Morula —---> Blastocyst. (Has trophoblast and embryoblast.

)
Trophoblast —----> placenta.
Embryoblast —-----------> Hypoblast & Epiblast
Hypoblast —---------> Yolk Sac
Epiblast —---------> Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

1)
2)
3) Heart & Aorticopulmonary Trunk

- Develops from a pair of tubes called cardiogenic plates located in mesodermal layer
- W3: Cardiogenic plates fuse in midline give rise to singular tubular structure called heart
tube.
- W4: Heart tube undergoes looping, elongation - establishment of atria and ventricles.
- Bulbus Cordis —-> Truncus Arteriosus —---> Outflow tracts
- W5-8: Septation of heart occurs, divides it into chambers
- Interatrial septum formation closes off formane ovale
- Interventricular septum made up of muscular and membranous septum

- Aorticopulmonary septation
- Aorticopulmonary septum forms within the truncus arteriosis - divides it into aorta and
pulmonary trunk
- Aorticopulmonary septum grows, spirals and rotates and then fuses with the
interventricular septum

4) Esophagus
- From foregut
- Due to the growth of lung bud and its detachment from foregut.
- Increases in length via rapid elongation and differentiation due to growth and movement
of heart and lungs
- Surrounding mesenchyme supports by differentiating into smooth muscle fibres and
connective tissue
- Undergoes rencanalization (programmed cell death of cells in the center to form lumen)
5) Stomach
- Also from foregut
- Stomach primordium undergoes rotation and elongation
- Rotattion is in 90 degrees clockwise - give rise to the curvatures of stomach and
positions the other abdominal organs
- During elongation, regional differentiation occurs giving rise to distinct regions of
stomach

6) Midgut
- Connected to yolk sac via vitelline duct
- In week 5, undergoes rapid elongation
- Due to rapid elongation, protrudes into umbilicus (physical herniation)
- After herniation rotates 90 degrees counterclockwise, loops around superior
mescenteric artery
- Retracts back into abdominal cavity in 10th week, has coiled conformation
- Gives rise to jejenum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, 2//3 transverse colon

7) Hindgut
- Communicates with cloaca - common chamber for reproductive, urinary,
digestive systems
- At week 7, the Urorectal septum divides the cloaca into anterior urogenital sinus
and anorectal canal.
- Anorectal canal has superior and inferior part
- Superior part of anorectal canal - from endoderm - gives rise to rectum
- Inferior part of anorectal canal - from ectroderm - gives rise to anal canal

8) Liver
- Liver bud aka hepatic diverticulum
- Outgrowth of ventral wall of distal foregut
- Hepatic Diverticulum undergoes septation to form hepatic chords (lobules)
 - Functional maturation, segmentation and development occurs
- Hepatic Sinusiods appear

9) Extrahepatic Duct system

- The stalk which attaches hepatic diverticulum to foregut narrows and then forms
bile duct.
- Gall bladder and cystic duct arise from ventral outgrowths from the bile ducts

10) Pancreas
- Develops from 2 separate buds: dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds
- Both buds come from foregut endoderm
- Both buds fuse due to the movement of duodeneum.
- Dorsal pancreatic buds give rise to neck and body of pancreas
- Ventral pancreatic bud forms most of the main pancreatic bud

11)Kidney and Urinary Tract

- From intermediate mesoderm - gievs rise to urogenital ridge
- Posterior portion of urogenital ridge - kidney. Anterior portion - urinary tract
- Pronephros forms first (with pronephroic collecting duct. Regress at W4
- Then mesonephros forms with mesonephroic duct. Regress at W10
- Both pronephros and mesonephros are temporary structures. Have temporary
function as temporary excretory system
- Now metanephros arises. Differentiates into 2 main components: renal vesicles
and ureteric bud
- Renal vesicle gives rise to kidneys and nephrons via differentiation
- Ureteric bud forms calyxes, renal pelvis, ureter. Undergoes repeated branching
and elongation
- Renal vesicle and ureteric bud sends signals to each other to differentiate into
nephrosn and to undergo branching and elongation. Called reciprocal induction.
 12) Genital Organs
- Depends on presence of Y chromosne and SRY gene.
- Gonadal ridges gives rise to gonads (sexually indifferent)
- If Y chromosome and SRY gene present: gonads form testes
- Testes produce testoserone and AMH (anti Mullerin Hormone).
- Testosterone promotes development of Wollfian duct (forms epididymis, ductus
deferens)
- AMH causes regression of Mullerin Duct (gives rise to fallopian tube, uterus)
- Undifferentiated external genitala forms under the influence of DHT
(dihydrotestosterone)

- If Y chromosome and SRY gene not present: gonads form ovaries

- Since testosterone and AMH not produced (no testes) Mullerin duct
(fallopian duct, uterus) forms and there is no Wolffian duct (epididymis,
ductus deferens)
- Undifferentiated external genitala forms due to the absence of DHT
(dihydrotestosterone)

13) Brain
Brain (and CNS, spinal cord) develop from the neural tube.

For brain theres 3 primary vesicles formed:

Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, Rhombocephalon. Then secondary vesicles.
Prosencephalon gives Telencephalon (cerebral cortex) & Diencephalon (thalamus,
hypothalamus).
Mesencephalon remains
Rhombocephalon gives Metecephalon (pons, cerebellum) and Myencephalon (medulla)