Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the bodies of literature and studies that provided
support to the current study

Bullying in school is a pervasive issue that can significantly affect

students’ academic performance and behavior. This review of related literature

aims to explore existing research and perspectives, focusing on the academic

performance and behavior of the student. Bullying can affect the academic

performance of a student widely because of a loss of confidence.

1. School bullying at the student and school levels

2. School Violence, Conflict and Harmony

3. Bullying and Academic Performance

4. Effectiveness of School Bullying Policy

School bullying at the student and school levels

According to Smith et al. (1999), school bullying is commonly understood in

the literature to be harmful social and group dynamics that occur in school

settings with persistent and deliberate power abuse and on the basis of power

imbalance. Previous research on school bullying typically views bullying

occurrences as a student-level construct that indicates an individual's

exposure to bullying incidents (Konishi et al. 2010). Bullying in schools is a

complex and very influential topic. Smith et al. (1999) provided a definition that
emphasizes the seriousness of this issue. Bullying is more than just personal

disputes; it includes negative social dynamics that continue to exist in

educational settings. Intentional misuse of authority, frequently stemming from

an uneven strength distribution, sustains a vicious cycle of victimization.

Reading through the literature helps us to see that bullying is a widespread

problem that impacts both the individual and the overall structure of

educational institutions. Taking this into account, bullying that takes place

among students directly affects the students involved, particularly the victims

of bullying (i.e., the students who are being bullied) (OECD 2017).

Furthermore, incidences of bullying that occur in schools on a daily basis pose

serious risks to the establishment of a secure and orderly learning

environment, Due to the high prevalence of bullying occurring within the school

setting, serious concerns about the impacts of school bullying on students’

learning have arisen. Scholars (e.g. Delprato, Akyeampong, and Dunne 2017;

Ponzo 2013) generally acknowledge that school bullying, involving regular and

persistent participation of students, would cause detrimental effects on

students’ learning abilities and interfere with the process of educational

production. In congruence with this point of view, a number of researchers

have empirically confirmed the pernicious effects of school bullying on

students’ academic performance.

School Violence, Conflict and Harmony

According to (Abe in 2012). The national government, through the Department

of Education (DepEd) and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), has

called for an effective cooperation and coordination among schools and

stakeholders to deal with the existing and emerging threats. ” Be it be public or

private, the government has the responsibility in maintaining good atmosphere

in schools because it is the lives of students that are at stake for they will be

the future of the country. In our view, the collaboration between educational

institutions and the national government is paramount. The call for effective

cooperation and coordination, as highlighted by Abe in 2012, underscores the

shared responsibility of maintaining a safe and conducive learning

environment. Whether a school is public or private, the government plays a

crucial role. After all, it is the lives of students that hang in the balance—the

very students who will shape the future of our country. As such, fostering a

positive atmosphere within schools is not just a matter of policy; it is a moral

obligation. Though the lawmakers are doing everything where

they even created the Campus Security Act which has the provision “to provide

a safe and healthy environment for students requiring educational institutions

to disclose crime statistics that occur within campus and its security policies

and procedures”, survey says, conducted by the Plan Philippines in 2009, that

5 out 10 students of Grades 7-10, 7 out of 10 from high schools, experienced

campus violence and bullying.

Bullying and Academic Performance

According to Liang Huang, bullying in schools happens so frequently that there

are now valid worries about how bullying affects children's education.

Academics (e.g., Delprato, Akyeampong, and Dunne 2017; Ponzo 2013)

generally agree that regular and persistent student participation in school

bullying will negatively impact students' learning capacities and impede the

process of producing education. In response to these challenges, efforts to

combat school bullying should adopt a holistic and inclusive approach. By

fostering safe learning environments, promoting cooperation among educators,

policymakers, and learners, and addressing both in-person and online

bullying, we can create a more supportive educational experience for all

students. Numerous academics have provided empirical evidence supporting

the detrimental consequences of school bullying on students' academic

achievement, which aligns with this point of view. Regarding the impact of

bullying victimization at the student level, Buhs and Ladd (2001) discovered

that students who encountered negative peer behavior, such as exclusion and

victimization, were unable to fully engage in classroom instruction and

performed worse academically than those students who were neutral. g,

bullying in schools happens so frequently that there are now valid worries

about how bullying affects children's education. Academics (e.g., Delprato,

Akyeampong, and Dunne 2017; Ponzo 2013) generally agree that regular and

persistent student participation in school bullying will negatively impact

students' learning capacities and impede the process of producing education.

In response to these challenges, efforts to combat school bullying should adopt

a holistic and inclusive approach. By fostering safe learning environments,

promoting cooperation among educators, policymakers, and learners, and

addressing both in-person and online bullying, we can create a more

supportive educational experience for all students. Numerous academics have

provided empirical evidence supporting the detrimental consequences of school

bullying on students' academic achievement, which aligns with this point of

view. Regarding the impact of bullying victimization at the student level, Buhs

and Ladd (2001) discovered that students who encountered negative peer

behavior, such as exclusion and victimization, were unable to fully engage in

classroom instruction and performed worse academically than those students

who were neutral.

Effectiveness of School Bullying Policy

According to (Barhight, Hubbard, & Hyde, 2013; Janson & Hazler, 2004) the

Policy as an Intervention for Bullying Perspectives vary on how to best address

bullying in schools. The best ways to deal with bullying in schools differ.

Furthermore, fostering a positive classroom atmosphere is essential. Teaching

respect, empathy, and conflict resolution skills can empower students to

navigate interpersonal dynamics constructively. Continuous adult supervision

within school premises ensures vigilance and timely responses to bullying

incidents. However, it is equally vital to engage parents in this process.

Collaborating with parents to address student conduct and implementing

comprehensive bullying policies at the institutional level creates a unified front

against bullying. By weaving these strategies together, we can create an

educational ecosystem where every child feels safe, respected, and empowered

to learn and grow. Strategies for intervention have included teaching educators

how to intervene, suspending and removing bullies, providing teachings in the

classroom that foster respect and empathy among kids, sustaining continuous

adult supervision in school environments and working with parents concerning

student conduct and implementing bullying policies for the entire school.

Within the After the Columbine High School shootings in 1999, bullying

policies were implemented in the United States. Growing awareness has led to

the spread of these policies. ... worry over school safety and student violence

(Birkland & Lawrence, 2009). A policy is a set of guidelines established by

public servants or governing organizations to accomplish particular goals by

directing actions and choices. The word "policy" is used to describe a broad

range of regulatory measures, such as laws, statutes, policies, and regulations.