peaceful and harmonious
life among citizens as it gives to then a sound
political system based on social equality. We can
prove the statement by citing the following facts:
(i) Democracy provides a conductive political
environment to citizens for their popular
participation in politics.
(ii) Every citizen has the right to vote and right to
contest election. This ensures peaceful relations
amongst them.
(iii) Democracy stands for equal economic status to
all citizens.
(iv) In democracy, government undertakes
extensive social welfare schemes and achieve
universal literacy rate.
(v) In the social sphere, democracy tries to help
its citizens by accommodating various social
divisions and providing social equality to its
citizens.
(vi) Democratic governments try to resolve
differences, respect differences and try
mechanisms which can negotiate differences.

Economics
Chapter 1: Development
Ans. 1. (c) The developmental goals that people have is
only about higher income.
Ans. 2. (c) More days of work and better wages
Ans. 3. (c) Low-middle income countries
Ans. 4. (d) All of the above
Ans. 5. (c) The standard of living in Kerala is better than
Bihar.
Ans. 6. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true,
but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
Ans. 7. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true,
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (i) Kerala has low infant Mortality Rate because
it has adequate provision of basic health and
educational facilities.
(ii) Money cannot buy all the goods and services
that you may need to live well. So, income by
itself is not a completely adequate indicator
of material goods and services that citizens
are able to use.
(iii) We use averages because they are useful for
comparing differing quantities of the same
category.
Ans. 9. Life expectancy for health.
Ans. 10. Factors important for development other
income are:
(a) Health facilities
(b) Education
(c) Life expectancy
(d) Employment.
Ans. 11. The main criterion used by the World Bank in
classifying different countries is the per capita
income.
Ans. 12. The development goal for an urban unemployed
youth would be to find a good job and earn a decent
wage with that work.
Ans. 13. Development is a process that creates growth,
brings in progress and positive change.
Two aspects of development are Economic growth
or increase in people’s income.
Ans. 14. Different people have different developmental
goals because of the following reasons:
(i) Development or progress does not mean the
same thing for every individual. Each individual
has his own idea of development.
(ii) People come from different economic and
social backgrounds and their priorities and
aspirations vary.
(iii) People set their goals according to the changing
situations and circumstances. For example, a
rich family would always want to earn more
Social Science |  Class 10  | 17
luxuries but if they suddenly suffer a huge loss,
their developmental goals will change to first
secure a stable source of income, ensuring
education for their children etc.
Ans. 15. The three ways to improve public facilities in
India are:
(i) Public Distribution System (PDS) shops such as
ration shops through which basic food items are
supplied at very low price/subsidised rate must
be regulated properly so that the problems of
the people get rectified.
(ii) Adequate provisions of basic health and
educational facilities must be provided.
(iii) Government must ensure law and order and
provide security in order to maintain peace in
the country.
Ans. 16. The issue of sustainability is important for
development because:
(i) It is necessary for the future survival and
growth prospects of the nation.
(ii) Sustainability ensures that the growth of
the economy is continuous and takes care
of overall development of the economy with
better education, health and sanitation facilities.
(iii) In order to achieve sustainable growth, broad
level policies are framed for effective utilisation
of natural resources like oil, water, minerals,
etc.
Ans. 17. National development is needed in the following
areas:
(i) Equal Treatment: Everyone desires to be
treated at par with the other.
(ii) Security: Everyone wants to live a secure life
where he is not constantly under fear and
threat.
(iii) Respect: Everyone desires to be respected.
(iv) Freedom: Everyone wants to live a free life.
(v) Opportunity for Growth: There should be
sufficient opportunities of growth for all.
Ans. 18. The following examples show that development
could mean different things to different people:
(i) Construction of dams may be development for
some. It may be beneficial for the generation of
electricity. Urban areas may benefit from it but
the rural areas may be submerged under water.
e.g., Narmada valley project.
(ii) Multinational companies may be seen as a
symbol of development. But these companies
may hamper the small producers and retailers
as they may not be able to compete with the
huge resources and modern technology.
(iii) A girl may try to seek freedom and opportunity
as her brother for development, but this notion
may not be liked by the parents.
18 |
(iv) Women may seek desirable reservation in
election to local bodies for their development.
Male dominated society may not approve it,
fearing their power being divided.
(v) The school may seek for an increase in
tuition fee for the advancement of education
facilities, but the parents may find it difficult to
bear.
Chapter 2: Sectors of the indian
economy
Ans. 1. (a) NSSO — National Sample Survey Organisation.
Ans. 2. (c) ownership of enterprises
Ans. 3. (b) Mineral excavation
Ans. 4. (d) gross production of the sector for that year.
Ans. 5. (d) All of these
Ans. 6. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are
true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 7. (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
Ans. 8. (i) (a) Importance of sectors
(ii) (b) Primary
(iii) (b) Secondary sector
(iv) (c) Developed countries
(v) (a) Secondary sector
(vi) (b)  Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are
true but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A)
Ans. 9. This is because primary sector forms the base
for all other products that we subsequently make.
Ans. 10. cotton/sugarcane
Ans. 11. More employment can be created in agriculture
sector alone in the following ways:
(i) Irrigation facilities has to be increased without
which only a single crop can be grown in most
agricultural fields, resulting in less working
opportunities but if irrigation is provided, two or
three crops can be grown on the same field and
more people would get employment.
(ii) Basic facilities are to be provided such as
transportation (building of roads), irrigation,
banking to ease the work of farmers. Subsidies
can be provided as well as dams and storages
can be built.
(iii) Easy loan is to be provided so that people could
start small businesses which will make them
self-dependent.
Ans. 12. Importance of primary sector can be brought
forward through the following points:
(i) This sector forms the base for all other products
that are subsequently make and contributes
around 20% towards the GDP of India.
(ii) It covers a wide range of activities such as
agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, etc.
(iii) More than half of the workers in the country
are working in the primary sector, mainly in
agriculture.
Ans. 13. The organised sector is preferred by the
employees due to the following reasons:
(i) Organised sector ensures year-long availability
of work and continuous livelihood support.
Whereas employees in the unorganised sector
don’t have continuous work available.
(ii) Workers in the organised sector enjoy security
of employment and are expected to work only a
fixed number of hours. They are paid overtime
and cannot be removed without any proper
reason.
(iii) Employees of the organised sector get paid
leave, provident fund and gratuity whereas
employees of the unorganised sector do not
have any such guarantee.
Ans. 14. Tertiary sector is becoming important because
of the below mentioned reasons:
(i) Several services such as hospitals, educational
institutions, post and telegraph services, police
stations, courts, village administrative offices,
Municipal Corporation, etc. are required. These
services are a part of the tertiary sector.
(ii) The development of agriculture and industry in
India had lead to the development of services
such as transport, trade, storage, etc.
(iii) As income levels rise in India, certain sections
of people, start demanding more services like
eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals,
private schools, professional training, etc.
(iv) Over the past decade or so, certain new
services such as those based on information
and communication technology have become
important and essential. The production of
these services has been rising rapidly.
(v) Due to globalisation, people have become
aware of new services and activities and
communication because of which the tertiary
sector has gained importance.
Ans. 15. Agriculture had been the backbone of the Indian
economy but its declining share has been a matter
of serious concern due to the following reasons:
(i) In India, about 63% people were engaged in
agricultural sector in 2001.
(ii) Share in GDP was more than 40% in 1973.
(iii) Raw material for secondary sectors is mostly
supplied by agriculture but now the share of
agriculture is declining in the GDP year by year
which is a matter of serious concern.
(iv) Share of agriculture in the GDP has declined
from 44% to 24% during 1973 to 2003.
(v) The primary sector continues to be the largest
employer even in 2000 but the production has
not increased with this rate.

Chapter 3: Money and Credit
Ans. 1. (a) Demand deposit
Ans. 2. (d) Traders, employers, friends, relatives etc.
provide informal credit source.
Ans. 3. (c) interest
Ans. 4. (c) Demand deposit
Ans. 5. (b) Terms of credit
Ans. 6. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 7. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (i) 
(a) 
Sort of contract to be agreed upon by
both the lender and the borrower.
(ii) (c) a guarantee to a lender for the asset.
(iii) (a) deposits with banks
(iv) (a) 
If the borrower fails to repay the loan
amount, the lender has the right to sell
the collateral security to obtain payments.
(v) (d) Any of these
(vi) (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
Ans. 9. RBI is only authorised body that can issue
currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.
Indian Rupee is used now a days in India.
Ans. 10. Poor households are deprived of the formal
sector of loans because they lack proper documents
and collateral such as house, live stock etc.
Ans. 11. It is necessary for the banks and cooperative
societies to increase their lending facilities in rural
areas due to the following reasons:
(i) The cost of informal loans is much higher
which leads to a debt-trap. Due to high cost
of borrowing, people who wish to start a new
enterprise may not do so.
(ii) The loans from informal lenders carry a high
interest rate and makes less increase in the
income of borrowers. So, it is necessary that
Ans. 15. When the credit or loan is taken from banks
banks and cooperatives should increase their
lending particularly in the rural areas in order
to reduce the dependence of poor on informal
sources of credit.
(iii) It is important that formal credit sources like
banks are distributed more equally in rural and
urban areas so that the poor can benefit from
the cheaper loans.
Ans. 12. Money has made transactions easy as it solves
the problem of double coincidence of wants by
acting as a medium of exchange.
Credit plays a positive role in economic development
in the following ways:
Social Science |  Class 10  | 19
(i) Credits or loans sanctioned by banks help the
industrialists as capital investments to start up
a new venture without worrying about the lack
of cash. This creates employment opportunities
thereby contributing in the economic
development of the country.
(ii) Loans help the farmers to buy new seeds
before the sowing season which becomes the
source of capital to them in need and have a
better earning.
(iii) Credit helps to boost many other sectors as
well as to buy houses, vehicles and generate
demands. This helps in the economic
development. Even the borrower is capable of
repaying the loans in instalments.
Ans. 13. Deposits with the banks are beneficial in the
following manner:
(i) Depositors receive interest on the deposits
from the banks.
(ii) The money remains safe in the bank.
(iii) The money can be withdrawn anytime by the
depositors from the bank.
Ans. 14. The Reserve Bank of India supervises the
functioning of formal sources of loans. This can be
understood through the following examples:
(i) All the commercial banks are required to
maintain a minimum cash balance out of the
deposits they receive. The RBI monitors that
the banks actually maintain the required cash
balance.
(ii) Periodically, banks have to submit information
to the RBI on how much they are lending, to
whom and at what interest rate, etc.
(iii) It is necessary to exert control over the banking
system so that the depositors are not cheated
out of their hard earned money. By exercising
control, the RBI ensures that banks give loans
not just to profit-making business and traders,
but also to small cultivators, small scale
industries, small borrowers, etc.
(iv) RBI issues currency notes on behalf of the
Central Government.
(v) RBI issues guidelines for fixing rate of interest
on deposits and lending by banks.
or cooperatives, it is called formal sector loan.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) supervises the
functioning of formal sources of loans.
Cheap and affordable credit provided by banks and
cooperatives help in the country’s development by
fulfilling the credit needs of farmers, businessmen,
small scale industries, etc.
Informal sector of credit includes moneylenders,
traders, employers, relatives and friends. Informal
sector credit activities are not supervised or
controlled by the RBI. Informal lenders charge
much higher interest on loans and there is no
one to stop them using unfair means to get their
money back.
20 |
We need to expand formal sources of credit in India
for the following reasons:
(i) It helps to save people from the exploitation of
informal sector.
(ii) Formal sector charges a low interest on loans.
(iii) It provides cheap and affordable credit.
(iv) It helps to save from debt-trap.
(v) RBI supervises the formal sector credit through
various rules and regulations. This ensures that
banks give loans to small cultivators, small
borrowers, etc., and not just to profit-making
business and traders.
Chapter 4: Globalisation and
the Indian economy
Ans. 1. (b) buy existing local companies
Ans. 2. (a) 
MNC can bring latest technology in the
production.
Ans. 3. (d) To attract foreign investment
Ans. 4. (d) All of the above
Ans. 5. (d) Only (iii)
Ans. 6. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 7. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
Ans. 8. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true,
but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
Ans. 9. (i) 
Tata Motors (automobiles), Infosys (IT),
Ranbaxy (medicines), Asian Paints (paints),
Sundaram Fasteners (nuts and bolts) are
some Indian companies which are spreading
their operations worldwide.
(ii) Massive campaigns and representation
by people’s organisations have influenced
important decisions relating to trade
and investments at the WTO. This has
demonstrated that people also can play
an important role in the struggle for fair
globalisation.
(iii) Batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, tyres,
dairy products and vegetable oil are some
example of industries where the small
manufacturers have been hit hard due to
competition.
Ans. 10. Indian Government had put barriers to foreign
trade and foreign investment after independence
to protect the producers within the country from
foreign investment.
Ans. 11. Fair globalisation would create opportunities
for all and also ensures that the benefits of
globalisation are shared by all.
All positive and negatives aspects of development
are enjoyed by both rich and the poor nations.
Ans. 12. The benefits of this joint production to the local
company are:
(i) MNCs can provide money for additional
investment.
(ii) MNC might bring latest technology for
production.
Ans. 13. The steps taken by the Central and State
Governments to attract foreign investment in India
are:
(i) The government has set up industrial zones
called Special Economic Zones (SEZs) which
provide world class facilities such as electricity,
water, roads, transport, storage, recreational
and educational facilities.
(ii) The government has also allowed flexibility in
labour laws to attract foreign investment.
(iii) Companies setting up production units in SEZs
do not have to pay taxes for an initial period of
five years.
(iv) Companies can employ workers flexibly for
short periods in case of intense work pressure
which helps to reduce the cost of labour for the
companies.
Ans. 14. A wide range of goods have become available in
the Indian markets as a result of globalisation. This
statement can be supported using the following
examples:
(i) Globalisation has led to large scale integration of
markets around the world. Goods and services
provided by different countries are available in
Indian markets thus providing various choices
to consumers in India.
(ii) Investments by MNCs in industries such as
cell phones, automobiles, electronics, etc.
have made the latest variety of various goods
available very easily.
(iii) Better quality products from various countries
around the world are available at affordable
prices for Indians to purchase from their own
local markets within the country. This has
affected the demands for other services as well.
Ans. 15. Rapid improvement in technology has been
playing a key role in encouraging the globalisation
process. This can be supported with the help of the
following examples:
(i) Improvement in transportation technology e.g.,
using containers for storing goods has made
possible faster delivery of goods across long
distances at lower costs.
(ii) There have been rapid developments in
information and communication technology,
e.g., computer, Internet, etc. They have made
easy access to any person or place around the
world.

(iii) Technology has helped to communicate
from remote areas. One can obtain and share
information through internet.
(iv) Telecommunication facilities (telegraph,
telephone including mobile phones, fax, etc.)
are used to contact and access information.
Electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voice mail) can
be done across the world at negligible costs.
(v) Information technology has played a major role
in spreading out production of services across
countries.
Thus, it can be said that technology has
stimulated the globalisation process and
serves as the vital force in the modern form of
globalisation.
Ans. 16. The given statement can be supported with the
help of the following examples:
(i) The policy of liberalisation and globalisation
has provided a big boost to foreign direct
investment in developing countries.
(ii) Due to the policy of globalisation and
privatisation, the condition of infrastructure
has improved considerably. At present, many
private companies are providing better services
to the consumers.
(iii) The private sector is free to import raw material
and technology from other countries.
Ans. 17. MNCs are controlling and spreading their
production across the world in the following ways:
(i) MNCs set up their production units in those
areas where skilled and unskilled labour is
easily available at low cost which increases the
rate of production.
(ii) MNCs set up their units near to the market to
have easier distribution.
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Social Science |  Class 10  | 21
(iii) MNCs set up production jointly with some of
the local companies. Sometimes, they buy local
companies and expand their production.
(iv) MNCs choose such areas to set up their
production units where there is availability of
required facilities.
(v) MNCs place orders for production with small
producers and provide them money for their
requirements. They provide the local companies
with their latest technology to achieve better
and speedy production.
Ans. 18. Liberalisation refers to the removal of partial or
complete loosening of the restrictions set by the
government on foreign investment and trade.
The reasons why the government of India started
the Policy of liberalisation in 1991 are:
Liberalisation of trade and investment has
helped the globalisation process in the following
manner:
(i) Liberalisation gives industries the freedom to
expand themselves according to the market. It
supports the process of globalisation.
(ii) Liberalisation of investment helps to start new
businesses all over the world which is a part of
globalisation.
(iii) Under the policy of liberalisation, the Indian
government has removed various restrictions
from the import and export of goods and
services.
(iv) The process of liberalisation has brought
new technology in India which has promoted
globalisation.
(v) Information and communication technology has
played a major role in spreading out production
and services across countries.