Maths

Full worked solutions
SECTION 1
Target your revision (Chapters 1–4) (page 1)
1 Use the symbols ⇒ ⇐ and ⇔
P : ( x − 3)( x − 4) > 0 and Q: x > 4 . Which of the following describes the complete relationship between
P and Q?
P ⇒ Q P ⇐ Q P ⇔ Q
When x > 4 then (x - 3) and (x - 4) are both positive. You might find it helps to think of the
curve y = ( x − 3 )( x − 4 )
So ( x − 3)( x − 4) is positive when x > 4.
y
So Q ⇒ P.
However, when x < 3 then (x − 3) and (x − 4) are both negative.
So (x − 3)(x − 4) is positive when x < 3.
So P does not imply Q as x could either be greater than 4
or less than 3.
Therefore, the relationship is Q ⇒ P which is the same as P ⇐ Q 0 x
3 4
2 Use proof by deduction

Prove that the sum of the squares of any two consecutive even numbers is divisible by 4.
Let 2n represent any even number

The next even number is (2n + 2)..
( 2n ) + ( 2n + 2) .
2 2
The sum of their squares is When you multiply an
Expanding the brackets gives: 4n + 4n + 4n + 4n + 4.
2 2 integer by 2, the answer
is always even.
Simplifying gives: 8n 2 + 8n + 4.
Factorising gives: 4 ( 2n 2 + 2n + 1) .
Since you can take 4 out as a common factor then the sum of the
squares of two consecutive even numbers is divisible by 4.
3 Use proof by exhaustion

A perfect number is a positive integer that is equal to the sum of its factors (excluding itself).
6 is a perfect number since the factors of 6 are 1, 2 and 3 and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
Prove that 6 is the only perfect number which is less than 10.
1 has only itself as a factor so is not perfect as the definition of perfect

excludes ‘itself ’ from the sum.
You need to test all of
2, 3, 5 and 7 are prime and so can’t be perfect. the values under 10.
Factors of 4 excluding 4 are: 1, 2 but 1 + 2 = 3.
Factors of 6 excluding 6 are: 1, 2, 3 and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6. 3
1 OCR B (MEI) A Level Mathematics Year 1/AS (Pure)

Factors of 8 excluding 8 are: 1, 2, 4 but 1 + 2 + 4 = 7.
SECTION 1 Target your revision
Factors of 9 excluding 9 are: 1, 3 but 1 + 3 = 4.

Hence 6 is the only perfect number less than 10.
4 Find a counter example to disprove a conjecture

By finding a counter example, disprove the following statement.
n 2 − 8 n + 15 is positive for all integer values of n.
When n = 1 then n 2 − 8n + 15 = 12 − 8 × 1 + 15 Start by testing

= 1 − 8 + 15 different integers.
=8
When n = 2 then n 2 − 8n + 15 = 2 2 − 8 × 2 + 15
= 4 − 16 + 15
=3
When n = 3 then n 2 − 8n + 15 = 3 2 − 8 × 3 + 15
= 9 − 24 + 15
=0
When n = 4 then n 2 − 8n + 15 = 4 2 − 8 × 4 + 15 You only need one
counter example to
= 16 − 32 + 15 disprove a statement.
= −1
Hence n 2 − 8n + 15 is negative when n = 4 and so the conjecture is
false.
5 Use and manipulate surds

Show that 48 + 12 can be written in the form a b where a and b are as a small as possible.
48 = 16 × 3 Start by simplifying 48
Look for the largest square
= 16 × 3 number that is a factor of 48.
=4 3
12 = 4×3 Now simplify 12

= 4× 3
=2 3
48 + 12 = 4 3 + 2 3
=6 3
⇒ a = 6 and b = 3.

6 Rationalise the denominator of a surd

Simplify 2 − 3 .
2+ 3
Rationalise the denominator: 2 − 3 = 2 − 3 × 2 − 3 To rationalise

1
you
2+ 3 2+ 3 2− 3 a+ b
multiply top and bottom by
(2 − 3)(2 − 3)
= a − b.
Remember a fraction is not (2 + 3)(2 − 3)
in its simplest form if the
denominator contains a surd. (2 − 3)(2 − 3) Remember the rule for the
=
2 2 − ( 3)2 ‘difference of two squares’:
( x + y )( x − y ) = x 2 − y 2 .
(2 − 3)(2 − 3)
=
4−3 4−3=1
= (2 − 3)(2 − 3)
= 22 − 2 3 − 2 3 + 3 3 3 3=3
= 4−4 3+3
= 7−4 3
7 Use the laws of indices

Simplify 12a b2 c2 .
2 3 4
(2ab c )
Use the law ( x m ) n = x m × n to

12a 2b 3c 4 = 12a 2b 3c 4 remove the brackets.
(2ab 2c ) 2 4 a 2b 4 c 2
= 3b −1c 2 12 ÷ 4 = 3
2 a2 ÷ a2 =1
= 3c b =1
−1
b 3 ÷ b 4 = b 3−4 = b −1
b b
c 4 ÷ c 2 = c 4−2 = c 2
8 Understand negative and fractional indices

−1 3
Write 2 2 + 2 + 2 2 in the form k 2.
−1 1 −1
2 2
= 22
1
Write each term in terms of 2.
= 2
2
2 m
Using x m − n = x n
= 1 2 x
2
3 1+ 1
22 = 2 2 Using x m+ n = x m × x n
1
= 21 × 2 2
=2 2
−1 3
⇒2 2
+ 2 + 22 = 1 2 + 2 + 2 2
2
= 7 2
2

9 Work with quadratic equations

Use factorising to solve 6 x 2 − 7 x − 3 = 0.
Hence sketch the curve y = 6 x 2 − 7 x − 3.
6x 2 − 7x − 3 = 0 Use the ‘splitting the middle

⇒ 6x 2 + 2x − 9x − 3 = 0 term’ method to help you
factorise.
⇒ 2x(3x + 1) − 3(3x + 1) = 0
⇒ (2x − 3)(3x + 1) = 0 6 × (-3) = -18
So you can split the middle
Factorise the first pair of term term of -7x into + 2 x − 9x. Two numbers which multiply to
and then the last pair of terms. give -18 and add to give -7 are
(Or −9x + 2 x if you prefer!).
+2 and -9.
1 3
So the solutions are x = − 3 or x = 2 .
1 3
The curve y = 6x 2 − 7x − 3 cuts the x-axis at x = − 3 and x = 2 .
The curve cuts the y-axis when x = 0 ⇒ y = −3.
y
The coefficient of x2 is positive

so the curve is ∪ shaped.
1 0 3 x
−
3 2
−3
10 Complete the square

Write y = x 2 − 4 x − 3 in the form y = ( x + a ) 2 + b.
The coefficient of x is -4.

y = x − 4x − 3
2
Half this is -2.
Squaring gives 4.
⇒ y = x 2 − 4x + 4 − 3 − 4
⇒ y = ( x − 2) 2 − 3 − 4 Add and subtract 4 to make
the first three terms a perfect
⇒ y = ( x − 2) − 7 2
Check: square.
(x − 2)2 − 7 = x2 − 4 x + 4 - 7
= x2 − 4 x − 3. 3 Factorise the first 3 terms.

11 Use the discriminant of a quadratic

Find the value of k so that the equation 4 x 2 + kx + 9 = 0 has one repeated root.
4 x 2 + kx + 9 = 0 Use the discriminant to find k.

When there is one repeated root b 2 − 4ac = 0. When b2 − 4 ac > 0 there are
Substitute a = 4, b = k and c = 9 into b 2 − 4ac = 0.: two real distinct roots.
When b2 − 4 ac = 0 there is
k2 − 4 × 4 × 9 = 0 one repeated root.
k 2 − 144 = 0 When b2 − 4 ac < 0 there are no
real roots.
k 2 = 144
k = ±12
12 Solve simultaneous equations where one equation is quadratic

Find the coordinates of the points where the line y = 2 x + 1 intersects the curve y 2 = 6 x + 7.
Substitute y = 2x + 1 into y 2 = 6x + 7:
(2x + 1) 2 = 6x + 7
4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = 6x + 7
Expand brackets.
4 x 2 − 2x − 6 = 0
2x 2 − x − 3 = 0 Rearrange into form ax 2 + bx + c = 0.
2 x 2 + 2 x − 3x − 3 = 0
Split the middle term.
2x( x + 1) − 3( x + 1) = 0
(2x − 3)( x + 1) = 0
So x = −1 or x = 3 .
2
When x = −1, y = 2 × ( −1) + 1 = −2 + 1 = −1 Substitute into the linear equation
to find the values of y.
3 3
When x = , y = 2 × + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4
2 2
Make sure you give your answer as
2 ( )
So the coordinates are (−1, −1) and 3 , 4 . coordinates as you were asked.
13 Solve linear inequalities

Solve −6 < 3(1− 2 x ) 15.
− 6 < 3(1 − 2x ) 15
Divide through by 3.
⇒ −2 < 1 − 2x 5
⇒ −3 < −2x 4 Subtract 1 from each ‘side’.
⇒ − 3 < −x 2 Divide through by 2.

2
⇒ −2 x < 3 Now multiply by -1 and reverse

2 the inequality.

14 Solve quadratic inequalities

Solve x 2 − 2 x − 15 > 0.
x 2 − 2x − 15 > 0 Treat this as if it were a quadratic

equation and factorise.
⇒ ( x + 3)( x − 5) > 0
So the critical values are x = −3 and x = 5.
Use a sketch of the curve y = x 2 − 2 x − 15 to help you identify the
correct regions.
y
−3 0 5 x
The curve is above the x -axis when x

is less than -3 or x is greater than 5.
So x < -3 or x > 5.
Using set notation, you can write this as {x : x < − 3} ∪ {x : x > 5}
15 Represent inequalities graphically

Show graphically the region represented by x 2 + 3 x − 5 2 x + 1.
Find where the line y = 2x + 1 and the curve y = x 2 + 3x − 5 meet:

x 2 + 3x − 5 = 2 x + 1
⇒⇒
x2 +
x 2x+−x6−=60= 0
⇒ ( x + 3)( x − 2) = 0
⇒⇒x 2x +=x−3
− 6or=x 0= 2
When x = −3, y = 2 × (−3) + 1 = −5
When x = 2, y = 2 × 2 + 1 = 5
y
y = 2x + 1
(2, 5)
y = x2 + 3x −5
Sketch the curve and the line.
The correct region is below the
0 x line and above the curve.
(−3, −5)

Problem solving (page 5)
SECTION 1 Chapter 1
The smallest of five consecutive integers is n.

i Write down the next four integers in terms of n.
ii Prove that the sum of any five consecutive integers is divisible by 5.
iii Using your result from part ii write down the sum of 17, 18, 19,
20, 21.
You are told that the smallest

You must integer is n, the next integer
first find an i n + 1, n + 2, n + 3, n + 4
will be one bigger than n so it
expression will be n + 1.
for the
In the same way, each number will be one bigger than
sum of five
the previous so the third number will be n + 2 and so on.
consecutive
integers.
Take the ii n + (n + 1) + (n + 2) + (n + 3) + (n + 4) = 5n + 10
results from 5 is a common factor, so you can
= 5(n + 2) factorise.
part i and
n and then This shows that the sum of five consecutive
add them numbers is a multiple of 5 ⇒ it is divisible by 5.
together.
Don’t forget to write a conclusion.
iii When n = 17 then 5(n + 2) = 5 × (17 + 2)
= 5 × 19 You must show you are using
You are told
= 95 your answer from part ii to
that the first
work this out. You may lose
term is 17, so So the sum of 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21 is 95. marks if you don’t!
n = 17.

Surds and indices (page 9)
SECTION 1 Chapter 2
In this question you must show detailed reasoning.

Find the value of a and of b in each of the following cases.
i 3 a − 2 × 52 b − 1 = 1
5
5 5− 2
ii = a − 2 b.
5+ 2
i 3 a − 2 × 5 2 b −1 = 1 Remember that 5 = 5 2, and

5 a negative power gives the
−1
reciprocal of a number.
3 a − 2 × 5 2 b −1 = 5 2
−1
⇒ 3 a − 2 × 5 2 b −1 = 3 0 × 5 2
Any number to the power of 0
is 1, so you can put in a power
of 3 on the right hand side.
Compare powers of 3: a − 2 = 0 ⇒ a = 2
1 1
Compare powers of 5: 2b − 1 = − 2 ⇒ 2b = 2
⇒b= 1
4
ii Rationalise the denominator:
This is the same as multiplying
5 5− 2 = 5 5− 2× 5− 2 by 1.
5+ 2 5+ 2 5− 2
(5 5 × 5) + (5 5 × (− 2)) + ((− 2) × 5) + ((− 2) × (− 2))
=
( 5) − ( 2 )
2 2
Multiply out.
Remember ( x + y )( x − y ) = x 2 − y 2 .
= 25 − 5 10 − 10 + 2
5−2
= 27 − 6 10
3
= 9 − 2 10 Don’t forget to answer the
question, you need to state the
So a = 9 and b = 10. values of a and b.

Quadratic equations (page 13)
SECTION 1 Chapter 3
i Sketch the graph of y = 4x2 −17x + 4.

ii Solve
a 4x4 −17x2 + 4 = 0
b 4 x − 17 x + 4 = 0 .
Find where the curve cuts the

i When x = 0 then y = 4 y-axis by substituting x = 0 into
the equation.
When y = 0 then 4 x 2 − 17x + 4 = 0
Multiply the two outside
⇒ 4 x 2 − 16x − x + 4 = 0
numbers: 4 × 4 = 16.
⇒ 4 x( x − 4) − 1( x − 4) = 0
⇒ (4 x − 1)( x − 4) = 0 Two numbers that multiply to
1 give 16 and add to give −17 are
⇒ x = or x = 4 −16 and −1.
4
y
4
0 1 4 x
4
2
The coefficient of x is positive
so the curve is ∪ shaped.
ii a Let z = x 2
Substitute z for x 2 into 4 x 4 − 17x 2 + 4 = 0
⇒ 4 z 2 − 17z + 4 = 0
You have already solved this equation in part i.
1
So z = or z = 4.
4
1
⇒ x 2 = or x 2 = 4
4
1
⇒ x = ± or x = ±2 Don’t forget to work out x.
2
b Let z = x
Substitute z for x into
4 x − 17 x + 4 = 0
⇒ 4 z 2 − 17z + 4 = 0
You have already solved this equation in part i.
1
So z = or z = 4.
4
1
⇒ x= or x = 4
4
1
⇒x= or x = 16 Don’t forget to work out x.
16

Completing the square and the quadratic
SECTION 1 Chapter 3
formula (page 18)

You are given that f(x) = 3x2 − 12x − 6.
i Express f(x) in the form a(x + b)2 + c where a, b and c are integers.
ii The curve C with equation y = f(x) meets the y-axis at P and has a minimum point at Q.
a State the coordinates of P and Q.
b Sketch the curve.
i f ( x ) = 3x 2 − 12x − 6
Factorise the first two terms and then
= 3( x 2 − 4 x ) − 6 complete the square on the terms
= 3( x 2 − 4 x + 4) − 6 − 12 inside the brackets.
You cannot simply divide through by 3
= 3( x − 2) 2 − 18 because this will change the function!
3 × 4 is 12, so you need to subtract 12

so that the function isn't changed.
ii a At P: substitute x = 0 into f ( x ) = 3x 2 − 12x − 6 ⇒ f (0) = −6.

So the coordinates of P are (0, –6).
At Q: The minimum value of f ( x ) is − 18 when x = 2.
So the coordinates of P are (2, −18).
To sketch the curve, you need to
b When f(x) = 0 find where it cuts the x -axis.
3( x − 2) 2 − 18 = 0
⇒ 3( x − 2) 2 = 18
⇒ ( x − 2) 2 = 6
⇒ x−2 = ± 6
⇒ x = 2± 6
f(x)
2 − √6
0
2 + √6 x
P(0, −6)
Q(2, −18)

Simultaneous equations (page 22)
SECTION 1 Chapter 4
The diagram is a plan view of a rectangular enclosure. A wall forms one

side of the enclosure. The other three sides are formed by fencing of
total length 34 m. The width of the rectangle is x m, the length is y m,
and the area enclosed is 144 m².
xm
Not to scale
i Write down two equations involving x and y.
ii Hence show that x 2 − 17 x + 72 = 0.
ym
iii By factorising, solve this equation and find the possible dimensions
of the rectangle.
There are two sides of length

i 2x + y = 34 1 x, and one of length y, and the
xy = 144 2 total length is 34 m.
The length of the enclosure is x metres, and the width is y m, so the

area can be written as xy and the area of the enclosure is 144 m2.
ii Rearranging equation 1 2x + y = 34 ⇒ y = 34 − 2x To express the relationship

xy = 144 in terms of x only, you need
to eliminate y. So make y the
⇒ x(34 − 2x ) = 144 subject of the linear equation...
⇒ 34 x − 2x 2 = 144
... and then substitute this
⇒ 0 = 2x 2 − 34 x + 144 expression for y into equation 2 .
Make sure you use brackets.
⇒ x 2 − 17x + 72 = 0
This is a quadratic equation as
iii Factorise: ( x − 8)( x − 9) = 0 . it has an x2 term, so rearrange
So x = 8 or x = 9. it into the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0.
When x = 8, y = 34 − 2 × 8
You need to find two numbers
= 34 − 16 with a sum of -17 and a product
= 18 of 72. These are -8 and -9.
When x = 9, y = 34 − 2 × 9
= 34 − 18 Substitute back into the linear
equation to find the value of y.
= 16
The possible dimensions of the rectangle are:
Make sure you answer the
length 18 m, width 8 m, question!
or length 16 m, width 9 m.

Inequalities (page 27)
SECTION 1 Chapter 4
2(3 x − 4)
i Solve the inequality −4
5
ii Solve the inequality x 2 − x − 2 > 4
i 2(3x − 4)
 −4
5
2(3x − 4) First multiply both sides by 5 …
× 5  −4 × 5
5
2(3x − 4)  −20
… then divide both sides by 2 …
3x − 4  −10
3x  −6 … add 4 …
x  −2
… and divide by 3.
Notice that the ‘less than or equal to sign’ has stayed the same throughout.
You can treat linear inequalities the same as linear equations provided that
you don’t multiply or divide by a negative number.
ii x2 − x − 2 > 4
x2 − x − 2 − 4 > 0
x2 − x − 6 > 0
To factorise you need two
Draw the graph of y = x 2 − x − 6
numbers which multiply to give
y = ( x − 3)( x + 2) -6 and add to give -1. These
are -3 and +2.
When y = 0 then x = -2 or 3
When x = 0 then y = -6
axes.
y y = x2− x − 6
−2 3 x Empty circles have been used

−6 to mark the end points of -2
and 3. This was because it was
< -2 not  -2 and so -2 does not
You want to know when the quadratic is greater than 0 so you need satisfy the inequality.
to look for places where the curve has a positive y value, in other If it had been  -2 you would
words, above the x-axis. have used a filled-in circle.
y
The curve is above the x -axis to
the right of 3 …
… and to the left of -2. …

−2 3 x
−6
These two regions are x < −2
and x > 3. It is important to
write this solution as ‘x < −2
x < −2 or x > 3 or x > 3’. The word or is used
because x cannot be both < -2
and > 3 at the same time.

Review questions (Chapters 1–4) (page 28)
SECTION 1 Review questions
1 P: n is a multiple of 2
Q: n is a multiple of 3
R: n is an even multiple of 3
S: n is a multiple of 6
Insert the correct symbol (⇒, ⇐ or ⇔) into each box.
i P S ii S Q iii R S
Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, …

i All multiples of 6 are even.
So S: n is a multiple of 6 ⇒ P: n is a multiple of 2.
However, not all multiples of 2 are multiples of 6 so P does not Multiples of 2 are 2, 4, 6, 8, …
imply S.
So the correct relationship is P ⇐ S. This is the same as S ⇒ P.
ii All multiples of 6 are also multiples of 3.

So S: n is a multiple of 6 ⇒ Q: n is a multiple of 3. Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, …
However, not all multiples of 3 are multiples of 6 so Q does not
imply S.
So the correct relationship is S ⇒ Q. The even multiples of 3 are 6,
12, 18, 24, …
iii R: n is an even multiple of 3 ⇒ S: n is a multiple of 6.
Also R: n is an even multiple of 3 ⇐ S: n is a multiple of 6.
So the correct relationship is R ⇔ S.
2 i Prove that n 2 − n is even for any integer value of n.

ii Disprove the conjecture: n 2 + 1 is a prime number for all positive integer values of n.
i There are two cases to consider: when n is even and when n is odd.
Let n = 2m and substitute into n2 - n.
2m is even for all integer values
of m.
( 2m ) − 2m = 4m − 2m
2 2
= 2m(2m − 1) You need to prove this is even

so look for a factor of 2.
Since 2 is a factor then 2m(2m - 1) is even, hence n2 - n is even
when n is even.
Let n = 2m + 1 and substitute into n2 - n. Since 2m is always even,
2m + 1 is always odd.
( 2m + 1) 2 − ( 2m + 1) = 4m 2 + 4m + 1 − 2m − 1
= 4m 2 + 2m
= 2m(2m − 1)
Since 2 is a factor then 2m(2m + 1) is even, hence n2 - n is even
when n is odd.
So n2 - n is even for all integer values of n. Make sure you write a
conclusion.

ii When n = 1, n 2 + 1 = 2 which is prime. Test some values for n. In this
case, you are told that n is a

positive whole number, but in
n = 2, n 2 + 1 = 5 which is prime. another question, you might
n = 3, n 2 + 1 = 10 which is NOT prime. need to try negative or decimal
values for n.
This is a counter example and so the conjecture is not true.
3 i Factorise 2 x 2 + 5 x − 3.
ii Sketch the curve y = 2 x 2 + 5 x − 3.
i Two numbers that multiply to give −6 and add to give +5 are 6 and −1.
Multiply the two outside
Splitting the middle term gives: 2x 2 + 5x − 3 = 2x 2 + 6x − x − 3 numbers: 2 × −3 = −6.
= 2x( x + 3) − 1( x + 3)
Factorise the first two terms
= (2x − 1)( x + 3) and then the last two terms.
ii When x = 0 then y = −3
When y = 0 then 2x 2 + 5x − 3 = 0 y-axis by substituting x = 0 into
the equation.
⇒ (2x − 1)( x + 3) = 0 The coefficient of x2 is positive

⇒ x = 21 or x = −3 so the curve is ∪ shaped.
−3
0 1 x
−3 2
4 A rectangular block of volume 7 ( 8 − 5 2 ) cm3 has a square base. The length of each side of the base
is ( 3 − 2 ) cm.
i Find the area of the square base of the block. Give your answer in the form ( a + b 2 ) cm .
2
ii Prove that the height of the block is ( c − 2 ) cm where c is a constant to be found.
i Area of base is (3 − 2)(3 − 2) cm 2

(3 − 2)(3 − 2) = 9 − 3 2 − 3 2 + 2
= 9−6 2+2
= (11 − 6 2) cm 2

Volume
ii Height =
Area of base
7(8 − 5 2)
Height =
11 − 6 2
7(8 − 5 2) 11 + 6 2
= ×
11 − 6 2 11 + 6 2 Rationalise the denominator.
7(8 − 5 2)(11 + 6 2)
=
121 − 36 × 2
7(88 + 48 2 − 55 2 − 30 × 2)
=
49 Expand the brackets – take
= 28 − 7 2 care with your signs.
7
= 4−( )
2 cm
( )
So the height is 4 − 2 cm and c = 4.
5 i You are given that 2 x + y × 3 y = 25 × 3 2 x −1. Find the value of x and y.

ii Solve x 4 − 5 x 2 + 4 = 0.
i 2 x +y × 3 y = 2 5 × 3 2 x −1
Equate the powers of 2 and of 3
⇒ x+y =5
separately.
and y = 2x − 1
Substituting y = 2x − 1 into x + y = 5 gives
x + 2x − 1 = 5 .
⇒ 3x − 1 = 5
⇒ 3x = 6
⇒ x=2
Since x + y = 5 and x = 2 then y = 3. Check: 22+3 × 3 3 = 25 × 3 2×2−1 ✓
So the solution is x = 2, y = 3.
ii Solve x 4 − 5x 2 + 4 = 0 This is a quadratic equation in x2.
Let z = x 2
Substitute z for x 2 into x 4 − 5x 2 + 4 = 0
⇒ z 2 − 5z + 4 = 0
⇒ ( z − 4)( z − 1) = 0 Don’t forget to work out x.
⇒ z = 4 or z = 1
So x 2 = 4 or x 2 = 1 Remember the negative square
⇒ x = ±2 or x = ±1 root.

6 i Express f( x ) = x 2 − 10 x + 4 in the form ( x + p ) 2 + q where p and q are integers.

ii The equation 2 x 2 + kx + 8 = 0 has no real roots. Find the possible values of k.
i f ( x ) = x 2 − 10x + 4
= x 2 − 10x + 25 + 4 − 25 Half of -10 is -5 and (-5)2 = 25 …
= ( x − 5) 2 + 4 − 25
The left-hand side three terms
= ( x − 5) 2 − 21 make a perfect square.
ii When there are no real roots the discriminant b 2 − 4ac < 0.

From the equation, 2x2 + kx + 8 = 0, a = 2, b = k and c = 8
⇒ k2 − 4 × 2 × 8 < 0
Take care with the inequality
⇒ k 2 − 64 < 0 signs! k 2 = 64 ⇒ k = ±8, so k
⇒ k 2 < 64 must be less than 8 but more
than -8. Check: (-9)2 = 81 > 64 ✗
⇒ −8 < k < 8 and (-7)2 = 49 < 64 ✓

SECTION 2
Target your revision (Chapters 5–9) (pages 29–30)
1 Calculate the length, midpoint and gradient of a line segment

Two points A and B have coordinates (2, 5) and (−6, 9) respectively.
Find:
i the midpoint of AB
ii the gradient of AB
iii the distance AB.
i
( 2 +2(−6) , 5 +2 9 ) = (−24 , 142 ) For two points (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2). The midpoint is
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2  . This is the
= (-2, 7)  2 , 2 
mean of the coordinates.
9−5
ii Gradient = −6 − 2
y − y1
= 4 Gradient = rise = 2
−8 run x2 − x1
= −1
2 Distance between points =
iii AB = (−6 − 2) + (9 − 5)
2 2
( x 2 − x 1 )2 + ( y 2 − y1 )2
= (−8) 2 + 4 2 This is Pythagoras’ theorem.
= 64 + 16
= 80
= 16 × 5
=4 5
= 8.94 to 3 s.f.
2 Use the relationship between the gradients of parallel lines and find the equation of
a line
The line l passes through the point (−2, 1) and is parallel to the line x − 2 y = 5.
i Find the equation of the line l, giving your answer in the form y = mx + c.
ii Draw a graph of the line l for −6  x  4.
i x − 2y = 5 ⇒ 2y = x − 5 Rearrange the equation of the

line into the form y = mx + c .
⇒ y = 1x − 5
2 2
1
Gradient of l is . The lines are parallel so have
2
the same gradient.
Using y − y 1 = m( x − x 1 ) ⇒ y − 1 = 1 ( x − (−2))
2

⇒ y − 1 = 1 ( x + 2) m = 1 through (-2, 1).
2 2
⇒ y − 1 = 1x + 1
2
⇒ y = 1x + 2
2

ii y
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 x
Line l has y -intercept (0, 2) and
−2 gradient 1.
2
3 Use the relationship between the gradients of perpendicular lines

The points A and B have coordinates (2, −4) and (3, 6).
Find the gradient of a line perpendicular to AB.
y − y1
6 − (−4) Gradient = rise = 2
Gradient of AB = run x2 − x1
3−2
= 10
1 When two lines are
= 10 perpendicular m1m2 = −1.
Gradient of line perpendicular to AB = − 1 = −0.1. The gradients are negative

10 reciprocals of each other.
4 Find the coordinates of the point where two lines intersect

The lines 6 x − 9 y = 7 and y = 4 x − 3 intersect at the point X.
Find the coordinates of X.
Substituting y = 4 x − 3 into 6x − 9y = 7 You need to solve the equations

gives 6x − 9(4 x − 3) = 7. simultaneously.
⇒ 6x − 36x + 27 = 7 y is already the subject of one

⇒ − 30x = −20 of the equations so it is easier
to use the substitution method
⇒ x = −20 to solve the equations.
−30
⇒ x= 2
3
Substitute x = 2 into y = 4 x − 3 gives y = 4 × 2 − 3.
3 3
8
y = −3 8 −3 = 8 − 9 = − 1
3
3 3 3 3
= −1
3
2
So the lines intersect at , −
3 3
1
( )

5 Use the equation of a circle

Find the equation of the following circles:
i centre (2, −3), radius 4
ii passing through the points A(−1, 0) and B(3, 6) with diameter AB.
i ( x − 2) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 16 The equation for a circle

centre (a, b) and radius r is
1 (x - a)2 + (y - b)2 = r2
ii AB is the diameter so the radius = 2 AB.

AB = (6 − 0) 2 + (3 − (−1)) 2 Distance between points =
( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2
= 62 + 42
This is Pythagoras’ theorem.
= 52
= 4 × 13
= 2 13
The midpoint is
So the radius is 13.
( ) ( )
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 
The centre is at the midpoint of AB: −1 + 3 , 0 + 6 = 2 , 6 
 2
,
2 
 . This is the
2 2 2 2
= (1, 3) mean of the coordinates.
The equation of the circle is ( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 3) 2 = 13

r = 13 ⇒ r 2 = 13
6 Find the coordinates of the point where two curves intersect

Find the coordinates of the point(s) where the curves ( x − 2) 2 + y = 5 and y = 2 x 2 − 3 intersect.
Substituting y = 2x 2 − 3 into ( x − 2) 2 + y = 5 gives
( x − 2) 2 + 2x 2 − 3 = 5
⇒ x 2 − 4 x + 4 + 2x 2 − 3 = 5
Rearrange the equation so it is
⇒ 3x 2 − 4 x − 4 = 0 in the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 .
⇒ 3x 2 − 6 x + 2 x − 4 = 0
⇒ 3x( x − 2) + 2( x − 2) = 0
⇒ (3x + 2)( x − 2) = 0
Substitute the x coordinates
So x = − 2 or x = 2 . into y = 2 x 2 − 3 to find the y
3
coordinates.
( ) − 3 = 89 − 3 = − 199
2
2
When x = − 3, y = 2 × − 2
3
When x = 2, y = 2 × 2 2 − 3 = 8 − 3 = 5
( )
So the coordinates of the points of intersection are − 2 , − 19 and (2, 5).
3 9

7 Solve problems involving circles

Find the equation of the tangent to the circle ( x − 1 ) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 = 25 at the point (5, 1).
The equation for a circle

centre (a, b) and radius r is
The centre of the circle ( x − 1) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 = 25 is at (1, -2). (x - a)2 + (y - b)2 = r2
1 − ( −2) 3
The gradient of the radius joining (5, 1) to (1, -2) is 5 − 1 = 4 y − y1
Gradient = rise = 2
run x2 − x1
4
⇒ the gradient of the tangent at (5, 1) is − 3
Use the circle theorem:
Using y − y 1 = m( x − x 1 ) ⇒ y − 1 = − 4 ( x − 5) the radius and the tangent
3 at a point on the circle are
⇒ 3y − 3 = −4( x − 5) perpendicular to each other.
⇒ 3y − 3 = −4 x + 20
m = − 4 through (5, 1).
⇒ 3y + 4 x = 23 3

Multiply through by 3 to clear
the fraction.
The question didn’t ask for a

particular form, so any correct
arrangement will do.
8 Use exact values of sin θ, cos θ and tan θ

Without using your calculator find the exact values of:
i sin 300° ii cos 120° iii tan 405°
i
y
1
0.5
0 x Use the graph of y = sin x to

–360 –300 –240 –180 –120 –60 60 120 180 240 300 360 help you.
–0.5
–1
sin 300° = sin(−60°) y = sin x has a period of 360°.
sin 300° = − sin 60° y = sin xhas rotational

symmetry about the origin.
= − 3 So sin ( −60°) = − sin 60°.
2

ii
y
1
Use the graph of y = cos x to
help you.
0.5
There is rotational symmetry

0 x
–360 –300 –240 –180 –120 –60 60 120 180 240 300 360 about x = 90°.
–0.5
–1
cos120° = − cos 60° = − 1

2
iii
y
Use the graph of y = tan x to

help you.
1
0
45 190 135 180 225 270 315 360 405 450 x
−1
y = tan x has a period of 180°.

tan 405° = tan 45° = 1 405° – 2 × 180° = 45°.
9 Solve trigonometric equations

Solve the following equations for 0°  x  180°
3
i sin x =
2
3
ii sin 3 x =
2
3
iii sin ( x + 45°) =
2
i sin x = 3
2
⇒ x = arcsin 3
2
= 60°
y
1
y = sin x
0 x1 x2 x
−360 −270 −180 −90 90 180 270 360
−1
A second solution is 180° - 60° = 120°. Using the symmetry of the

curve y = sin x.
So x = 60° or 120°.

sin 3x = 3 Using the symmetry of the
ii 2 curve y = sin x.
⇒ 3x = arcsin 3
2
= 60° Find all the solutions for 3x
in the interval 0°  x  540° by
A second solution for 3x is 180° - 60° = 120°. adding 360° to the original pair
So 3x = 60°, 120°, 420°, 480° of solutions.
⇒ x = 20°,40°, 140°, 160°

Divide each solution by 3 to find x.
3
iii sin( x + 45°) = 2
⇒ x + 45° = arcsin 3 Using the symmetry of the

2 curve y = sin x.
= 60°
Find all the solutions for
x + 45°in the interval
A second solution for x + 45° is 180° - 60° = 120°. 45°  x  225°.
So x + 45° = 60°, 120°
⇒ x =⇒ 15x° = 75°°or 75°
or15 Subtract 45° from each
solution to find x.
10 Use trigonometric identities

Prove that tan θ + 1 ≡ 1 .
tan θ sin θ cos θ
tan θ + 1 ≡ sin θ + cos θ Using tan θ ≡

sin θ
.
tan θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
≡ sin θ + cos θ
2 2
cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ

≡ sin θ + cos θ
2 2
cos θ sin θ
≡ 1 as required Using sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
cos θ sin θ
11 Solve problems involving triangles without right angles

B
6 cm
30°
8 cm
A
C
Find:
i the area of triangle ABC
ii the length AC.
i Area = 1 ab sin C
2
1
= × 6 × 8 sin 30° You can use this formula as
2
= 24 sin 30° you know 2 sides and the angle
between them.
1
= 24 ×
2
= 12
Area of triangle = 12 cm
2

ii Cosine rule: a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A You can use the cosine rule as
you know 2 sides and the angle

AC = 6 + 8 − 2 × 6 × 8 cos 30°
2 2 2
between them and you want the
= 36 + 64 − 96 cos 30° 3rd side.
= 100 − 96 cos 30°

= 16.86...
⇒ AC = 4.106...
So AC = 4.11 cm to 3 s.f.
12 Add, subtract, multiply and divide polynomials

You are given f( x ) = 5 x 3 − 2 x + 3, g( x ) = 2 x 2 − 3 x − 2 and h( x ) = x + 1.
Find:
i f( x ) + g( x ) ii f( x ) − g( x )
iii f( x ) × g( x ) iv f( x ) ÷ h( x ).
i f ( x ) + g( x ) = 5x 3 − 2x + 3 + 2x 2 − 3x − 2 Group like terms and then

simplify.
= 5x 3 + 2 x 2 − 2 x − 3x + 3 − 2
= 5x 3 + 2 x 2 − 5x + 1
Alternative method
5x 3 − 2x + 3 Take care lining up the columns.
+ 2x 2
− 3x − 2
5x 3 + 2 x 2 − 5x + 1
Multiply each term in the

ii f ( x ) − g ( x ) = (5x 3 − 2x + 3) − (2x 2 − 3x − 2)
second bracket by -1.
= (5x 3 − 2x + 3) − 2x 2 + 3x + 2
= 5x 3 − 2 x 2 − 2 x + 3x + 3 + 2
= 5x 3 − 2 x 2 + x + 5 Group like terms and then
simplify.
Alternative method
5x3 -2x - 3
2x2 - 3x - 2
5x3 - 2x2 + x + 5
iii f ( x ) × g( x ) = (5x 3 − 2x + 3)(2x 2 − 3x − 2)

= 5x 3 (2x 2 − 3x − 2) − 2x(2x 2 − 3x − 2) + 3(2x 2 − 3x − 2)
= 10x 5 − 15x 4 − 10x 3 − 4 x 3 + 6x 2 + 4 x + 6x 2 − 9x − 6
= 10x 5 − 15x 4 − 10x 3 − 4 x 3 + 6x 2 + 6x 2 + 4 x − 9x − 6
= 10x 5 − 15x 4 − 14 x 3 + 12x 2 − 5x − 6
Alternative method

5x3 -2x + 3
2x - 3x - 2
2 Multiply the top line by 2 x2 …
10x5 -4x3 + 6x2
… and then by -3x …
-15x4 6x2 - 9x
-10x3 + 4x - 6 … and then by -2
10x 5
-15x 4
-14x + 12x - 5x - 6
3 2
Then add together the results.

iv f ( x ) ÷ h ( x ) = (5x 3 − 2x + 3) ÷ ( x + 1)
5x 2 − 5x + 3
)
x + 1 5x + 0 x 2 − 2 x + 3
3
Write 0x2 so that the columns
− 5x 3 + 5x 2 line up correctly.
− 5x 2 − 2 x
− − 5x 2 − 5x
3x + 3
− 3x + 3
0
Alternative method
5 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 6 x − 53
5x − 2x + 3 = ( x + 1) ( ax + bx + c )
3 2 = (x + 1) × “a quadratic
expression”.
Step 1: Look at the term in x3: 5x 3 = x × ax 2 ⇒ a = 5.
So 5x 3 − 2x + 3 = ( x + 1) ( 5x 2 + bx + c )
1. Since 5 x 3 ÷ x = 5 x 2 the first
term in the right bracket should
be 5x2.
Step 2: Look at the constant term: 3 = 1 × c ⇒ c = 3.
So 5x 3 − 2x + 3 = ( x + 1)(5x 2 + bx + 3) 2. The constant term on the left
is +3.
To get +3 when you multiply out
Step 3: Look at the term in x: −2x = x × 3 + 1 × bx ⇒ −2x = 3x + bx the brackets you need ‘+3’ in
−2x = x × 3 + 1 × bx ⇒ −2x = 3x + bx .
the last bracket.
Comparing coefficients of x gives:
−2 = 3 + b ⇒ b = −5. 3. Look for the pairs of terms
that multiply together to give a
⇒ 5x − 2x + 3 = ( x + 1)(5x − 5x + 3)
3 2
term in x.
⇒ (5x 3 − 2x + 3) ÷ ( x + 1) = (5x 2 − 5x + 3)
13 Use the factor theorem and sketch the graph of a polynomial

You are given f( x ) = 2 x 3 + x 2 − 5 x + 2.
i Show that x = 1 is a root of f(x) = 0.
ii Show that (x + 2) is a factor of f(x).
iii Factorise f(x) fully and hence solve f(x) = 0.
iv Sketch the graph of y = f(x).
i If x = 1 is a root then f(1) = 0 Substitute x = 1 into

2 x 3 + x 2 − 5 x + 2.
f (1) = 2 × 13 + 12 − 5 × 1 + 2
= 2 + 1− 5 + 2 You have been asked to ‘show
that’, so you must show all
=0
your working.
ii If (x + 2) is a factor of f(x) then f(-2) = 0 Substitute x = −2 into

2 x 3 + x 2 − 5 x + 2.
f ( −2) = 2 × ( −2) + ( −2) − 5 × ( −2) + 2
3 2
= −16 + 4 + 10 + 2
=0

iii x = 1 is a root ⇒ ( x − 1) is a factor of f(x)
A cubic has at most 3 linear

So 2x 3 + x 2 − 5x + 2 = ( x − 1)( x + 2)(ax + b ) factors.
Step 1: Look at the term in x3: 2x 3 = x × x × ax = ax 3 ⇒ a = 2.
Step 2: Look at the constant term: 2 = −1 × 2 × b ⇒ 2 = −2b ⇒ b = −1.

So 2x 3 + x 2 − 5x + 2 = ( x − 1)( x + 2)(2x − 1)
f ( x ) = 0 ⇒ ( x − 1)( x + 2)(2x − 1) = 0
Make sure you answer the
So x = 1, x = −2, x = 1 . question fully.
2
iv f ( x ) = 2x 3 + x 2 − 5x + 2 crosses the x-axis at ( −2, 0), ( 21 , 0) and (1, 0).

When x = 0, f (0) = 2
So the curve cuts the y-axis at (0, 2). Don’t forget to find where the
curve cuts the y -axis.
y
Draw a nice smooth curve.

Do not use a ruler to draw the
curve.
2
−2 0 1 1 x
2
14 Use direct and inverse proportion

y is inversely proportional to the cube of x.
When x = 2, y = 2.
Find the equation connecting x and y.
y ∝ 13 ⇒ y = k3 Use a constant of proportionality,

x x k, to form an equation.
k
When x = 2, y = 2 ⇒ 2 = 3 Substitute in the given values of
2 x and y to find k.
⇒2=k
8
⇒ k = 2 × 8 = 16
16
The required equation is y = 3
x

15 Sketch the graph of trigonometric functions by using transformations

For 0°  x  360°, sketch the graphs of:
i y = tan x ii y = − tan x
iii y = cos 21 x iv y = 1 + sin x .
i
y
y = tan x
Make sure you know how to

0
90 180 270 360 x sketch the graphs of y = sin x,
y = cos x and y = tan x .
ii y
y = -tan x
90 180 270 360

x The graph of y = − tan x is a
reflection of y = tan x in the
x-axis.
iii y
1
y = cos x
Start by sketching y = cos x.

90 180 270 360 x
−1

y
1 y = cos 21 x
The graph of y = cos 21 x is a

x
90 180 270 360 stretch of y = cos x , scale
factor 2, parallel to the x -axis.
−1
iv y
1
y = sin x
x Start by sketching y = sin x.

90 180 270 360
−1
y
2
y = 1 + sin x
The graph of
y = 1+ sin x is a
translation of
90 180 270 360 x 0
y = sin x by  1
 

16 Use the binomial expansion

i Expand (2 – 3x)4.
ii Find the coefficient of x7 in the expansion of (2 − 3 x )10.
i The binomial coefficients for the fourth row of Pascal’s triangle are
1, 4, 6, 4, 1
(2 − 3x )4 = 1(2)4 + 4(2) 3 (−3x )1 + 6(2) 2 (−3x ) 2 + 4(2)1(−3x ) 3 + (−3x )4 Take care of your signs!
= 16 + 4 × 8 × (−3x ) + 6 × 4 × 9x + 4 × 2 × (−27x ) + 81x
2 3 4 Make sure you write −3x in
brackets.
= 16 − 96x + 216x 2 − 216x 3 + 81x 4
Alternative method
(2 − 3x )4 = 4 C 0 (2)4 + 4 C1(2) 3 (−3x )1 + 4 C 2 (2) 2 (−3x ) 2 + 4 C 3 (2)1(−3x ) 3 + 4 C 4 (−3x )4 C is often
4 4
written as 4C4
= 1(2)4 + 4(2) 3 (−3x )1 + 6(2) 2 (−3x ) 2 + 4(2)1(−3x ) 3 + (−3x )4
= 16 + 4 × 8 × (−3x ) + 6 × 4 × 9x 2 + 4 × 2 × (−27x 3 ) + 81x 4
= 16 − 96x + 216x 2 − 216x 3 + 81x 4 It doesn’t matter if you write
C or 10C7 as they are equal.
ii The term involving x 7 is 10 C 3 × 2 3 × (−3x )7 = −120 × 8 × 2187x 7 10 3
= −2 099 520x 3 Remember (-3)7 is negative.
So the coefficient of x3 is −2 099 520.

Working with coordinates (page 35)
SECTION 2 Chapter 5
A(2, 7), B(6, −1) and C (0, 1) are three points.

i M is the midpoint of AB.
Find the coordinates of M.
ii Find the exact values of the lengths of the lines AB and CM.
iii Show that AB and CM are perpendicular and hence find the area of the triangle ABC.
y A(2, 7)
C(0, 1)
You should start by drawing a
0 B(6, −1) x quick sketch.
 x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 
i Midpoint, M =  2 , 2 
Find the mean of the x
( )
7 + ( −1) coordinates and the mean of
= 2 + 6, the y coordinates.
2 2
= (4, 3)
Use Pythagoras’ theorem. Find
ii Length AB = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 the distance between the x
coordinates and square …
= (6 − 2) 2 + (( −1) − 7) 2
… and the distance between the
= 16 + 64 y coordinates and square.
= 80 As you are asked for the exact
value you should leave your
= 16 × 5 answer in surd form.
=4 5 Simplify the surd by looking for

square factors.
Length CM = (4 − 0) 2 + (3 − 1) 2
= 16 + 4 Use the same method to
find CM.
= 20
= 4×5
=2 5
y −y
iii Gradient of AB = x 2 − x1
2 1
( −1) − 7
=
6−2
−
= 8
4
= −2

3−1 1
Gradient of CM = 4 − 0 = 2
SECTION 2 Chapter 5
Product of gradients = −2 × 21 = −1 You must make sure you

⇒ AB and CM are perpendicular. explain fully how you know the
gradients are perpendicular.
AB = 4 5 and CM = 2 5.
y
A(2, 7)
M(4, 3)
C(0, 1)
0
B(6, −1) x The area of a triangle is ‘half
base times height’. If you use
1 AB as the ‘base’ and CM as the
Area of the triangle ABC = (4 5 × 2 5)
2 ‘height’ you can find the area of
=4× 5× 5 the triangle.
=4×5
= 20 square units Remember 5 × 5 = 5
The equation of a straight line (page 39)
A and B are points with coordinates (−1, −2) and (3, 10) respectively.
y B (3, 10)
0 x
A
(−1, −2)
i Find the coordinates of the midpoint, M, of AB.

Show also that the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB is x + 3y = 13.
ii Find the area of the triangle bounded by the perpendicular bisector, the y-axis and the line AM.
x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 
i Midpoint, M =  , Find the mean of the x
 2 2  coordinates and the mean of
M= (
( −1) + 3 ( −2) + 10
2
,
2 ) the y coordinates.
= (1, 4) (x1, y1) = (-1, -2)

(x2, y2) = (3, 10)
y − y1
Gradient of AB= 2
x 2 − x1
Find the gradient of AB first,
10 − ( −2) then you can find the gradient
=
3 − ( −1) of the perpendicular.
= 12
4
=3

1
So the gradient of the perpendicular is − 3 . The gradients of perpendicular
SECTION 2 Chapter 5
lines are negative reciprocals

of each other. Check that
The equation of a straight line is y - y1 = m(y - x1)
⇒ y − 4 = − 1 ( x − 1) 3( )
m1 × m2 = −1⇒ 3 × − 1 = −1 ✓
3
⇒ 3y − 12 = −( x − 1) The gradient of the line is − 1
3
⇒ 3y − 12 = −x + 1 and it passes through (1, 4).
⇒ x + 3y = 13
Make sure you give the equation
in the correct form.
ii The equation of the perpendicular bisector

is x + 3y = 13, so when x = 0, then y = 13 = 4 1. It helps to draw a sketch.
3 3
y
B
You need to find where the lines
cross the y -axis.
M
0 x
A
The gradient of AM is 3.
You found this in part i.
So the equation of AM is y − 4 = 3( x − 1)
y − 4 = 3x − 3 M is at (1, 4).
y = 3x + 1
So AM crosses the y-axis when y = 1
Add this information to your
y diagram.
B
41 M
3
0 x
A
y
B
The base of
the triangle is M The co-ordinates of M are
4 13 − 1 = 3 13 . 31
3 1 (1, 4) so the height of the
triangle is 1.
0 x
A
So the area of the triangle is 1 × 3 1 × 1 = 1 2 1 × 3 1 ×1 = 12

2 3 3 Using area =
2 base3× height.3

The circle (page 44)
SECTION 2 Chapter 5
y
D
0 A B x
C(5, −2)
The figure shows a circle with centre C(5, −2) and radius 5.
i Show that the equation of the circle may be written as
x2 + y2 − 10x + 4y + 4 = 0.
ii Find the coordinates of the points A and B where the circle cuts the x-axis.
Leave your answers in surd form.
iii Verify that the point D(8, 2) lies on the circle.
Find the equation of the tangent to the circle at D in the form y = mx + c.
i The equation of a circle, centre (a, b) and radius r is

( x − a )2 + ( y − b )2 = r 2
The centre of the circle is at
So the equation of the circle is ( x − 5) + ( y − (−2)) = 5
2 2 2
(5, - 2) and it has radius 5.
⇒ ( x − 5) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 = 25
x 2 − 10x + 25 + y 2 + 4 y + 4 = 25
Multiply out and simplify to
give the form asked for in the
question.
x 2 + y 2 − 10x + 4 y + 4 = 0
ii On the x-axis, y = 0, so you need to substitute y = 0 into the equation

of the circle.
x 2 + y 2 − 10x + 4 y + 4 = 0
You are asked to give the
x 2 + 0 2 − 10x + 4 × 0 + 4 = 0 answer in surd form. This is a
clue that the equation can’t be
x 2 − 10x + 4 = 0 factorised and that you need
to use the quadratic formula
x = −b ± b − 4ac
2
instead.
2a
−(−10) ± (−10) 2 − 4 × 1 × 4
= a = 1, b = -10, c = 4
2×1
= 10 ± 84 84 = 4 × 21. So 84 = 2 21.
2
= 10 ± 2 21
2
= 5 ± 21 Make sure you answer the
question!
So the coordinates of A and B are (5 + 21, 0) and (5 − 21, 0).

iii Substitute x = 8 and y = 2 into x 2 + y 2 − 10x + 4 y + 4 = 0.
SECTION 2 Chapter 5
Notice the wording: ‘verify’

8 2 + 2 2 − 10 × 8 + 4 × 2 + 4 = 64 + 4 − 80 + 8 + 4 means you may work back
from the answer.
=0
Hence (8, 2) lies on the circumference of the circle.
y
D(8, 2)
It helps to draw a diagram.
0 A B Remember the tangent to the
x
C(5, −2) circle is perpendicular to the
radius.
y 2 − y 1 2 − (−2) 4
Gradient of CD = = =
x 2 − x1 8−5 3
When two lines are
m2 = − 1 perpendicular then their
m1
gradients are the negative
⇒ m2 = − 3 reciprocal of each other.
4
3
So the equation of the line through (8, 2) with gradient − 4 is
Use the form
y − 2 = − 3 ( x − 8) y − y 1 = − 3 ( x − x 1 ).
4 4
⇒ y − 2 = −3x + 6
4
Make sure you give your answer
⇒ y = −3x + 8 in the form y = mx + c.
4
Intersections (page 49)
i Find the coordinates of the points where the graph of y = x2 + 2x − 3 crosses the axes and sketch the
graph.
ii Show that the graphs of y = x2 + 2x − 3 and y = x2 −10x + 21 intersect only once and find the coordinates
of the point of intersection.
iii Show that the line y = −2x − 8 does not intersect either curve.
i y = x 2 + 2x − 3 crosses the y-axis at y = -3, i.e. (0, -3). Find the y intercept by
substituting x = 0 into the
Find the points where the curve crosses the x-axis:
equation.
x 2 + 2x − 3 = 0
⇒ ( x − 1)( x + 3) = 0 The curve crosses the x -axis
⇒ x − 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 when y = 0.
⇒ x = 1 or x = −3
Find two numbers which
Therefore, the coordinates of the intersections with the x-axis are multiply to give −3 and add to
(1, 0) and (-3, 0). give +2.

The midpoint of (1, 0) and (-3, 0) is (-1, 0) so the line of symmetry is The curve is a quadratic graph
5
revision
x = -1. so its shape is a parabola.

2 Chapter
When x = -1 then y = ( −1) 2 + 2 × ( −1) − 3 Parabolas are symmetrical so

its line of symmetry must be
= −4.
midway between x = -3 and
y
Target your
x = 1 which is at x = -1.
SECTION 1SECTION
y = x2 + 2x − 3
The lowest point is on the line
of symmetry. So the lowest
point (the vertex) is (-1, 4).
(−3, 0) (1, 0) You could also find this point
by completing the square or by
x differentiation.
(0, −3)
(−1, −4)
ii Solve y = x 2 + 2x − 3 and y = x 2 − 10x + 21 simultaneously.

Since both equations have a
⇒ x 2 − 10x + 21 = x 2 + 2x − 3 left-hand side of y, the right-
hand sides must be equal.
−10x + 21 = 2x − 3
24 = 12x Subtract x 2 from both sides.
⇒ x =2
Since there is only one root, the curves intersect exactly once.
Don’t forget to find the
When x = 2 then y = 2 2 + 2 × 2 − 3 y coordinate.
=4+4−3
⇒y=5
The curves intersect at (2, 5).
iii Substituting y = −2x − 8 into y = x 2 + 2x − 3 gives:

To show that the line does
− 2x − 8 = x 2 + 2x − 3 not intersect either curve
you should try to solve the
⇒ x 2 + 4x + 5 = 0 equations simultaneously and
If b 2 − 4ac < 0 then the quadratic equation has no real roots. show there are no solutions.
a = 1, b = 4 and c = 5 ⇒ b 2 − 4ac = 4 2 − 4 × 1 × 5
Use the discriminant to test
= −4 how many roots a quadratic
Since b − 4ac < 0 there are no real roots and so the line y = −2x − 8
2
equation has.
does not intersect the curve y = x 2 + 2x − 3.
Substituting y = −2x − 8 into y = x 2 − 10x + 21 gives: Don’t forget to check both
− 2x − 8 = x − 10x + 21
2 curves.
⇒ x − 8x + 29 = 0
2
This has discriminant:

b 2 − 4ac = (−8) 2 − 4 × 1 × 29
= 64 − 116
= −52
Since b 2 − 4ac < 0 there are no real roots and so the line y = −2x − 8
does not intersect the curve y = x 2 − 10x + 21.

Working with trigonometric functions (page 55)
SECTION 2 Chapter 6
i Express 2 cos 2 x − 3 sin x as a quadratic function of sin x.

ii Hence solve the equation 2 cos 2 x = 3 sin x for 0°  x  360°.
i You can use the identity sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 to express cos2 x in

terms of sin x.
2 cos 2 x − 3 sin x = 2(1 − sin 2 x ) − 3 sin x cos 2 x = 1 − sin 2 x
= 2 − 2 sin 2 x − 3 sin x
Multiply out the brackets.
= −2 sin x − 3 sin x + 2
2
To solve these kind of equations,

ii Solve 2 cos 2 x = 3 sin x. you have to have terms which
involve the same trigonometric
So 2 cos 2 x − 3 sin x = 0 function.
⇒ −2 sin 2 x − 3 sin x + 2 = 0
The question says ‘hence’ so you
⇒ 2 sin 2 x + 3 sin x − 2 = 0 must use your answer to part i.
Let y = sin x ⇒ 2y 2 + 3y − 2 = 0
Multiply both sides of the
⇒ 2y 2 + 4 y − y − 2 = 0 equation by -1 to make the
coefficient of sin2 x positive.
⇒ 2y( y + 2) − 1( y + 2) = 0
⇒ (2y − 1)( y + 2) = 0
You can make the equation look
1 1 easier by writing sin x as y.
So 2y − 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 2 ⇒ sin x = 2
or y + 2 = 0 ⇒ y = −2 ⇒ sin x = −2
Split the middle term to make it
sin x = 1 ⇒ x = 30° or 180° − 30° = 150° easier to factorise.
2 2 × −2 = −4
4 × (−1) = −4
y 4 + (−1) = 3
1
There are no solutions to this as
0.5 the minimum value of sin x is -1.
0
30° 90 150° 180 270 360 x
–0.5
–1

Triangles without right angles (page 59)
SECTION 2 Chapter 6
In a quadrilateral ABCD, AD = 7 cm, DC = 5 cm, ∠ADC = 47°, ∠ABC = 127° and ∠BAC = 35°.
i Find the length of AC.
ii Find the angle CAD.
iii Find the length of AB.
iv Find the area of the quadrilateral.
C
B Start by drawing and labelling
127° the quadrilateral ABCD.
5 cm
35°
47°
A 7 cm D
AC is a part of the triangle ADC,
so draw this triangle separately.
i Using triangle ADC. You know two sides and the
C angle between them, so you
d 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2 ac cos D can use cosine rule to find AC.
d 2 = 7 2 + 5 2 − 2 × 7 × 5 × cos47°
d a=5 Don’t round until you reach the
= 26.26... final answer.
⇒ d = 5.124... Store this number in your
47°
calculator, you will need it later.
A c=7 D ⇒ AC = 5.12 cm (to 3 s.f.)
ii To find angle CAD:

You are given two sides, a = 5,
C sin A = sin D c = 7 and from part i
a d d = 5.124…. You are also given
So sin A = sin 47° the angle D, opposite the side
d a=5 5 5.124... d; it is 47°. So to find angle ADC
you can use the sine rule.
sin A = 5 sin 47°
47° 5.124...
A c=7 D ∠CAD = 45.527... Use the unrounded value for AC,

= 45.5°(to 3 s.f.) which you found in the last part.
iii To find AB, use triangle BAC.

You know two angles and a side
a
C ∠BCA = 180° − (127° + 35°) opposite one of them, so you
need to use the sine rule.
B = 18°
127°
Using the sine rule: c = b
Angles in a triangle add up
sin C sin B
to 180˚.
b = 5.124... cm c
c = 5.124...
sin18° sin127°
35° Substitute in the values you
c = 5.124... × sin18° know.
sin127°
c = 1.982...
A
So AB = 1.98 cm(to 3 s.f.)

iv In the last part iv you are asked to find the area of the quadrilateral. First find the area of each of the
SECTION 2 Chapter 6
triangles ABC and ACD.

a
C
Area = 1 bc sin A
2
B
127° Area of triangle ABC = 1 × 1.982...
2
× 5.124... × sin 35° You know two sides and the
b = 5.124... angle between them.
c = 1.982… = 2.914...
35°
Area = 2.91cm 2 (to 3 s.f.)
A
Now find the area of triangle ACD.
Area = 1 ca sin D
C
2
a=5 = 1 × 7 × 5 × sin 47°
d 2
= 12.798...
47° Area of triangle ACD = 12.8 cm 2 (to 3 s.f.)
A c=7 D
Total area = 2.914… + 12.798… Use the unrounded values.

= 15.7127…
Area of quadrilateral ABCD is 15.7 cm² (to 3 s.f.)

Polynomial expressions and polynomial
SECTION 2 Chapter 7
curves (page 65)
ou are given that y = (3 − x )( x − 1) 2 .

Y
i Show that y = − x 3 + 5 x 2 − 7 x + 3 .
ii Sketch the graph of the polynomial.
i ( x − 1) 2 = ( x − 1)( x − 1)
You have been given the answer
= x( x − 1) − 1( x − 1) so you must show sufficient
working in order to achieve full
= x2 − x − x + 1 credit in the exam.
= x 2 − 2x + 1 First expand the brackets
So y = (3 − x )( x − 1) 2 (x - 1)2 .
= (3 − x ) ( x 2 − 2x + 1)
Multiply each term in the 2nd
= 3( x − 2x + 1) − x( x − 2x + 1)
2 2 bracket by 3 and then by -x.
= 3x 2 − 6 x + 3 − x 3 + 2 x 2 − x
Take care with your signs when
= − x 3 + 3x 2 + 2 x 2 − 6 x − x + 3 you multiply the 2nd bracket
by -x.
= − x 3 + 5x 2 − 7 x + 3
Gather like terms.
ii y = (3 − x )( x − 1) 2 = −x 3 + 5x 2 − 7x + 3
The polynomial is of order 3 (a cubic) so there are 2 turning points.
The coefficient of x3 is negative so the shape of the curve is
To find where it crosses the x-axis, set y = 0

⇒ (3 - x)(x - 1)2 = 0 The graph will cross the x -axis
So x = 3 or x = 1 (repeated root). at x = 3 and will touch x -axis at
To find where it crosses the y-axis, set x = 0 x = 1.
When x = 0 then y = −x 3 + 5x 2 − 7x + 3 = 3
So the curve looks like:
y
3
Make sure you show clearly
where the curve meets the
0 x axes and draw a smooth curve.
1 3
Do not use a ruler for the curve.

Dividing polynomials (page 67)
SECTION 2 Chapter 7
The polynomial x 4 − 3 x 2 + 3 x + d is divisible by ( x + 1).

Divide x 4 − 3 x 2 + 3 x + d by ( x + 1) and hence find the value of d.
The polynomial x 4 − 3x 2 + 3x + d is divisible by (x + 1). This means that (x + 1) is a

factor and so the remainder is 0.
x − x − 2x + 5
3 2
)
x + 1 x + 0 x 3 − 3x 2 + 3x + d
4
Carry out the long division

x4 + x3 – make sure you keep your
- columns lined up by writing
− x 3 − 3x 2 in 0x 3.
− x3 − x2
-
− 2 x 2 + 3x
− 2x 2 − 2x
-
5x + d
- 5x + 5
d−5
So the quotient is x 3 − x 2 − 2x + 5
Since the polynomial is divisible by (x + 1), the remainder is 0 so
d − 5 = 0 ⇒ d = 5.

The factor theorem (page 71)
SECTION 2 Chapter 7
Given that (x - 1) and (x + 3) are factors of x 3 − x 2 + ax + b, find the values of a and b.
Let f ( x ) = x − x + ax + b
3 2
The factor theorem tells you
If (x - 1) is a factor of f(x) then f(1) = 0. that if (x - 1) is a factor of f(x)
then f(1) = 0.
f (1) = 13 − 12 + a × 1 + b = 0
⇒a+b = 0 You have two unknowns (a and b)
so you need to form two
If (x + 3) is a factor of f(x) then f(-3) = 0. equations in order to find them.
f ( −3) = ( −3) 3 − ( −3) 2 + a × ( −3) + b = 0
⇒ f ( −3) = −27 − 9 − 3a + b = 0 Be careful with your signs
⇒ − 36 − 3a + b = 0 when you substitute in x = -3.
⇒ − 3a + b = 36
Both equations have ‘+ b ’ so you
Solve a + b = 0 ① can subtract the equations to
eliminate b.
−3a + b = 36 ②
Remember: same signs ~ subtract
Equation ① − Equation ② gives: different signs ~ add.
a+b = 0
− −3a + b = 36..
4a = −36
⇒ a = −9
Check by substituting into
Substituting a = −9 in equation ① gives −9 + b = 0 ⇒ b = 9 equation ②:
−3 × (−9) + 9 = 36. ✓
So a = −9 and b = 9
The polynomial is x 3 − x 2 − 9x + 9.

Curve sketching and transformations (page 78)
SECTION 2 Chapter 8
he diagram shows the graph of y = f(x) which has a maximum point at (-3, 3), a minimum point at (3, −3),
T
and passes through the origin.
y
−3 0 3 x
−3
ketch the following graphs, using a separate set of axes for each graph, and indicating the coordinates
S
of the turning points.
i y = 2f(x) ii y = f(2x) iii y = f(x) + 2
i y = 2f ( x ) is obtained from y = f ( x ) by a stretch, scale factor 2

Remember y = af ( x ) is a
parallel to the y-axis. stretch with scale factor a
parallel to the y-axis.
Maximum ( −3, 3) → ( −3, 6)
Minimum (3, − 3) → ( −3, 6)
y
6 This means that x coordinates
stay the same but the y
3 coordinates are multiplied by 2.
y = f (x)
–3 0 3 x
−3
y = 2f(x)
−6
Remember y = f ( ax ) is a
stretch with scale factor 1
ii y = f (2 x ) is obtained from y = f ( x ) by a stretch, scale factor 1 a
2 parallel to the x-axis.
parallel to the x-axis.
Maximum ( −3, 3) → −1 1 , 3
2( ) This means that the y coordinates
( )
stay the same but the x
Minimum ( 3, − 3) → 1 1 , − 3 coordinates are multiplied by 1.
2 2
y
6
4
2 y = f (x)
−20 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20 x

−2
−4
y = f (2x)
−6

0 So the curve is moved two units
revision8)
iii y = f ( x ) + 2 is obtained from y = f ( x ) by translation   .

2(Statistics
upwards and the x coordinates

Chapter
2
Maximum ( −3, 3) → ( −3, 5) stay the same but the y
coordinates are increased by 2.
Minimum (3, − 3) → (3, −1)
your
y
revision
2SECTION
Target
5
3
y = f(x) + 2
0
Target your
−3−1 3 x
SECTION
−3 y = f(x)
Transformations and graphs of trigonometric

functions (page 81)
i Sketch the curves

a y = cos 2x, b y = cos (x + 90°)
on the same axes for −180°  x  180°.
ii How many roots does the equation cos 2 x = cos ( x + 90°) have in the interval −180°  x  180°?
iii Show that the curves y = cos 2x and y = cos (x + 90°) intersect when y = 0.5
Hence solve cos 2 x = cos ( x + 90°) for −180°  x  180°.
iv Write down the maximum value of cos ( x + 90°) − cos 2 x.
i a
y
1
y = cos x
Start by sketching y = cos x for
0°  x  180°.
−180 −90 0 90 180 x
−1
b y = cos2 x is a one-way
y
1 y = cos 2x stretch of y = cos x parallel
to the x-axis with a scale
factor of 1 .
2
−180 −90 0 90 180 x

y = cos (x + 90°) y = cos ( x + 90°) is a
translation of y = cos x by
 0 
−1   .
 −90 

ii 3 roots.
SECTION 2 Chapter 8
Look at your graph. The curves

intersect in 3 places.
iii Solve cos 2x = 0.5.
Let θ = 2x ⇒ cos θ = 0.5
⇒ ⇒ θ = 60° and θ = −60° ±360° to find the other
solutions.
⇒
θ = −300°, − 60°, 60°, 300°
⇒ ⇒ x = −150°, − 30°, 30°, 150° Find all the values of
θ first in the interval
Solve cos ( x + 90°) = 0.5. −180° + 90°  θ  180° + 90°
Let θ = x + 90° ⇒ cos θ = 0.5 which is − 90°  θ  270°.
⇒ θ = −60°, 60° Then subtract 90° from value
of θ to find all the values of x in
⇒ x = −150°, − 30°
the interval −180°  x  180° .
So when y = 0.5 then x = −150° or x = −30° for both y = cos 2x
and y = cos ( x + 90°) .
So the curves intersect at (- 30°, 0.5) and (-150°, 0.5).
From the graph, the curves also intersect at (90°, -1).
So the solutions to cos 2x = cos( x + 90°) are
x = −150°, x = −30° and x = 90°.
iv From the graph, the maximum value of cos( x + 90°) − cos 2x = 2 . When θ = −90°, cos( x + 90°) = 1
and cos2 x = −1 so the
maximum difference is
1 - (-1) = 2.

Binomial expansions and selections (page 85)
revision
2(Statistics
Chapter 9)
i a Expand (1 – 2x)10 as far as the term in x4.

b Use your expansion to find 0.9810 correct to three decimal places.
your
ii Find the coefficient of x4 in the expansion of (1 + 5 x )(1 − 2 x ) .

10
revision
2SECTION
Target
Make sure you write ‘−2x’ in brackets so you don’t make sign errors.
i a (1 − 2x )10 = C 0 110 ( −2x )0 + C119 ( −2x )1 + C 2 18 ( −2x ) 2 + C 3 17 ( −2x ) 3 + C 4 16 ( −2x )4 + ...

Target your
10 10 10 10 10
SECTION
= 10 C 0 110 + 10 C 1( −2x ) + 10 C 2 ( −2x ) 2 + 10 C 3 ( −2x ) 3 + 10 C 4 ( −2x )4 + ...
⇒ (1 − 2x )10 = 1 + 10( −2x ) + 45( −2x ) 2 + 120( −2x ) 3 + 210( −2x )4 + ... Use the n C r function on your
calculator to find the binomial
⇒ (1 − 2x )10 = 1 − 20x + 180x 2 − 960x 3 + 3360x 4 + ... coefficients. You can also use
n!
the formula n C r = .
r !( n − r )!
b To estimate 0.9810 let 1 − 2x = 0.98
⇒ 2x = 1 − 0.98 Now work out the powers of 2,
= 0.02 being careful with your signs.
⇒ x = 0.01 You need to work out what

So substitute x = 0.01 into the first five terms of the expansion: value of x to use first.
(1 − 2(0.01))10 ≈ 1 − 20(0.01) + 180(0.01) 2 − 960(0.01) 3 + 3360(0.01)4 If you had worked out the whole
= 1 − 0.2 + 0.018 − 0.000960 + 0.00003360 of the binomial expansion of
(1− 2x )10 you would have found
= 0.8170736 the exact value of 0.9810, but
So 0.9810 = 0.817 to 3 d.p. because you only found the first
five terms in the expansion you
ii
(1 + 5x) (1 − 2x)10 = (1 + 5x) (1 − 20x + 180x2 − 960x3 + 3360x4 +...) can only find an estimate.
So the term in x4 is (1 × 3360x 4 ) + (5x × −960x 3 )

Use the expansion you found in
= 3360x 4 − 4800x 4 part ai.
= −1440x 4
So the coefficient of x4 is -1440. The term in x4 will come from
multiplying 1 by the term in x4
and 5x by the term in x3 in the
expansion of (1− 2 x ) .
10
Make sure you answer the question – you were asked to find
the coefficient, not the whole term.

1 Three points A, B and C have coordinates (-1, 1), (3, 3) and (2, -5) respectively.
i Find the distance AB and BC.
ii Hence show that triangle ABC is right-angled and find the area of triangle ABC.
i AB = (3 − ( −1)) 2 + (3 − 1) 2
= 42 + 22
Distance between points
= 16 + 4
= ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2
= 20
= 4×5
= 2 5
Distance between points
BC = (2 − 3) 2 + ( −5 − 3) 2
= ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2
= ( −1) + ( −8)
2 2
= 1 + 64
= 65
ii AC 2 = (2 − ( −1)) 2 + ( −5 − 1) 2 The question says ‘hence’ so
= 3 2 + ( −6) 2 you should use Pythagoras’
theorem to prove the triangle is
= 9 + 36 right-angled.
= 45
From part i: AB = 20 ⇒ AB 2 = 20
BC = 65 ⇒ BC 2 = 65
65 = 20 + 45
⇒ BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2
Since the triangle obeys Pythagoras’ theorem it must be right-angled.
Use 1 base × height.
Area of triangle = 1 AB × AC 2
Since BC is the hypotenuse, you
2
can use AB and AC as the base
1
= × 2 5 × 45 and height.
2
= 1×2 5× 9×5
2
AC 2 = 45 ⇒ AC = 45
= 5×3 5
= 15 square units.

2 The points A and B have coordinates (-3, 5) and (7, 9).
revision)
questions
(Statistics
i Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment AB.
ii Find the equation of the circle with radius AB, centre A.
your
( −32+ 7 , 5 +2 9 ) = (42 , 142 ) = (2, 7).  x + x y1 + y2 

Review
i The midpoint of AB is The midpoint is  1 2 2 , .

revision
 2 
This is the mean of the
2 Target
9−5 . coordinates.
The gradient of AB =
7 − ( −3) y − y1
2
Gradient = rise = 2 .
run x2 − x1
your
SECTION
= 4
10
SECTION
=2 Use m1 m2 = −1.
Target
5
The gradients are negative
The gradient of line perpendicular to AB is − 5 . reciprocals of each other.
2
So the equation of the perpendicular bisector is
Find the equation of the line
y − 7 = − 5 ( x − 2) with gradient − 5 passing
2 through (2, 7).
2
⇒ 2 y − 14 = −5( x − 2)
⇒ 2 y − 14 = −5x + 10

Using y − y1 = m( x − x 1 ).
⇒ 2 y + 5x = 24
You need to find r2, not r.
ii r 2 =AB 2 = (7 − ( −3)) 2 + (9 − 5) 2
= 10 2 + 4 2
= 100 + 16 The equation of a circle radius r
and centre (a, b) is
= 116
So the equation of the circle is ( x + 3) 2 + ( y − 5) 2 = 116 . ( x − a ) 2 + ( y − b ) 2 = r 2.
cos θ cos θ
3 i Prove that + ≡ 2
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ cos θ
ii Hence solve cos θ + cos θ = 4 for 0°  θ  360°
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ
The RHS (right hand side) is

i cos θ + cos θ ≡ cos θ × 1 − sin θ + cos θ × 1 + sin θ
simpler, so it is best to start
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ 1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ
with the LHS (left hand side).
cos θ (1 − sin θ ) cos θ (1 + sin θ )
≡ +
(1 + sin θ )(1 − sin θ ) (1 + sin θ )(1 − sin θ )
The RHS is a single fraction,
cos θ (1 − sin θ ) + cos θ (1 + sin θ ) so start by re-writing the
≡ LHS so you have a common
(1 + sin θ )(1 − sin θ ) denominator.
≡ cos θ − cos θ sin θ + cos θ + cos θ sin θ
1 − sin 2 θ
Expand the brackets on the top
≡ 2cos θ line and simplify.
cos 2 θ
≡ 2
(1 + sinθ )(1 − sinθ ) is the
cos θ difference of 2 squares so when
you expand the brackets you
get 12 − sin2 θ .
Using sin2 θ + cos 2 θ ≡ 1 ⇒ 1 − sin2 θ = cos 2 θ .

cos θ + cos θ = 4 The question says ‘Hence’ so
ii 1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ you need to use part i.
⇒ 2 =4
cosθ cosθ 2
cos θ Since 1 + sinθ + 1 − sinθ ≡ cosθ .

⇒ cos θ = 1
2 Use your calculator to find the
θ = 60°, 300° first value.
The second value is 360° - 60°.
4 Sketch the graph of:

1
i y=1 ii y = 1 + 2 iii y =
x x x+2
State clearly the coordinates of any intersections with the axes and the equations of any
asymptotes.
i Asymptotes: x = 0 and y = 0
You should know the shape of
y
y=1 .
x
y = 1x
0 x

ii Asymptotes: x = 0 and y = 2 The graph of y = 1 + 2 is a
questions)
x
Review(Statistics
When y = 0 then 1 + 2 = 0 0

x translation of y = 1 by   .
x 2
⇒ 1 = −2
x
Don’t forget to find where the
⇒ x =−1 curve crosses the x-axis.
revision
2
y
your 2
SECTION
Target
y = 1x + 2
2
0 x
−1
2
The graph of y = 1 is a
iii Asymptotes : x = -2 and y = 0 x +2
1  −2 
1 = 1 translation of y = by   .
When x = 0 then y = x  0
0+2 2
y
1
y=
1 x +2
2
−2 0 x

( )
n
5 The first three terms in the expansion of 3 − x are 81 + bx + cx 2.

2
Find the value of each of the constants n, b and c.
x n
The first term in the expansion of 3 − 2 is 3 n.( ) 1 1
So 3 n = 81 ⇒ n = 4 . 1 2 1
The 4th row of Pascal’s triangle is 1, 4, 6, 4, 1. 1 3 3 1
So the first 3 terms in the expansion are: 14 6 4 1
( )
2
n    
3 − x = 1 × 3 4 + 4 × 3 3 ×  −x  + 6 × 3 2 ×  −x  + ...
2  2  2
 
= 81 + 4 × 27 ×  −x  + 6 × 9 × x + ...
2
 2 4 Simplify, taking care of your

signs!
= 81 − 54 x + 27 x 2 + ...
2
So n = 4, b = -54 and c = 27 .
2
6 You are given f( x ) = 2 x 3 − x 2 − 25 x − 12 .
i Show that (x − 4) is a factor of f(x).
Hence factorise f(x) fully.
2
The curve y = f(x) is translated by the vector   to give the curve y = g(x).
0
ii Solve g(x) = 0.
i If (x - 4) is a factor of f(x) then f(4) = 0

Substitute x = 4 into
f (4) = 2 × 4 3 − 4 2 − 25 × 4 − 12 f( x ) = 2 x 3 − x 2 − 25 x − 12.
= 2 × 64 − 16 − 100 − 12
= 128 − 128 You have been asked to ‘show
= 0 that’, so you must show all your
working.
22xx22 ++ 77xx ++ 33
)
( x − 4) 22xx −− xx22 −− 25
33
25xx −− 12
12
- 22xx33 −− 88xx22
7x 22 − 25x
- − 7x 2 − 28x
33xx−−12 12
- − 33xx −− 12
12
00
So f ( x ) = ( x − 4)(2x 2 + 7x + 3) Use the ‘splitting the middle
term’ method to factorise.
Factorising 2x + 7x + 3 = 2x + x + 6x + 3
2 2
2 × 3 = 6 and two numbers
= x(2x + 1) + 3(2x + 1) which multiply to give 6 and add
= ( x + 3)(2x + 1) to give 7 are 1 and 6.
So f ( x ) = ( x + 3)(2x + 1)( x − 4).

ii The roots of f(x) are x = −3, x = − 1 and x = 4
2
f(x) is translated 2 units to the right to produce g(x) so the roots of
g(x) = 0 are
x = −1, x = 3 and x = 6 . Add 2 to each of the roots of f(x)
2

SECTION 3
revision)
(Statistics
Target your revision (Chapters 10–13) (pages 87–8)

your
1 Differentiate functions involving powers of x

revision
Differentiate:
2 Target
i y = 3 x 2 − 2x + 4 ii y = 22 + x
x
Target your
3
dy
SECTION
i y = 3x 2 − 2 x + 4 ⇒ = 6x − 2 y = kx n ⇒
dy
= knx n−1
dx dx
ii ⇒ y = 22 +
You can think of this as
x ‘multiply by the power and
x
1 reduce the power by 1’.
y = 2x −2 + x 2
dy You can write the final answer
= −2 × 2x −3 + 1 x 2
−1
⇒ like this …
dx 2
−3 1
= −4 x + x 2
−1
2 … or like this. Remember
= 11 = 1
−1
= 1 − 43 x 2
2 x x x2 x
2 Find the gradient of a curve at a point

i Find the gradient of the curve y = 5 x − 8 at the point where x = 4.
x
ii Given f( x ) = x 2
, find f'(9) .
x
−1
i y = 5x − 8 = 5x − 8x 2 To find the gradient of a
x curve at a point you need to
⇒
dy
dx 2 ( )
= 5 − − 1 × 8x 2
−3 differentiate …
−3 −3
= 5 + 4x 2 4 2
= 13 = 11 = 1 3 = 13 = 1
2 8
4 2 (4 2 ) 3 ( 4 )
dy −3
When x = 4, = 5+4×4 2
dx
= 5.5 … and then substitute in the x
coordinate of the point.
2
ii f (x ) = x
x You can’t differentiate this at
2 the moment, so you need to
⇒ f (x ) = x 1 simplify it first.
x2
2− 1
= x 2
3
= x2
f '( x ) = 3 x 2
1
2
= 3 x To find f´(9) you need to substitute
2 x = 9 into the derivative.
So f '(9) = 3 × 9 = 4.5
2

3 Find the equation of a tangent and a normal to a curve

i Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = 3 x 2 − 6 x at the point (3, 9).
ii Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = 2 x at the point where x = 4.
dy
i y = 3x − 6 x ⇒ = 6x − 6
2
dx
dy
When x = 3, dx = 6 × 3 − 6 = 12. The gradient of the tangent is 12.
yy−−99==12(
12(xx−−3)
3) Using y − y1 = m1( x − x1 ).
⇒ yy−−99==12
⇒ 12xx−−36
36
The equation of the tangent is yy==12
12xx−−27
27
ii y = 2 x
To differentiate you ‘multiply
1
⇒ y = 2x 2 by the power and reduce the
power by 1’.
dy −1
⇒ =x 2
dx
The gradient of the tangent is 1.
= 1 2
x
dy 1 = 1 Use m2 = − 1 = − 11 = 2
When x = 4, dx = . m1
4 2 2
The gradient of the normal is
So the gradient of the normal is −2. the negative reciprocal of the
gradient of the tangent.
When x = 4, y = 2 4 = 2 × 2 = 4.
Find the y coordinate by
yy −− 44 == −−2(
2(xx −− 4)
4) substituting into the equation of
⇒ y − 4 = − 2 x + 8 the curve.
⇒ y − 4 = −2x + 8
⇒ is yy == 12
⇒
The equation of the normal 12 −− 22xx Using y − y1 = m1( x − x1 ).
4 Identify stationary points

Find the coordinates of the stationary points of the curve y = − x 3 + 4 x 2 − 4 xand identify their nature.
dy
y = −x 3 + 4 x 2 − 4 x ⇒ = −3x 2 + 8x − 4
dx
At a stationary point, dy = 0 ⇒ −3x 2 + 8x − 4 = 0
dx
⇒ 3x 2 − 8 x + 4 = 0 It is easier to factorise if you
multiply through by -1 first.
⇒ ( x − 2)(3x − 2) = 0
dy
⇒ x = 2 or x = 2 Solve
dx
= 0 to find the x
3
coordinates of the stationary
When x = 2, y = −2 3 + 4 × 2 2 − 4 × 2 points.
= −8 + 16 − 8
Then substitute these x
=0 coordinates back into the
equation of the curve to find the
() ()
3 2
When x = 2 , y = − 2 +4× 2 −4×2 y coordinates.
3 3 3 3
So (2, 0) is a stationary point …
= − 8 + 16 − 8
27 9 3
=− 32
27 (
… and so is 2 , − 32
3 27 )

dy d 2y You can differentiate again
revision)
= −3x 2 + 8x − 4 ⇒ = −6x + 8
(Statistics
dx dx 2 to find the nature of these

stationary points, or you could
d 2y
When x = 2 , = −6 × 2 + 8 = −4 < 0 ⇒ ( 2, 0) is a maximum. look at the sign of dy on either
dx 2 dx
side of the stationary point.
your
d 2y
(
When x = 2 , 2 = −6 × 2 + 8 = 4 > 0 ⇒ 2 , − 32 is a minimum. )
revision
3 dx 3 3 27
2 Target
5 Identify where a function is increasing or decreasing

Find the values of x for which f( x ) = 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 36 x is an increasing function.
Target your
SECTION 3
f ( x ) = 2x 3 + 3x 2 − 36x⇒ f '( x ) = 6x 2 + 6x − 36
The function is increasing when f '( x ) > 0
6x 2 + 6x − 36 > 0
x2 + x − 6 > 0
( x + 3)( x − 2) > 0
The critical points are x = −3 and x = 2.
dy
dx
Sketch the graph of the
gradient function so you can
0 x see which regions you need.
−3 2
y = 6x2 + 6x − 36
Find the region where the curve

is above the x-axis.
Note this is a strict inequality.

So f '( x ) > 0 when x < −3 or x > 2 . At x = −3 and x = 2 there are
dy
stationary points as = 0.
dx
So the function is increasing when x < −3 or x > 2.
6 Sketch the graph of the gradient function

The diagram shows the graph of y = f ( x ).
Sketch the gradient function, y = f'(x).
y
y = f (x )
0 x

y
y = f(x)
When x > 0, the gradient of f(x)

0 x is positive and increasing.
y
y = f(x)
When x = 0, there is a turning
point, so the gradient function
is zero.
When x < 0, the gradient of f(x)

is negative and the magnitude
x of the gradient function is
decreasing.
y
y = f’(x)
The graph is a straight line as

the derivative of a quadratic
function is a linear function.
7 Find the second derivative

Given f(x) = x + 2 x , find f"(9).
2
f ( x ) = x + 2 x
2
x You can’t differentiate this at

the moment, so you need to
2
⇒ f (x ) = x + 2 x simplify it first.
x x
⇒ f (x ) = x + 2
x
−1
⇒ f ( x ) = x + 2x 2
−3
⇒ f ' (x ) = 1 − x 2
3 −5 Differentiate twice.
⇒ f " (x ) = x 2
2
3
=
= 15 = 1 5 = 1
−5
( )
5
2 x x 2
( x)
5
x 2  x 2 
1
3  
f "(4) =
( )
5
2 4
3
=
2 × 25
3
=
64

8 Differentiate from first principles
revision)
(Statistics
Expand ( x + h) .
2
i
ii Given f ( x ) = 5 x 2 , find an expression for f( x + h) − f( x ) .
iii Differentiate y = 5 x 2 from first principles.
your
You must show all your working.

revision
i ( x + h ) 2 = x 2 + 2xh + h 2
2 Target
ii f ( x + h ) − f ( x ) = 5( x + h ) 2 − 5x 2 .
Target your
3
Replace x with x + h to find

= 5( x 2 + 2xh + h 2 ) − 5x 2
SECTION
f(x + h).
= 5x 2 + 10xh + 5h 2 − 5x 2
= 10xh + 5h 2
This is the gradient of the chord
f (x + h) − f (x ) joining the points (x, f(x)) and
iii f '( x ) = lim
h→0 h (x + h, f(x + h)).
= lim 10xh + 5h
2
h →0 h As h → 0 the gradient of the

chord → the gradient of the
= lim(10x + 5h ) tangent at (x, f(x)).
h →0
= 10x
As h → 0, 5h → 0.
9 Find indefinite integrals

Find:
i ∫ (4 x 3
− 2 x + 3) dx ii ∫( x − 32 dx
x )
∫ (4x − 2x + 3)dx = x
n +1
3 4
− x 2 + 3x + c ax n d x = ax + c . So add 1
i Use the rule: ∫ n +1
3 1
ii ∫ ( x − )dx = ∫ ( x 2
2 −2
− 3x )dx to the power and divide by the new power.
x
= 2 x 2 + 3x −1 + c
3
3 Don’t forget the ‘+ c’.

3
= 2 x + 3+c Rewrite the integral to make it
3 x
easier to integrate.
10 Evaluate definite integrals

Find:
(12x + 6 x )dx
3
∫ ∫
4
i ( x 2 + 2 x − 1) dx ii 2
−2 1
3
( x 2 + 2x − 1)dx =  1 x 3 + x 2 − x 
3
i ∫
−2 3  −2
3 (
= 1 × 3 3 + 3 2 − 3 − 1 × ( −2) 3 + ( −2) 2 − ( −2)
3 )( ) You don’t need to include ‘+ c’
for definite integration (when
= ( 9 + 9 − 3) − − 8 + 4 + 2
3 ( ) there are limits).
= 15 − 10 Substitute in the limits.

3
= 35 or 11 2
3 3
( 122 + 6 x )dx = (12x −2 + 6x 2 )dx
4 4 1
ii ∫ ∫
1 x 1
3 4
= −12x −1 + 2 × 6x 2 

 3  1
( )
4
=  − 12 + 4 x 
3
 x 1
( ( ))
= − 12 + 4 × 4 − − 12 + 4 ×
4
3
1 ( ( 1) )
3
= ( −3 + 32) − ( −8)
= 37
11 Find the area under a curve
The diagram shows the graph of y = x 3 − 2 x 2 − 5 x + 6.
y
y = x3 − 2x2 − 5x + 6
−2 0 1 3 x
i Find the area of the green shaded region.

ii Find the area of the blue shaded region.
iii Find the total area of the shaded regions.
∫ (x )
3
3
iv Evaluate − 2 x 2 − 5 x + 6 dx.
−2
y = x3 − 2x2− 5x + 6
−2
0
1 3 x
∫ (x − 2x 2 − 5x + 6 ) dx
1
i Green shaded region = 3
−2
1
=  1 x 4 − 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 6x 
4 3 2  −2
( 3 2 4 )(
= 1 × 14 − 2 × 13 − 5 × 12 + 6 × 1 − 1 × ( −2)4 − 2 × ( −2) 3 − 5 × ( −2) 2 + 6 × ( −2)
4 3 2 )
( )(
= 1 − 2 − 5 + 6 − 4 + 16 − 10 − 12
4 3 2 3 )
( )( )
= 37 − − 38
12 3
= 63
4
= 15.75 square units.

∫ (x− 2x 2 − 5x + 6 ) dx =  1 x 4 − 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 6x 
3 3
ii 3
revision)
(Statistics
1  4 3 2  1
( 3 2 )(
= 1 × (3)4 − 2 × (3) 3 − 5 × (3) 2 + 6 × 3 − 1 × 14 − 2 × 13 − 5 × 12 + 6 × 1
4 4 3 2 )
(
= 81 − 18 − 45 + 18 − 37 )( )
your
4 2 12
revision
( )( )
= − 9 − 37
3 Target
4 12
= − 16
3
Target your
The result is negative as the

= −5 1 area is below the x-axis.
SECTION
3
1
Blue shaded region = 5 3 square units.
Area is positive.
iii Total area = 15.75 + 5 1 = 21 1

3 12
 1 x 4 − 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 6x  3
( x − 2x − 5x + 6 ) dx =  4 3 2
3
∫ You can use your results from

3 2
iv −2
 −2 parts i and ii.
( )( )
= − 9 − − 38
4 3 Note your answers to iii and iv
are different as the curve goes
= 10 5 below the x-axis.
12
12 Find the magnitude of a vector

 −2 
You are given that q =  
 3
The vector p has a magnitude of 2 13 in the same direction as q. Find p.
The magnitude of q is ( −2) 2 + 3 2 = 4 + 9 = 13

The vector ai + bj has magnitude
The vector p has a magnitude of 2 13 ⇒ p = 2q
a 2 + b2 .
−2 −4
So p = 2   =  
 3  6
13 Solve problems involving vectors

     
Three points A, B and C have position vectors  2  ,  6  and  8  respectively.
2  4
    0
i Find AB
ii Find AC
iii Hence show that triangle ABC is right-angled and find the area of triangle ABC.
i AB = OB − OA
6 2
=  − 
4 2
4
= 
2

ii AC = OC − OA
Find AC first.
8 2
=  −  
0 2
 6
= 
−2
 
AC = 6 2 + ( −2) 2
= 36 + 4
= 40
40 = 4 × 10
= 2 10
iii AB = 4 2 + 2 2
= 16 + 4
= 20
BC = OC − AB
You need to show the triangle
8 6 obeys Pythagoras’ theorem.
=  − 
0 4
 2
= 
 −4 
BC = 2 2 + ( −4) 2
= 4 + 16
= 20
The triangle is right-angled if AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
Use area of triangle is
40 = 20 + 20 ✓ 1 base × height.
Area of triangle = 1 20 × 20 = 1 400 = 10 square units. 2
2 2
14 Sketch the graphs of logarithms and exponentials
Sketch the graph of:
i y = 1 + ln x ii y = 2 + e − x
Label clearly any asymptotes and the coordinates of any intersections with the axes.
i When y = 0, 1 + ln x = 0 ⇒ ln x = −1
x = e −1 = 1
⇒ x-axis.
e
y
y = 1+1n x The curve y = 1+ ln x is a
translation of y = ln x by the
 
vector  0 
 1e, 0
1
0
x
x= 0

ii When x = 0, y = 2 + e 0 Find where the curve cuts the
revision)
(Statistics
y-axis. Remember any number

=2+1 to the power 0 is 1.
=3
y = 2 + e–x
y
Target your
SECTION 3 your
revision
2 Target
(0, 3)
The curve y = 2 + e − x is a
translation of y = e − x by the
y=2  
vector  0 
2
 
0
x
15 Simplify expression involving logs

Express log x + log2 − log x as a single logarithm.
1
log x + log 2 − log x = log x + log 2 − 2 log x Use laws of logs: log x n = n log x
1
= 1 log x + log 2 So log x = log x 2 = 21 log x .

2
= log x + log2 Simplifying.
= log2 x
16 Solve equations involving logs and exponentials

Solve:
i 2.4 x = 2000
ii 3log10 x − log10 20 = log10 400
i 2.4 x = 2000
⇒ log 2.4 x = log 2000
⇒ x log 2.4 = log 2000 Take logs of both sides.
log 2000
⇒ x=
log 2.4
⇒ x = 8.68 to 3 s.f.
3 log 10 x − log 10 20 = log 10 400 ⇒ 3 log 10 x = log 10 20 + log 10 400

ii Isolate log x on the left-hand
⇒ 3 log 10 x = log 10 (20 × 400) side.
⇒ 3 log 10 x = log 8000
⇒ log 10 x 3 = log 10 8000
⇒ x 3 = 8000
⇒ x = 3 8000
⇒ x = 20

17 Use logs in modelling
The relationship between A and t is modelled by y = A × 10 kt , where A and k are constants.

i Show that the graph of log y against t is a straight line.
The straight line graph obtained when log y is plotted against t passes through the points
(1, 5) and (3, 11). Find
ii the value of A and k
iii the value of y when t = 2.3
iv the value of t when y = 50.
i y = A × 10 kt
Take logs of both sides.
log y = log( A × 10 kt )
⇒ log y = log A + log 10 kt
⇒ log y = log A + kt log 10 log 10 = 1
⇒ log y = log A + kt
⇒ log y = kt + log A
y = mx + c Comparing with y = mx + c.
So the graph of log y against t is a straight line with gradient k and
y intercept log A.
ii The gradient of the line is 11 − 5 = 6 = 3. Find the equation of the line

3−1 2
with gradient 3 passing through
The equation of the line is y − 5 = 3( x − 1) (1, 5).
⇒ y = 3x + 2
So the gradient of the line is 3 ⇒ k = 3.
And the y intercept is 2 ⇒ log A = 2 ⇒ A = 10 2 = 100.
So the equation is y = 100 × 10 3t .
Substitute t = 2.3 into the
iii y = 100 × 10
3t
equation.
When t = 2.3, y = 100 × 10 3× 2.3 = 7.94 × 10 8 to 3 s.f.
iv 100 × 10 3t = 50 Substitute y = 50 into the

equation y = 100 × 10 3 t .
⇒ 10 3t = 0.5
⇒ log 10 3t = log 0.5 Take logs of both sides.
⇒ 3t log 10 = log 0.5
⇒ 3t = log 0.5 log 10 = 1
log 0.5
⇒ t =
3
= −0.100 to 3.s.f.

Finding gradients (page 92)
10)
revision
(Statistics
3 Chapter
A is the point on the curve y = 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1 with x coordinate 2.

B is the point on the same curve with x coordinate 2.1.
your
i Calculate the gradient of the chord AB of the curve.

revision
ii Give the x coordinate of a point C on the curve for which the gradient of chord AC is a better
SECTION
2 Target
approximation to the gradient of the curve at A.

iii Find the gradient of the curve at A by differentiation.
Target your
i
SECTION
Find the y coordinates of A and B:

At A: x = 2 so y = 2 × 2 2 − 3 × 2 + 1 Gradient is ‘rise over run’, so
to find the gradient of AB you
= 8−6+1 need to know the y coordinates
= 3 of both points.
So A (2, 3)
At B: x = 2.1 so y = 2 × 2.1 − 3 × 2.1 + 1
2
= 8.82 − 6.3 + 1
= 3.52
So B (2.1, 3.52)
y −y
Gradient of chord AB = x 2 − x1 B
2 1
(2.1, 3.52)
= 3.52 − 3
2.1 − 2 A
(2, 3)
= 0.52
0.1
= 5.2
ii Draw a sketch to help you.
B
x = 2.1 The closer the other end of the
C chord is to A, the better the
A approximation. So C can be any
x=2 point between B and A. Any
value between 2 and 2.1 would
The x coordinate of C could be 2.05. be correct.
iii y = 2 x 2 − 3x + 1 To differentiate use the rule

dy dy
⇒ = 2 × 2x − 3 + 0 y = x n ⇒ = nx n−1
dx dx
dy
⇒ = 4x − 3 Remember the derivative of any
dx
constant term is zero.
dy
When x = 2, = 4×2−3
dx You find the gradient of
= 8−3 the curve at the point A by
=5 substituting x = 2 into this
gradient function.
The gradient of the curve at A is 5.
Notice that the gradient of
chord AB, which you found in
part i was 5.2. So it was quite
close to this exact gradient of
the curve at A.

Extending the rule (page 94)
SECTION 3 Chapter 10
3 2
i Differentiate y = x − 4 + 5 .
x x
ii Differentiate y = 3 x 2 − 2 x 5 + 31 .
x
3 2 You might find it easier to
i Let y = x − 4 + 5 rewrite the question using ’y =’.
x x
= x − 3x −4 + 2x −5
Rewrite the expression
dy using negative powers of x.
Differentiating gives: = 1 − 3 × ( −4)x −5 + 2 × ( −5)x −6
dx Remember 1n = x − n
x
= 1 + 12x −5 − 10x −6
Differentiate using the rule:
= 1 + 125 − 106 dy
x x y = x n ⇒ = nx n−1
dx
So the derivative of x − 34 + 25 is 1 + 12x −5 − 10x −6 or 1 + 125 − 106 . so multiply by the power and
x x x x then reduce the power by 1.
Take care when working with
negative numbers.
You can leave your answer with negative indices, or you
can rewrite it using fractions.
ii Let y = 3x 2 − 2 x 5 + 31
1 5
x5 = (x5 )2 = x 2
x
5
1 = 1 = x − 31
−1 1
= 3x − 2 x + x
2 2 3 3
x x3
dy 3 −4
Differentiating gives: = 3 × 2x − 2 × ( 52 ) x 2 + ( − 13 ) x 3
dx
3 −4 Take care when you subtract 1
= 6x − 5x 2 − 13 x 3 from the powers:
= 6x − 5 x 3 − 1 5 − 1 = 3, − 1 − 1 = − 4
3 x4
3 2 2 3 3
1 m
… or you can rewrite it using roots. Remember n
x = x n and n x m = x n You can leave the answer in this
form …
1 3 −4
So the derivative of 3x 2 − 2 x 5 + 3 is 6x − 5x 2 − 13 x 3 or
x
6x − 5 x −
3 1 .
33 x4

Tangents and normals (page 98)
10)
revision
(Statistics
3 Chapter
The diagram shows the cubic curve with equation y = 2 x 3 − 3 x + 1.

your
y
revision
SECTION
2 Target
P (1, 0)
0 x
Target your
i Show that the tangent to the curve at the point P(1, 0) has gradient 3.
SECTION
ii Find the coordinates of the other point, Q, on the curve at which the tangent has gradient 3.
iii Find the equation of the normal to the curve at Q.
i y = 2x − 3x + 1
3
The gradient of the tangent to
the curve is the same as the
dy gradient of the curve itself at
= 2 × 3x 2 − 3
dx that point.
P
= 6x 2 − 3
dy Differentiate, remember the
When x = 1, = 6 × 12 − 3
dx rule:
= 6−3 dy
y = x n ⇒ = nx n−1
dx
=3
Substitute x = 1 into the

gradient function to find the
gradient at P. Make sure you
show working as the question
dy gives you the answer.
ii = 6x 2 − 3
dx
Q
6x 2 − 3 = 3
So 6x 2 = 6
⇒ x = 1
2
P
You need to find the value of x
⇒ x = 1 or x = -1 dy
So the x coordinate of Q is -1. which gives = 3.
dx
When x = -1, y = 2x 3 − 3x + 1
= 2( −1) 3 − 3( −1) + 1 Make sure you find the y
coordinate as well. Substitute
= −2 + 3 + 1 x = -1 into the equation of the
=2 curve.
So Q is (-1, 2).
Using m1m2 = −1 for
perpendicular gradients. So
1
iii Gradient of tangent at Q is 3 ⇒ g radient of normal at Q is − 3 . gradient of the normal is the
negative reciprocal of the
So the equation of the normal at Q(-1, 2) is: gradient of the tangent.
y − y 1 = m( x − x 1 )
y − 2 = − 13 ( x − (−1)) Clear the fraction by
multiplying both sides by 3.
y − 2 = − 13 ( x + 1)
3( y − 2) = −( x + 1) Expand the brackets.
3y − 6 = − x − 1
The question hasn’t asked for any particular form for the
3y = − x + 5 equation of the line, so any correct form will do.

Increasing and decreasing functions,
and turning points (page 102)
A curve has equation y = x 3 − 3 x 2 − 9 x + 2.

dy
i Find .
dx
ii Find the range of values of x for which y is an increasing function of x.
iii Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve y = x 3 − 3 x 2 − 9 x + 2 and determine their
nature.
i y = x 3 − 3x 2 − 9 x + 2
dy
⇒ = 3x 2 − 3 × 2 x − 9
dx
= 3x 2 − 6 x − 9
ii For an increasing function, dy > 0

dx
⇒ 3x 2 − 6 x − 9 > 0
x 2 − 2x − 3 > 0 Divide both sides by 3 and then
factorise.
( x − 3)( x + 1) > 0
So the critical values are x = 3 and x = -1.
dy
dx Sketch the curve of the gradient
function dy = 3 x 2 − 6 x − 9. It
dx
−1 3 x crosses the x-axis at -1 and 3.
So the function is increasing

dy when x is less than -1 and
So > 0 when x < −1 or x > 3. when x is greater than 3.
dx
dy
iii At a stationary point, = 0.
dx
So the stationary points are at x = -1 and x = 3. You found these values in part ii.
When x = -1, y = ( −1) 3 − 3 × ( −1) 2 − 9 × ( −1) + 2

Substitute the x values back
= −1 − 3 + 9 + 2 into the equation of the curve to
=7 find the y coordinates.
When x = 3, y = 3 − 3 × 3 − 9 × 3 + 2
3 2
= 27 − 27 − 27 + 2
= −25 Now examine the sign of
dy
on
dx
So there are stationary points at (−1, 7) and (3, −25). either side of each stationary
point to determine its nature.

x < –1 x = –1 –1 < x < 3 x=3 x>3
Now examine the sign of dy on
10)
revision
(Statistics
dy +ve 0 –ve 0 +ve dx

Sign of
3 Chapter
dx either side of each stationary

point to determine its nature.
Stationary Local Local
point maximum minimum
your
0
+ − − +
revision
SECTION
0
2 Target
So (−1, 7) is a local maximum

Target your
and (3, −25) is a local minimum.

SECTION
Alternative method Differentiate again to

dy d 2y determine the nature of the
= 3x 2 − 6 x − 9 ⇒ 2 = 6 x − 6 stationary points.
dx dx
d 2y Remember at a maximum point
When x = −1, = 6 × (−1) − 6 = −12 < 0
dx 2 d2 y
< 0.
So (−1, 7) is a local maximum. dx 2
d 2y
When x = 3, 2 = 6 × 3 − 6 = 12 > 0 Remember at a minimum point
dx
So (3, −25) is a local minimum. d2 y
> 0.
dx 2
At a minimum At a maximum
The gradient goes from The gradient goes from

negative to positive positive to negative
d2 y d2 y
So >0 So <0
dx 2 dx 2

dy
Higher derivatives and the graph of
dx
(page 107)
i The diagram shows the graph of y = f( x ).

y
0 1
x
−1 2 2
Sketch the graph of y = f '( x ).

Label the coordinates of the point(s) where the graph crosses the x-axis.
ii The curve y = 2 x x − x has one turning point at P.
Find the x coordinate of P and use the second derivative to identify the nature of the turning
point at P.
i
y
To the left of x = 1, the gradient

is positive and decreasing …
To the right of x = 1, the gradient
−1
0
1 3 x is negative and ‘increasing’.
At x = 1, the gradient is 0.
The graph is a straight line as

the derivative of a quadratic
0 (1, 0) x
y = f '(x) function is a linear function.

ii y = 2x x − x You can’t differentiate this as
10)
revision
(Statistics
1 1 it stands, you need to rewrite

3 Chapter
y = 2x × x − x
2 2 each term as a single power
3 1
of x.
y = 2x 2 − x 2
your
dy 1 −1
Remember the laws of indices:
⇒ = 2 × 3x2 − 1x 2 y = f '(x) 1
revision
dx 2 2 x = x 2 and x m × x n = x m+n
SECTION
2 Target
1 −1
= 3x 2 − 1 x 2 Differentiate each term, taking
2
care with the fractions.
=3 x− 1
Target your
2 x
SECTION
dy 1 =0
At a turning point dx = 0 ⇒ 3 x −
2 x
⇒ 3 x= 1
2 x
⇒ x= 1 x× x=x
2×3
⇒ x= 1
6
1
So the x coordinate of P is x = .
6
To determine the nature of the turning point, differentiate again.
dy d 2y
( )
1 −1 −1 −3
= 3x 2 − 1 x 2 ⇒ 2 = 3 × 1 x 2 − 1 × − 1 x 2
dx 2 dx 2 2 2
−1 −3
= 3x 2 + 1x 2
2 4
= 3 + 1
Both terms are positive when
2 x 4 x 3 ( ) x = 1 , therefore the second
6
derivative is also positive. The
Substituting x = 1 into the second derivative gives:
exact value of d y2 doesn’t
2
6
2 dx
d y
= 3 + 1 matter, it is only its sign that
3 > 0 you need to determine.
dx 2 1  1 
2 6 4 6
 
d2 y
So there is a local minimum at x = 1 . dx 2
< 0 ⇒ maximum and
6
Hint: The question told you to use the second derivative, so you would lose d2 y
> 0 ⇒ minimum .
1 dx 2
marks if you had checked the sign of dy on either side of x = instead.
dx 6

Applications and differentiation from first
principles (page 111)
A cylindrical waste paper bin is made from a thin sheet of metal.

The bin has no lid.
r cm
h cm Hint: 15 litres = 15 000 cm3.
The bin needs to hold 15 litres and has a height h cm and radius r cm
Find the minimum surface area of metal required to make the bin and prove that this value is the
minimum.
Don’t forget the bottom of the

Surface area, S = πr 2 + 2πrh
bin.
Volume = πr 2h = 15000
15000 You can’t differentiate S as it
⇒h = stands as it is in terms of both r
πr 2 and h so …
15000
So S = πr 2 + 2πr ×
πr 2 … find another equation linking
30000 r and h and …
= πr 2 +
r
… make h the subject …
S = πr + 30000r −1 ⇒ dS = 2πr − 30000r −2
2
dr
… then substitute for h into your
30000 equation for S.
= 2πr −
r2
dS 30000 Now you have an equation you
At a minimum, dr = 0 ⇒ 2 πr − =0 can differentiate.
r2
30000
⇒ 2 πr =
r2
30000
⇒ r3 = Solve to find r. Keep the full
2π value stored in your calculator.
⇒ r = 16.83...
30000 Substitute your unrounded
When r = 16.83..., S = π × (16.83...) +
2
16.83... 30 000
value of r into S = πr 2 + .
= 2670 cm 2 to 3 s.f. r
To show this is a minimum, differentiate again:
dS = 2πr − 30000r −2
dr
2
⇒ d S2 = 2π + 60000r −3
dr
2 60000
⇒ d S2 = 2π +
dr r3
2 60000 The second derivative is
When r = 16.83..., d S2 = 2π + >0 positive at a minimum.
dr (16.83...) 3
Hence the minimum surface area is 2670 cm 2 when r = 16.8 cm.

Integration as the reverse of differentiation
11)
revision
(Statistics
(page 115)
3 Chapter
your
i Find ∫ (6x 2
+ 5 x − 3 ) dx .
revision
dy
ii A curve has gradient given by = 3 x 2 − 2. The curve passes through the point (2, -1). Find the
SECTION
dx
2 Target
equation of the curve.
3 2
(6x 2 + 5x − 3)dx = 6x + 5x − 3x + c
Target your
i ∫ 3 2
Remember the rule:
n+1
ax n dx = ax + c
SECTION
5x 2
= 2 x 3 + 2 − 3x + c
∫ n +1
So ‘add one to the power and
divide by the new power’.
dy
ii dx ∫
= 3x 2 − 2 ⇒ y = (3x 2 − 2)dx
3 Integrate to find the general
⇒ y = 3x − 2 x + c equation of the curve. There
3
will be a constant of integration
= x 3 − 2x + c and you find it by substituting in
the given point (-2, 1).
To find c, substitute x = -2, and y = 1 into the equation
y = x 3 − 2x + c
Don’t forget the ‘+ c’.
1 = ( −2) 3 − 2 × ( −2) + c
1 = −8 + 4 + c The point (−2, 1) lies on the
1 = −4 + c curve.
⇒c =5
Make sure you fully answer the
So the equation of the curve is y = x 3 − 2x + 5. question by stating the equation
of the curve.

Finding areas (page 119)
The diagram shows the white concrete facing of a tunnel.

y
8
−5 A 0 B 5 x
The x-axis represents the ground.

The roof of the tunnel has equation y = 6 − 3 x , where 1 unit is 1 metre.
2
8
i Find the coordinates of A and B.
ii Find the area between the curve and the x-axis.
iii Calculate the cost of repainting the facing at £5 per square metre.
i A and B lie on the x-axis and so y = 0

2
⇒ 6 − 3x = 0
8
⇒ 3x 2 = 6
8 Solve to find the possible
⇒ x2 = 6 × 8 values of x.
3
⇒ x = 16
2
Make sure you give the
⇒ x = ±4 coordinates of A and B.
So A is (-4, 0) and B is (4, 0).
∫
4
ii Area = y dx
−4
(6 − 38x ) dx
2
∫
4
Area =
−4 You don’t need to write ‘+ c’
here, as any constant term
4
=  6x − 3x 
3 would cancel when the limits
 3 × 8  −4 are substituted in.
 ( −4) 3 
=  6 × 4 − 4  −  6 × ( −4) −
3
 8  8  Substitute in the limits, taking

care with your signs.
( )(
= 24 − 64 − −24 − −64
8 8 )
= ( 24 − 8 ) − ( −24 + 8 )
= (16 ) − ( −16 )
= 32 square units
iii Area of wall = area of rectangle - area of tunnel
= 8 × 10 − 32
= 80 − 32
= 48 square units
So area to be painted is 48 m 2. 1 square unit = 1 m2
Total cost = 48 × £5 = £240.

Extending the rule (page 123)
11)
revision
(Statistics
3 Chapter
i Find ∫ (3 )
x + 12 dx
x
your
dy 2
ii A curve has a gradient given by = . The curve passes through the point (3, 1). Find the equation of
dx x 2
revision
the curve.
SECTION
2 Target
∫ (3 ) ∫ ( 3x )
1
x + 12 dx =
1 = x −2
i 2
+ x −2 dx x2
x 1
Target your
3
−1 x = x2
= 3x3 + x + c
2
SECTION
2 −1
3 Dividing by 3 is the same as
= 2 × 3x 2 + (−1) × x −1 + c 2
3 multiplying by 2 .
3
3
= 2x 2 − x −1 + c
You can rewrite your answer using
( x) − 1+c
3
=2  1
3
( )
3 3
x roots. Remember x 2 =  x 2  = x
dy 2  
ii =
dx x 2
dy
= 2x −2
dx
−1
Integrating gives: y = 2x + c Integrate to find the general
−1 equation of the curve. Don’t
forget the ‘+ c’
⇒y = −2 +c
x
At (3, 1), x = 3 and y = 1 The curve passes through
(3, 1) so you can use these
⇒1= − +c 2
coordinates to find the value
3
of c.
⇒ c = 1+ 2
3
⇒c = 5
3
2 5 5 2 Make sure you give the
The equation of the curve is therefore y = − x + 3 or y = 3 − x .
equation of the curve at the
end. Don’t forget the ‘y =’.

Working with vectors (page 127)
The points A, B and C have position vectors 2i + 3j, 4i – 5j and −i + 4j respectively.

i Find the vector AB.
ii Find the magnitude and direction of AB, where the direction is measured from the positive i direction
iii Find the position vector of M when:
a AB = CM b M is the midpoint of AB.
2  4 To go from A to B is the same

i OA =   and OB =   It is often easier to work with as A to O and then O to B.
3  −5  column vectors. A
AB = OB − OA
O
 4   2
=  − 
 −5   3  B
 2 AB = −OA + OB
=  = OB − OA
 −8 
 2 The vector ai + bj has

ii AB =  
 −8 magnitude a 2 + b2 .
AB = 2 2 + (−8) 2 Take care with your signs.
= 4 + 64
= 68
= 4 × 17
= 4 × 17
= 2 17
Draw a sketch of AB to help
j you. It is 2 units right and
8 units down. You need to find
the angle θ which is the angle
A to the positive i direction.
θ i
Remember angles are
8 measured anti clockwise from
the positive i direction.
θ
B
2 So you need to find the angle
(360° - θ ) which is the angle to
the positive i direction.
tan θ = 8 = 4
2
⇒ θ = tan −1 4
θ = 75.96...°
So the angle is 360° -75.96…° = 284° to the positive i direction.

iii a AB = CM
12)
revision
(Statistics
⇒ AB = OM − OC You found AB in part i.

3 Chapter
⇒ OM = AB + OC
 2   −1   −1
OC =  
your
=   +   4
 −8   4 
revision
SECTION
 1
2 Target
= 
 −4 
b A
Target your
Draw a sketch to help you.

SECTION
M
Take care! M is half way along
O
AB, this is not the same as
B
OM = 1 AB.
2
OM = OM + 1 AB To go from O to M
2
is the same as O
 2  2
=   + 1  to A and then half
 3 2  −8  of A to B.
 2   1
=  +  Don’t forget to halve both 2
 3   −4  and -8.
 3
= 
 −1 


Exponential functions and logarithms
(page 132)
i a Express log a 12 + log a p 5 as a multiple of log a p.

p
b Hence solve the equations
A log10 12 + log10 p 5 = 9
p
1
B log2 2 + log2 p 5 = 9
p
ii Solve the equation log z + log ( z − 2) = log 3.
1
i a log a 2 + log a p 5 = log a 1 − log a p 2 + log a p 5 Use the laws of logs to rewrite
p
the expression.
= log a 1 − 2 log a p + 5 log a p
= log a 1 + 3 log a p Using log x = log x − log y.
y
= 3 log a p
Alternative method Using log x n = n log x .
 
log a 12 + log a p 5 = log a  12 × p 5 
p p  Using log1 = 0 .
= log a p 3
= 3 log a p Using log x + log y = log xy.

b A log 10 12 + log 10 p 5 = 9 Simplifying.
p
⇒ 3 log 10 p = 9
Using log x n = n log x .
⇒ log 10 p = 3
⇒ p = 10 3 In part i you found
= 1000 log a 12 + log a p 5 = 3log a p
p
1
log 2 2 + log 2 p 5 = 9
B
p
⇒ 3 log 2 p = 9 log10 10 3 = 3.
⇒ log 2 p = 3
In part i you found
⇒ p = 23
log a 12 + log a p 5 = 3log a p.
=8 p

log2 2 3 = 8.
ii log 10 z + log 10 ( z − 2) = log 10 3 Use the laws of logs to

simplify the equation.
⇒ log 10 z( z − 2) = log 10 3
⇒ z( z − 2) = 3 Using log x + log y = log xy .
⇒ z 2 − 2z = 3
⇒ z 2 − 2z − 3 = 0 Since log of the left-hand expression equals
log of the right-hand expression, the two
This is a quadratic equation, so you need expressions must be equal.
to rewrite it in the form az 2 + bz + c = 0.

⇒ ( z + 1)( z − 3) = 0 Factorising.
revision
13)
(Statistics
So z = −1 or z = 3
3 Chapter
z = −1 is not valid. Remember that log a z only

So the solution is z = 3. exists for positive values of
z so z = −1 is not a valid
your
solution.
revision
SECTION
2 Target
Natural logarithms and exponentials

(page 136)
Target your
SECTION
A certain type of parrot is found only in Australia apart from a population which lives on a remote island
in the south Pacific. It is believed that two of the parrots escaped from a passing ship long ago and
established the island’s population. The number of parrots on the island, P, has been studied for many
years and has been found to be well modelled by the equation:
P = 5000 − 3000e −0.008T
where T is the number of years that have passed since 1900.
i Find the number of parrots on the island in a 2000 b 1900.
ii In what year will there be 4000 parrots?
iii Sketch the graph of the number of parrots against T for T 0.
iv Use the equation for P to estimate the year when the two original parrots arrived on the island and
give one reason why this might not be very accurate.
v Extend your graph to cover values of T less than zero.
vi Comment on the main features of the graph.
T is the number of years since

i a T = 2000 − 1900 = 100 1900 and so for the year 2000,
P = 5000 − 3000e −0.8 the value of T is 100.
= 3652.013...
There were 3652 parrots. −0.008 × 100 = − 0.8.
b T = 1900 − 1900 = 0
Give your answer as a whole
P = 5000 − 3000e 0 number of parrots.
= 2000
There were 2000 parrots. Any number to the power 0 is 1, so e0 = 1.
ii P = 5000 − 3000e −0.008T

P = 4000 so 5000 − 3000e −0.008T = 4000 Rearrange the equation to
−0.008T make e −0.008T the subject.
−3000e = 4000 − 5000
−0.008T
−3000e = −1000
Solve by taking the natural
e −0.008T = −1000 = 1 logarithm of both sides.
−3000 3
ln ( e −0.008T ) = ln 1
3() Remember that natural
−0.008T = ln 1
3() logarithm and exponential are
inverse functions and so cancel
()
each other out.
T = ln 1 ÷ ( −0.008)
3
T = 137.326...
So T = 137 to the nearest year.
Remember that T is the number
1900 + 137 = 2037 of years after 1900.
The parrot population reaches 4000 in 2037.

iii P = 5000 − 3000e −0.008T
There is a horizontal
As T → ∞, e −0.008T → 0 and so P → 5000
asymptote, P = 5000.
P
5000
2000
0
T
You are asked to estimate the

iv P = 5000 − 3000e −0.008T = 2
year when the original two
−3000e −0.008T = 2 − 5000 parrots arrived. So you need to
find the value of T when P = 2.
−3000e −0.008T = −4998
e −0.008T = −4998 = 1.666 Follow the same steps as you
−3000 did in part ii but this time you
ln ( e −0.008T ) = ln (1.666 ) should expect the answer to be
a negative number because they
−0.008T = ln (1.666 ) arrived before the year 1900.
T = ln (1.666 ) ÷ ( −0.008)
Subtract 5000 from both sides.
T = −63.8...
1900 - 63.8 = 1836.2 Divide by negative 3000.
So the original pair of parrots arrived in or about 1836.
This estimate may not be very accurate because: Take the natural log of both
● The model was derived from recent studies when the sides.
population is over 3000 parrots, it might not have applied when
there were many fewer parrots. Using a model outside the
range of the available data
● There are no data for that time.
is called extrapolation; it is
● Predators and disease might have been more, or less, always a dangerous thing to do.
significant then.

v
13)
revision
(Statistics
P = 5000
P
3 Chapter
your
Negative values correspond

revision
to times before 1900 and from

SECTION
2 Target
the previous part you know that

when T = -64, the population
began with P = 2.
(0, 2000)
Target your
SECTION
(−64, 2) T
vi For large negative values of T, the graph does not exist. There were
no parrots on the island.
The graph begins at (-64, 2) when the first 2 parrots arrived.
When T = 0, corresponding to the year 1900, the value of P is
2000.
For large positive values of T, the population P approaches the
asymptote of 5000.
Modelling curves (page 142)
The table shows a firm’s monthly profits for the first six months of the year, to the nearest £100.
Month (x) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Profit (P ) 7900 8800 10 000 11 400 12 600 13 500
The firm’s profits are modelled by P = ka x , where a and k are constants.
i Complete the table below and plot log10 P against x. Draw a line of best fit for the data.
Month (x) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Profit (P ) 7900 8800 10 000 11 400 12 600 13 500
log10 P
ii Use your graph to find an equation for P in terms of x.
iii Using this model, predict the profit for month 12 to the nearest £100.

i
Month (x) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Profit (P ) 7900 8800 10000 11400 12600 13500 Use your calculator to work out
log10 P for each number in the
log10 P 3.90 3.94 4 4.06 4.10 4.13 profit row. The answers are
rounded to 2 d.p.
log P
4.25
4.2
4.15
Plot the points on graph paper
4.1
and draw a line of best fit.
4.05
4
3.95
3.9
3.85
3.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
ii P = ka x Take logs of both sides.

log P = log(ka x )
Use laws of logs:
log P = log k + log a x log mn = log m + log n.
log P = log k + x log a

Use laws of logs: log a x = x log a.
Now compare with y = mx + c .
log P = (log a )x + log k
y = mx + c
So the gradient is log a and the y intercept is log k .
log P
4.25
4.2
4.15
4.1
4.05
4
3.95
3.9
3.85
3.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
The line goes through (1, 3.90) and (5, 4.10), so

gradient = 4.10 − 3.90 = 0.2 = 0.05
5 −1 4
⇒ log a = 0.05
⇒ a = 10 0.05
= 1.12 to 3 s.f
The intercept with the log P axis is 3.85.

So log k = 3.85 Although the values of a and k have
revision)
questions
(Statistics
been rounded to 3 s.f. it is good

k = 10 3.85
practice to keep the unrounded
= 7079.45 numbers on your calculator. There is a
calculation to be done in part iii and it
= 7080 to 3 s.f.
your
is safer to use unrounded numbers.

Review
So the equation is P = 7080 × 1.12 x .

revision
2 Target
Use the unrounded values for

iii When x = 12, P = 7079.45 × 1.122...12 a and k.
= 28183.8…
3
So the profit is P = £28 200 (to the nearest £100) You might end up with a slightly
your
SECTION
different answer depending on how

SECTION
accurate your graph from part ii is!

Target
1 A function is defined as f( x ) = 4 x 3 − 9 x 2 − 12 x + 2.
Find the values of x for which f(x) is decreasing.
dy
y = 4 x 3 − 9x 2 − 12x + 2 ⇒= 12x 2 − 18x − 12
dx
dy
The function is decreasing when <0
dx
12x 2 − 18x − 12 < 0
2 x 2 − 3x − 2 < 0
2x 2 − 4 x + x − 2 < 0
2x( x − 2) + 1( x − 2) < 0
(2x + 1)( x − 2) < 0
Sketch the graph of dy to help
1 dx
The critical points are x = − 2 and x = 2. you find the correct region.
dy
dx
1 0 2 x
−
2
dy Find the region where the

So < 0 when − 1 < x < 2 . curve is below the x axis.
dx 2
1
So the function is decreasing when − 2 < x < 2 .
Note this is a strict inequality.
At x = − 1 and x = 2, there is a
2 dy .
stationary point as =0
dx

2 The equation of a curve is y = x 3 − 3 x 2 − 3 .

i Find the coordinates of the turning points and identify their nature.
ii Find the equation of the normal to the curve at the point where x = 1.
Give your answer in the form ax + by + c = 0.
dy
i y = x 3 − 3x 2 − 3 ⇒
= 3x 2 − 6 x Use the rule: when y = kx n then
dx
dy
dy = knx n−1 and differentiate
At a turning point, dx = 0, so dx
term by term.
3x 2 − 6 x = 0 Remember the derivative of 3
(a constant term) is 0.
x 2 − 2x = 0
x( x − 2) = 0 Set dy = 0 and solve.
dx
x = 0 or x = 2
When x = 0, y = −3
Substitute the x values into
When x = 2, y = 2 − 3 × 2 − 3 = −7
3 2 y = x 3 − 3 x 2 − 3 to find the y
The turning points are at (0, -3) and (2, -7) coordinate.
dy d 2y
= 3x 2 − 6 x ⇒ 2 = 6 x − 6 You can use the second
dx dx derivative to determine the
nature of the turning points, or
d 2y dy
When x = 0, = 6 × 0 − 6 = −6 < 0 you can look at the sign of
dx
dx 2
on either side of the turning
So (0, -3) is a maximum. point.
d 2y
When x = 2, = 6×2−6 = 6 >0
dx 2
So (2, -7) is a minimum.
dy The gradient of the tangent at
ii When x = 1, = 3 × 12 − 6 × 1 = −3 x = 1 is -3.
dx
1
⇒ gradient of the normal = 3 The gradient of the normal is
the negative reciprocal of the
When x = 1, y = 1 − 3 × 1 − 3 = −5
3 2
gradient of the tangent.
1
The normal has gradient 3 and passes through the point (1, -5)
so the equation of the normal is: Substitute the x value into
y = x 3 − 3 x 2 − 3 to find the y
y − (−5) = 1 ( x − 1) coordinate.
3
3y + 15 = x − 1
−x + 3y + 16 = 0.

revision)
questions
(Statistics
3 Given f'( x ) = 4 − 12 , find

x x
i f"( x ) ii f ( x)
your
Review
revision
i 4 1
f ' (x ) = − 2 Rewrite the function using
2 Target
x x
negative and fractional indices.
−1
= 4x 2
− x −2
your
SECTION 3
1 −3 You can leave your answer like

f " ( x ) = − × 4 x 2 + 2x −3 this …
2
SECTION
−3
Target
= −2x 2 + 2x −3
…or rewrite it like
2 2 this. Remember
= 3− −3
x x3 x 2 = 1 = 1 or 1
(x )
3 1 3
x2 ( x 3 )2 1
2
−1
ii f '(x ) = 4x 2
− x −2
1
You need to integrate to find
4x 2
⇒ f (x ) = 1 + x −1 + c f(x).
2
1
= 8x 2 + x −1 + c You can leave your answer like
this …
1
= 8 x + +c
x
… or rewrite it like this.
Don’t forget the ‘+ c ’!
4 Find the area between the curve y = x 3 , the x-axis and the lines x = 4 and x = 9.
∫ ∫
9 9 3
Area = x 3 dx = x 2 dx
4 4
( )( ) Dividing by 5 is the same as

9
=  2 x 2  = 2 × 9 2 − 2 × 4 2
5 5 5
2
 5  4 5 5 multiplying by 2 .
5
(
= 2 × 243 − 2 × 32
5 5 )( )
= 84.4 square units
5 i Solve the following equations:

a 2 x = 10 b log10 x + log10 4 x = 3log10 4
ii Find the value of log a a − log a 1 . 2
a
i a 2 x = 10
Take logs of both sides.
⇒ log 2 = log 10 x
⇒ x log 2 = log 10
log 10
⇒ x=
log 2
⇒ x = 3.32 to 3 s.f.

b log 10 x + log 10 4 x = 3 log 10 4 Use the laws of logs to write both
⇒ log 10 ( x × 4 x ) = log 10 4 3 sides as a single logarithm.
⇒ log 10 (4 x 2 ) = log 10 64
⇒ 4 x 2 = 64 loga + logb = logab
and n loga = loga .
n
⇒ x = 16
2
⇒ x=4 If log a = log b then a = b.
log a a 2 − log a 1 = 2 log a a − (log a 1 − log a a )

ii a x = -4 is not a valid solution as
= 2 × 1 - (0 - 1) you can only find the log of a
positive number.
=3
Using laws of logs: log a n = n log a
and log a = log a − log b.
b
   5
6 The points A and B have position vectors  −3  and   .
 2  −2 
i Find AB . Give your answer as a simplified surd.
ii Find the position vector of C such that AC = 2BC.
i AB = OB − OA
 5   −3 
=  − 
 −2   2 
 8
= 
 −4 

AB = 8 2 + (−4) 2
= 64 + 16 The vector ai + bj has
magnitude a 2 + b2 .
= 80
= 16 × 5
=4 5
ii AC = 2BC
⇒ OC − OA = 2 (OC − OB)
⇒ OC − OA = 2OC − 2OB
⇒ OC = 2OB − OA
 5   −3   a   ka 
= 2  −   Remember k   =  
 b   kb 
 −2   2 
 10   −3 
=  −  
 −4   2 
 13 
= 
 −6 

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Full worked solutions

2 Use proof by deduction

Let 2n represent any even number

3 Use proof by exhaustion

1 has only itself as a factor so is not perfect as the definition of perfect

1 OCR B (MEI) A Level Mathematics Year 1/AS (Pure)

Factors of 9 excluding 9 are: 1, 3 but 1 + 3 = 4.

4 Find a counter example to disprove a conjecture

When n = 1 then n 2 − 8n + 15 = 12 − 8 × 1 + 15 Start by testing

5 Use and manipulate surds

12 = 4×3 Now simplify 12

2 OCR B (MEI) A Level Mathematics Year 1/AS (Pure)

6 Rationalise the denominator of a surd

Rationalise the denominator: 2 − 3 = 2 − 3 × 2 − 3 To rationalise

7 Use the laws of indices

Use the law ( x m ) n = x m × n to

8 Understand negative and fractional indices

3 OCR B (MEI) A Level Mathematics Year 1/AS (Pure)

9 Work with quadratic equations

6x 2 − 7x − 3 = 0 Use the ‘splitting the middle

The coefficient of x2 is positive

10 Complete the square

The coefficient of x is -4.

4 OCR B (MEI) A Level Mathematics Year 1/AS (Pure)

11 Use the discriminant of a quadratic

4 x 2 + kx + 9 = 0 Use the discriminant to find k.

12 Solve simultaneous equations where one equation is quadratic

13 Solve linear inequalities

⇒ − 3 < −x  2 Divide through by 2.

⇒ −2  x < 3 Now multiply by -1 and reverse

5 OCR B (MEI) A Level Mathematics Year 1/AS (Pure)

14 Solve quadratic inequalities

x 2 − 2x − 15 > 0 Treat this as if it were a quadratic

The curve is above the x -axis when x

15 Represent inequalities graphically

Find where the line y = 2x + 1 and the curve y = x 2 + 3x − 5 meet:

When x = −3, y = 2 × (−3) + 1 = −5

6 OCR B (MEI) A Level Mathematics Year 1/AS (Pure)

The smallest of five consecutive integers is n.

You are told that the smallest

7 OCR B (MEI) A Level Mathematics Year 1/AS (Pure)

In this question you must show detailed reasoning.

i 3 a − 2 × 5 2 b −1 = 1 Remember that 5 = 5 2, and

8 OCR B (MEI) A Level Mathematics Year 1/AS (Pure)

i Sketch the graph of y = 4x2 −17x + 4.

Find where the curve cuts the

9 OCR B (MEI) A Level Mathematics Year 1/AS (Pure)

formula (page 18)

3 × 4 is 12, so you need to subtract 12

ii a At P: substitute x = 0 into f ( x ) = 3x 2 − 12x − 6 ⇒ f (0) = −6.

10 OCR B (MEI) A Level Mathematics Year 1/AS (Pure)

The diagram is a plan view of a rectangular enclosure. A wall forms one

There are two sides of length

The length of the enclosure is x metres, and the width is y m, so the

ii Rearranging equation 1 2x + y = 34 ⇒ y = 34 − 2x To express the relationship

11 OCR B (MEI) A Level Mathematics Year 1/AS (Pure)

−2 3 x Empty circles have been used

… and to the left of -2. …

12 OCR B (MEI) A Level Mathematics Year 1/AS (Pure)

Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, …

So the correct relationship is P ⇐ S. This is the same as S ⇒ P.

ii All multiples of 6 are also multiples of 3.

2 i Prove that n 2 − n is even for any integer value of n.

= 2m(2m − 1) You need to prove this is even

⇒ − 3 < −x 2 Divide through by 2.

⇒ −2 x < 3 Now multiply by -1 and reverse