TMU ENGLISH TEST PREPARATION

READING

TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT 1 1
I. Strategies for dealing with different kinds of questions
A. Information / detail / specific questions
B. Not true / negative specific questions
UNIT 2 14
C. Reference questions
D. Vocabulary questions
UNIT 3 26
E. Inference questions
F. Purpose questions
UNIT 4 38
G. Overview / main idea questions
II. Strategies for dealing with double passages
UNIT 5 45
III. Cloze tests

TEST 1 50
TEST 2 56
TEST 3 62
A. Information / detail / specific questions
PRACTICE
Exercise 1
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Questions 1-2
Before television and computers, our most powerful communication tool was language.
However, the supremacy of language has been challenged by the introduction of images -
powerful, realistic, moving images - into our everyday communication. The advent of
television and computing in the twentieth century marked a new period in communication
technology, the Information Age. The marriage of words and images offered by television,
together with the interactive power of the computer, have profoundly affected the nature of
our society.
In its short life of half a century, the computer has revolutionized the way we communicate.
In the workplace, businesses rely on computers for communication and for performing routine
tasks such as record keeping, accounting, and inventory. Computing has spawned new forms
of media, such as the worldwide network of millions of computers called the Internet. By the
mid-1990s, the general public was using the Internet for education, entertainment, and
business, making it the fastest-growing medium today.
1. According to the passage, how has the technology of the Information Age changed our
daily communication?
A. It helps us learn language more easily.
B. It combines language with visual images.
C. It improves our ability to think logically.
D. It makes routine tasks more interesting.
2. What new communication medium did the computer generate?
A. Language B. Television
C. Record keeping D. The Internet
Questions 3-4
It was not until enterprising sea captains imported exotic animals to sell to traveling showmen
that words such as lion or polar bear had much meaning to Americans. In 1789 the first large
collection of exotic wild animals was put on permanent exhibit in New York. By the 1830s,
most circuses had a collection of animals that generally included elephants, camels, lions,
tigers, kangaroos, and apes. These animal shows served as traveling zoos where many
Americans saw their first exotic animal. The creatures made such an impression that
American English began to acquire new phrases.
To monkey around and monkey business are expressions of the early 1800s, and to make a
monkey out of someone is from 1899, all being terms based on the increasing number of
monkeys seen in circuses and zoos. A large or uncouth man was called a big ape by 1831, and
gorilla was used to mean a hairy, tough man by the 1860s and a thug by 1926.
3. According to the passage, what was one effect of traveling animal shows?
A. New laws regulated the importation of exotic animals.
B. There was an increase in popular forms of entertainment.
C. People worked to improve the living conditions of animals.
D. American English acquired many new words and phrases.
4. What point does the author make in paragraph 2?

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 A. Monkeys were the most popular animals in circuses and zoos.
B. Several expressions reflect an interest in monkeys and apes.
C. There are many similarities between monkeys and humans.
D. Many words to describe large men are considered vulgar.
Questions 5-7
The cells of a plant are organized into three tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground
tissue. Each tissue system is continuous throughout the plant's body. The specific
characteristics of each tissue, however, are different in the different organs of the plant.
The dermal tissue system is the "skin" of the plant. The dermal system, or epidermis, is a
single layer of cells covering the entire body of the plant. The main function of the epidermis
is to protect the plant. The epidermis also has specialized characteristics for the particular
organs it covers. For example, the epidermis of leaves and stems has a waxy coating that
helps the plant conserve water, and the epidermal cells near the tips of the plant's roots help
the plant absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
The second tissue system - the vascular system - is the transportation system for water and
nutrients. Vascular tissue also helps to support the plant's structure. The third system - the
ground tissue - makes up the bulk of a plant, filling all of the spaces between the dermal and
vascular tissue systems. Ground tissue functions in photosynthesis, storage, and support.
5. How are the three tissue systems of a plant similar to each other?
A. They all continue throughout the plant's body.
B. They all have a protective waxy coating.
C. They all consist of a single layer of cells.
D They all perform the same bodily functions.
6. Which of the following statements best describes the plant's epidermis?
A. It helps the plant to stand upright.
B. It transports water and nutrients.
C. It covers the plant's entire body.
D. It is found only in young plants.
7. Which type of tissue does a plant's body mainly consist of?
A. Dermal B. Vascular
C. Epidermis D. Ground
Questions 8-10
By the decades just before the Civil War of the 1860s, The Southern states had developed an
economic culture distinct from that of the North. The economy of the South depended largely
on two things: cotton and slave labor. Because of the rising demand for cotton from the mills
of England, and the invention of the cotton gin in 1793, the cotton production of the South
increased tremendously. In 1790, cotton output had been 9,000 bales a year, but by the 1850s,
output had soared to five million bales. In the South, cotton was "king." The most readily
available source of labor was the institution of slavery. Thus, cotton and slavery became
interdependent, and the South grew more reliant on both.
This was in sharp contrast to the North, where farming was becoming more mechanized and
diversified. Northern farmers would boast of improvements in the form of new roads,
railways, and machinery, and of the production of a variety of crops. In the South, however,
farmers bought laborers instead of equipment, and a man's social status depended on the
number of slaves he owned. The economic differences between the two regions would
ultimately lead to armed conflict and the social restructuring of the South.

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8. Why did the Southern output of cotton greatly increase between 1790 and 1850?
A. Southern farmers invested in transportation.
B. Mills in England demanded more cotton.
C. The South was trying to dominate the North.
D. Southern cotton was superior to Northern cotton.
9. What was associated more with the North in the period discussed?
A. Farm machinery B. Slave labor
C. Military service D. Reliance on one crop
10. The author argues that the Civil War between the North and the South
A. was a conflict over control of the cotton trade
B. began in 1790 and lasted almost seventy years
C. was largely the result of economic differences
D. forced the South to produce different crops
Exercise 2
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Questions 1-3
Most matter exists as compounds - combinations of atoms or oppositely charged ions of two
or more different elements held together in fixed proportions by chemical bonds. Compounds
are classified as organic or inorganic. Organic compounds contain atoms of the element
carbon, usually combined with itself and with atoms of one or more other elements such as
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and chlorine. Many materials important to us
- food, vitamins, blood skin, cotton, wool, paper, oil, plastics - are organic compounds.
Larger and more complex organic compounds, called polymers, consist of a number of basic
structural units linked together by chemical bonds Important organic polymers include
carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, such as the complex starches in
rice and potato plants, are composed of a number of simple sugar molecules. Proteins are
produced in plant and animal cells by the linking of different numbers and sequences of about
twenty different structural units known as amino acids. Most animals, including humans, can
manufacture about ten of these amino acids in their cells, but the other ten, called essential
amino acids, must be obtained from food in order to prevent protein deficiency. Nucleic acids
are composed of hundreds to thousands of four different units called nucleotides linked
together in different numbers and sequences. DMA and RNA in plant and animal cells are
nucleic acids.
1. Which of the following statements applies to all organic compounds?
A. They are composed of carbon and one or more other elements.
B. They contain atoms of the seven most abundant elements.
C. They have stronger chemical bonds than inorganic compounds do.
D. They are produced by linking several simple sugar molecules.
2. Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are types of
A. elements B. inorganic compounds
C. polymers D. amino acids
3. Why is it important for humans to obtain some amino acids from food?
A Without certain amino acids, humans store too much fat.
B. Organically grown food is the only source of amino acids.
C. Sufficient amino acids are necessary for DNA production.
D. Humans cells cannot make the ten essential amino acids.
Questions 4-6

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By the 1840s, British North America had developed a vibrant commercial economy based on
its abundant natural resources and a growing international trade. Fish, furs, timber, and grains
represented over 90 percent of all economic activity. The oldest of the resource commodities,
fish, was traditionally associated with Newfoundland and continued to dominate that colony's
economy throughout the nineteenth century. The other traditional resource, fur, had a much
smaller economic value compared to other resources. However, the fur trade was of
tremendous value politically because it provided the means for Great Britain to retain its
claim over much of Canada, and also formed the basis of the relationship between the British
and the aboriginal peoples.
Timber and grain eventually replaced fish and fur in economic importance. Every province of
British North America except Newfoundland was involved in the timber trade. In New
Brunswick, The timber industry controlled every aspect of life, and settlement was closely
connected to the opening of new timber territory. In the extensive agricultural lands of the St.
Lawrence Valley and Upper Canada, wheat quickly became the dominant crop. Wheat met a
growing demand abroad and it transported well as either grain or flour.
4. Which resource was the earliest to contribute to the economy of British North America?
A. Timber from New Brunswick B. Fur from across Canada
C. Fish from Newfoundland D. Wheat from Upper Canada
5. According to the passage, what is the main reason for the importance of the fur trade?
A. Fur had more economic value than any other natural resource.
B. Fur formed the basis of the local economy everywhere in Canada.
C. The fur trade supplied all of the fur needed in Great Britain.
D. The fur trade allowed Great Britain to control a large part of Canada.
6. Which statement best describes the British North American economy around 1840?
A. Four important resources supported most of the commercial activity.
B. The economy was based mainly on the exportation of timber and wheat.
C. Economic activity varied greatly from one province to another.
D. Great Britain maintained strict control over all aspects of the economy.
Questions 7-10
The youngest child of a prosperous Midwestern manufacturing family, Dorothy Reed was
born in 1874 and educated at home by her grandmother. She graduated from Smith College
and in 1896 entered Johns Hopkins Medical School. After receiving her M.D. degree, she
worked at Johns Hopkins in the laboratories of two noted medical scientists. Reed's research
in pathology established conclusively that Hodgkin's disease, until then thought to be a form
of tuberculosis, was a distinct disorder characterized by a specific blood cell, which was
named the Reed cell after her.
In 1906, her marriage to Charles Mendenhall took Reed away from the research laboratory
For ten years, she remained at home as the mother of young children before returning to
professional life. She became a lecturer in Home Economies at the University of Wisconsin,
where her principal concerns were collecting data about maternal and child health and
preparing courses for new mothers.
Dorothy Reed Mendenhall's career interests were reshaped by the requirements of marriage.
Her passion for research was redirected to public health rather than laboratory science. Late in
life, she concluded that she could not imagine life without her husband and sons, but she
hoped for a future when marriage would not have to end a career of laboratory research.
7. What was Dorothy Reed's area of research at Johns Hopkins?
A. Manufacturing B. Pathology
C. Tuberculosis D. Maternal health
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8. Why did Reed stop working in the research laboratory?
A. Marriage required that she remain at home.
B. She became more interested in public health.
C. Johns Hopkins did not like women doing research.
D. Her work on Hodgkin's disease was completed.
9. What did Dorothy Reed Mendenhall conclude about marriage?
A. Marriage inspired her passion for laboratory research.
B. it was a mistake for her to give up her career for marriage.
C. Marriage need not keep women from careers in laboratory science.
D. Women cannot have both a happy marriage and a successful career.
10. Which fact should be included in a biography of Dorothy Reed Mendenhall?
A. She was the first woman in her family to earn a degree in medicine.
B. Marriage and motherhood prevented her from resuming her career.
C. She proved that Hodgkin's disease was characterized by a certain blood cell.
D. Her career was devoted to finding a cure for tuberculosis in children.
B. NOT TRUE / NEGATIVE SPECIFIC QUESTIONS = EXCEPT/NOT
PRACTICE
Exercise 1
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Question 1
An important element of drama is that it is a presentation by performers in front of an
audience - for example, a ceremony conducted by civic leaders before members of a
community. Another aspect is costumes, such as those worn by tribal chiefs who impersonate
animals or gods. Moreover, drama involves storytelling - recitation of myths or legends,
teaching lessons through stories - to a group of listeners. Sometimes the storyteller imitates
the characters in the story by changing his or her voice for different characters.
1. The passage mentions all of the following as aspects of drama EXCEPT
A. wearing costumes B. performing before an audience
C. writing dialogue for characters D. narrating a story
Question 2
Skin cancer is the most prevalent of all cancers. The principal cause of skin cancer is
overexposure to sunlight, according to most medical experts. Chronic sun exposure -
especially when it causes sunburn or blistering - results in more skin cancer than does any
other risk factor, including exposure to x-rays and a family history of the disease. The most
effective preventative measure is sun avoidance.
2. All of the following are factors that can cause skin cancer EXCEPT
A. exposure to x-rays B. sun blistering
C. family history of skin cancer D. sun avoidance
Questions 3-4
Laughter is a key to a good life and good health: it can diminish feelings of tension, anger,
and sadness. Just as exercise conditions our bodies, frequent laughter can train our bodies to
be healthier. When laughter is a regular experience, it lowers blood pressure and boosts brain
chemicals that fight pain. It can also reduce stress hormones that increase vulnerability lo
illness, as well as increase hormones that have been shown to help produce restful sleep.
Laughter is like an instant vacation in the way it changes our psychobiology.

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To make laughter a regular part of your life, try keeping a humor journal in which you record
some of the amusing things that happen to you. Another technique is to create a weekly fun
time to look forward to, such as watching a comedy video or having a dinner with friends that
features joke telling. Another sure source of laughter is spending time with children and
animals.
3. According to the passage, laughter provides all of the following benefits EXCEPT
A. elevating brain chemicals that prevent pain
B. increasing the body's vulnerability to illness
C. promoting a more restful kind of sleep
D. reducing feelings of stress and anger
4. The author recommends all of the following EXCEPT
A. playing tricks on family and friends
B. planning a special fun time every week
C. enjoying time with pets and children
D. writing down humorous experiences
Questions 5-6
About 300 genera and 3,000 species of the Aplaceae family exist in the Northern Hemisphere.
Nearly a quarter of these genera are native to the United States, with several large genera in
the West.
Members of this family are usually aromatic herbs with hollow stems, fern-like leaves, and
small flowers in flat-topped or rounded umbels that are further grouped into a compound
cluster. The family is important for such foods as carrots, parsnips, and celery and such spices
and seasonings as coriander, caraway, anise, parsley, and dill. However, some species are
very poisonous.
5. All of the following statements describe the Aplaceae family EXCEPT
A. This family has three thousand species in the Northern Hemisphere.
B. Plants in this family are native to one-fourth of the United States.
C. This family includes vegetables, herbs, spices, and poisons,
D. Most members of this family have small flowers grouped in clusters.
6. All of the following are members of the Aplaceae family EXCEPT
A. parsnips B. potatoes
C. carrots D. parsley
Questions 7-8
Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray is still regarded by many film critics as one of the world's great
directors. Ray's films are known for their compassion, honesty, and quiet dignity. His Apu
Trilogy, three films about Bengali life, was hailed as a national epic in the 1950s. The first
film, Father Panchali, is the story of a Bengali family's noble struggle against poverty and the
heartbreaks of life. It was followed by Aparajito, in which the son of the family, Apu, grows
to manhood. In the final film, The World of Apu, the young man marries, but fails at his life's
ambitions, and then, after losing his wife, he wanders across the country for several years
before returning home to claim his son.
Satyajit Ray's movies have never been very popular in India itself, but those who appreciate
his unobtrusive technique and his compassion for his characters view his films as a poetic
record of Indian life.
7. According to the passage, the films of Satyajit Ray are characterized by all of the following
EXCEPT
A. adventure B. honesty
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 C. compassion D. dignity
8. The third film of the Apu Trilogy deals with all of the following themes EXCEPT
A. failure at a major goal B. loss of a spouse
C. struggle against poverty D. going home after a long absence
Questions 9-10
Archeology is the study of prehistoric and historic cultures through the analysis of material
remains. Archeologists interpret the past from the objects made by past peoples. Often these
objects lie buried in the ground so our image of the archeologist is of a scientist who is always
digging. Archaeological digs include ruins of buildings and monuments, and also objects
made by people who often had no written language and therefore no other record of their way
of life. Tools, weapons, body ornaments, household furnishings, and items used in religious
ceremonies are all examples of artifacts that typically turn up in digs.
Like historians, archeologists establish the sequence of events that occurred in a given place
and time period. But unlike historians, they take on a time span of roughly half a million
years. Archeologists try not only to piece together what happened in a particular setting but
also to fit these small pieces into a much bigger picture. They aim to document how big
changes occurred in the way peoples exploited their environment and one another.
9. The passage mentions all of the following as studied by archaeologists EXCEPT
A. weapons B. religious objects
C. diaries D. remains of buildings
10. Archaeologists do all of the following EXCEPT
A. plan and design more efficient uses for objects and materials
B. determine what took place in a specific place and time period
C. dig up the remains of objects that are buried in the ground
D. explain how past humans related to others and their environment
Exercise 2
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Questions 1-2
Political parties are necessary in the exercise of democracy in nation states. The enlargement
of the electorate - the body of qualified voters - has increased the importance of parties to the
point where it is practically impossible for a candidate to get elected without the support of a
party organization. This is because the variety of issues facing nation states has complicated
the problem of creating an informed electorate that can use its vote responsibly. The job of
influencing popular opinion through newspapers, television, the Internet, and other mass
media is too complicated and costly for an individual candidate to undertake. Although
individual candidates continue to appear at public meetings - to answer questions and shake
hands with voters - the influencing of public opinion on a mass scale has become a
specialized technique. Building political support on a nation-wide scale carries a high cost,
and it requires nationally organized and well-financed parties. Party organizations thus have
come to occupy a prominent place in the functioning of democracies.
1. According to the passage, what is one effect of the enlargement of the electorate?
A. There are more political parties than ever before.
B. Candidates need political parties to get elected.
C. Political parties control all forms of mass media.
D. It is impossible to have a perfect democracy.
2. All of the following are given as reasons for the necessity of political parties EXCEPT
A. Influencing popular opinion through the media is a large and complex job.
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 B. It is difficult to inform voters about the variety of important issues.
C. Building nation- wide support is too expensive for individual candidates.
D. Voters prefer candidates that express the values of an established party.
Questions 3-4
Coral reefs are one of the earth's most ancient ecosystems and also the richest, most diverse,
and most beautiful ecosystems in any ocean. The huge cities built by corals provide shelter
and food for billions of other marine animals. A quarter of all sea creatures depend on coral
reefs during some part of their life cycles.
In the past century, the ocean's surface temperature has risen an average of 1.8 degrees
Fahrenheit. It has taken only this slight increase in sea-surface temperature to sicken the
world's coral reefs. The brilliant blue, purple, green, gold, and pink have begun to disappear
as a disease called bleaching drains the color and the life from the reefs. Scientists have
reported mass bleaching on reefs in the Caribbean, in southern Japan, in Indonesia, and on the
world's largest coral reef, the Great Barrier Reef, where the corals have bleached to a dirty
white.
Bleaching has killed more corals than all other causes combined. More than 16 percent of the
world's corals have sickened and died from bleaching. Millions of aquatic animals that depend
directly or indirectly on corals have died as well - anemones, sponges, mollusks, shrimp,
crabs, fish, turtles, and seabirds - making the loss of corals a catastrophe for the natural world.
3. Which of the following is NOT stated about effects of the bleaching coral reefs?
A. They are among the oldest ecosystems in the world
B. They have caused sea-surface temperatures to rise.
C. They are brilliantly colored when they are healthy.
D. They supply shelter for a diversity of marine life.
4. All of the following are effects of the bleaching of coral reefs EXCEPT
A. fading colors B. loss of dependent animals
C. death of corals D. rising water level
Questions 5-7
What made Native American and European subsistence cycles so different from one another
in colonial America had less to do with their use of plants than with their use of animals.
Domesticated grazing animals and the plow were the most distinguishing characteristics of
European agricultural practices. The Native Americans' relationship to the deer, moose, and
beaver they hunted was far different from that of the Europeans to the pigs, cows, sheep, and
horses they owned.
Where Natives had contented themselves with burning the woods and concentrating their
hunting in the fall and winter months, the English sought a much more total and year-round
control over their animals' lives. The effects of that control could be seen in most aspects of
New England's rural economy. By the end of the colonial period, the Europeans were
responsible for a host of changes in the New England landscape: endless miles of fences, a
system of country roads, and new fields covered with grass, clover, and buttercups.
5. What point does the author make about Native Americans and Europeans?
A. They competed over the same plants and animals.
B. They both tried to control New England's animals.
C. They taught each other techniques for hunting animals.
D. They differed in their attitudes toward animals.
6. European settlers raised all of the following animals EXCEPT
A. deer B. sheep
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 C. horses D. pigs
7. All of the following were agricultural practices of Europeans in New England EXCEPT
A. constructing fences B. burning the woods
C. plowing fields D. planting grass and clover
Questions 8-10
Landscape architects design landscapes in residential areas, public parks, and commercial
zones. They are hired by many types of organizations, from real estate firms starting new
developments to municipalities constructing airports or parks. They usually plan the
arrangement of vegetation, walkways, and other natural features of open spaces.
In planning a site, landscape architects first consider the nature and purpose of the project, the
funds available, and the proposed elements. Next, they study the site and map such features as
the slope of the land, the positions of existing buildings, existing utilities, roads, fences,
walkways, and trees. Then, working either as the leader of a design team or in consultation
with the project architect or engineer, they draw up plans to develop the site. If the plans are
approved, they prepare working drawings to show all existing and proposed features. They
outline the methods of constructing features and draw up lists of building materials.
Newcomers to the field usually start as junior drafters, tracing drawings and doing other
simple drafting work for architectural, landscape architectural, or engineering firms. After two
or three years, they can carry a design through all stages of development. Highly qualified
landscape architects may become associates in private firms, but usually those who progress
this far open their own offices.
8. Landscape architects do all of the following EXCEPT
A. design landscapes in residential and commercial zones
B. decide where to build walkways in public parks
C. draw or paint scenes from the natural environment
D. plan the arrangement of vegetation and other natural features
9. All of the following are listed as stages in the landscape design process EXCEPT
A. thinking about the project's purpose and the funding
B. building a fence around the construction site
C. making drawings that include old and new features
D. preparing lists of building materials and methods
10. How do most landscape architects begin their careers?
A. They lead the design team of a small landscaping project.
B. They apply for a position as an associate in a private company.
C. They do drafting work for an architectural or engineering firm.
D. They open their own business as a landscape architect.

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C. REFERENCE QUESTIONS
PRACTICE
Exercise 1
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Question 1
Passed from generation to generation by word of mouth, every society has a favorite imagined
figure that is seen in the surface markings of the full moon. In Asia and Europe, it is
commonly a hare, while North Americans see the "man in the moon" or the "lady in the
moon."
1. The word it in the passage refers to
A. word of mouth B. society
C. favorite imagined figure D. full moon
Question 2
Energy is the real currency of the world. We depend on energy to grow our food, to keep us
alive, and to warm and cool our bodies and the buildings where we live and work. We also
use it to move people and other objects as well as to change matter from one physical or
chemical form to another.
2. The word another in the passage refers to
A. currency B. energy
C. matter D. form
Question 3
Young potential leaders should gain exceptional command, in both writing and speaking, of
their own language. In addition, they should have workable knowledge of a second language.
Leadership requires strong public speaking skills. Courses in public speaking do not enjoy
high status in the academic world today; however, many bright young people are poor
speakers, and they must develop their ability in this area.
3. The phrase this area in the passage refers to
A. a second language B. leadership
C. public speaking D. the academic world
Question 4
At least one central quality of music - rhythmic organization - can exist apart from the ability
of people to hear it. Some composers, such as Seriatim, have emphasized the importance of
the rhythmic aspect of music by translating their works into rhythmic series of colored forms.
Others, such as Stravinsky, have stressed the significance of seeing music performed by an
orchestra or a dance troupe. Thus, certain aspects of the musical experience are accessible
even to deaf individuals who cannot appreciate its auditory qualities.
4. The word Others in the passage refers to
A. people B. composers C. works D. forms
Questions 5-6
Stratified societies are marked by differences among people that identify them as being
"higher" or "lower." The simplest forms of inequality are based on age and sex. For example,
old people may have a high or a low position; women may be ranked below men. But in every
society there is another form of inequality that ranks families rather than individuals. If a large
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number of families are similar to each other in education, income, and values, they constitute
a social class.
5. The word them in the passage refers to
A. societies B. differences C. people D. forms
6. The word they in the passage refers to
A. stratified societies B. individuals
C. large number of families D. education, income, and values
Questions 7-8
Most Americans still gel married at some point in their lives, but even that group is shrinking.
Among current generations of adults - starting with those born in the 1920s - more than 90
percent have married or will marry at some point in their lives. However, based on recent
patterns of marriage and mortality, demographers calculate that a growing share of the
younger generation is postponing marriage for so long that an unprecedented number will
never marry at all. Data on cohabitation and unmarried childbearing suggests that marriage is
becoming less relevant to Americans. 2.8 million of the nation's households are unmarried
couples, and one-third of them are caring for children, according to the Census Bureau.
7. The word those in the passage refers to
A. Americans B. lives C. adults D. 90 percent
8. The word them in the passage refers to
A. younger generations B. data
C. Americans D. unmarried couples
Questions 9-10
Pesticides temporarily increase the productivity of crops, until insects develop genetic
resistance to them. Traces of chemical pesticides appear in many foods grown on pesticide-
treated soils, in the groundwater that many people drink, and in the air we breathe.
The effects of pesticides occur mostly at the cellular level. Certain chemicals selectively
inhibit the action of specific enzymes in plant and animal cells. Some are absorbed from an
organism's environment and act as metabolic poisons. For example, the agricultural
insecticides DDT and parathion are inhibitors of key enzymes in the nervous system of
animals.
9. The word them in paragraph 1 refers to
A. pesticides B. crops C. insects D. soils
10. The word Some in paragraph 2 refers to
A. effects B. chemicals C. enzymes D. cells
Exercise 2
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Questions 1-2
In the final decades of the nineteenth century, the guiding principles for the applied arts were
sensitive handcrafting, simplicity, and respect for indigenous designs. These were promoted
in books, magazines, newspapers, and art schools of the period. The philosophy encouraged
the development of an artistic setting for home life and a substantial role for women in
fostering that environment. More women began to study drawing, painting and the creation of
art objects - pottery, jewelry, and textiles - and to exhibit their works more often in public. In
cultivating the home, women also began to associate more with one another, founding art

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societies and social-reform clubs that empowered them. Many of the great art museums can
trace their origins to that period and those women.
1. The word These in the passage refers to
A. final decades B. guiding principles
C. applied arts D. indigenous designs
2. The word Them in the passage refers to
A. works B. women C. societies D. clubs
Questions 3-4
The great tulip grower E H. Krelage of Holland changed forever the way we look at tulips in
our gardens. At the world trade fair in Paris in 1889, he introduced his new Darwin tulips,
which were planted in brilliant bands of color under the Eiffel Tower and alongside the Seine.
In that one brilliant marketing ploy, Krelage changed the tulip from a flower that was
carefully and individually displayed to one that was planted in mass beddings of beautiful
color.
Gardeners all over the world fell in love with Krelage's tulips, which were tall, strong, and
weatherproof. In New York, the public parks of the Bronx blazed with red tulips, as did
Golden Gate Park in San Francisco and the St. Louis Botanic Garden. Although the wildly
differing climatic zones of North America did not always suit them, tulips have proved to be
forgiving plants and have thus remained garden favorites.
3. The word one in paragraph 1 refers to
A. ploy B. tulip C. flower D. color
4. The word them in paragraph 2 refers to
A. gardeners B. parks C. tulips D. favorites
Questions 5-6
The philosophy of existentialism is based on the belief that individual human beings face a
meaningless, absurd, and science-oriented world. Individuals must therefore find or construct
meaning for their existence and answer their own questions about self-identity and truth. The
philosophy of phenomenology is the study of human experience and the interpretation of
experience. Phenomenology is a close cousin to existentialism. Both echo many of the themes
of earlier philosophies, particularly realism and transcendentalism, and in turn had an effect
on other ways of thinking. Existentialism and phenomenology influenced theological and
humanist thinkers, such as Martin Buber and Abraham Maslow. The former focused on the I-
Thou and teacher-student relationships, while the latter theorized about the hierarchy of
human needs and the ultimate need for self-actualization.
5. The word Both in the passage refers to
A. self-identity and truth
B. phenomenology and existentialism
C. human experience and the interpretation of experience
D. realism and transcendentalism
6. The phrase the latter in the passage refers to
A. existentialism B. phenomenology
C. Martin Buber D. Abraham Maslow
Questions 7-10
Vitamin D increases the efficiency of the intestine to absorb calcium and phosphorus from
food in order to mineralize the bones in the body. It also increases the activity of bone cells
that make and lay down bone matrix. The bone matrix is like the frame of a building. If the
12
body has adequate amounts of calcium and phosphorus, they are incorporated into the bone
matrix, and the result is a strong, healthy skeleton. Our skin can make vitamin D when it is
exposed to sunlight. However, most people living in North America do not get enough
sunlight in the winter to make adequate amounts of the vitamin.
Young children who do not get enough calcium and vitamin D are unable to properly
mineralize the bone matrix. Consequently, when gravity pushes on the skeleton, it causes the
typical bowing of the legs seen in a child with the disease called rickets.
In adults, a deficiency in both calcium and vitamin D will increase the risk of bone fracture.
Vitamin D is necessary to increase the body's ability to absorb calcium. If the body does not
have enough vitamin D, it can absorb only 10 to 15 percent of the calcium it receives. If the
bloodstream does not have enough calcium, it will draw it out of the bones, which causes
osteoporosis. With osteoporosis, the bones break down as bone cells called osteoclasts
dissolve the matrix and release calcium from the bones. A vitamin D deficiency will increase
the severity of the disease because it increases the number of holes in the bones.
7. The word they in paragraph 1 refers to
A. vitamin D and calcium B. bones
C. bone cells D. calcium and phosphorus
8. The word it in paragraph 1 refers to
A. skin B. vitamin D
C. skeleton D. North America
9. The word it in paragraph 2 refers to
A. calcium B. vitamin D
C. bone matrix D. gravity
10. The phrase the disease in paragraph 3 refers to
A. rickets B. bone fracture
C. osteoporosis D. vitamin D deficiency
D. VOCABULARY QUESTIONS

* Common prefixes
Prefix Meaning Examples
Anti Against Antiwar
Bi Two Bilingual
Co, com, con Together Cooperate
Contra, counter Against Contrary
De Down Descend
Dis, in, im, il, ir, un Not Disability, inequality
Ex Former Ex-president
Fore Front, before Forehead, forecast
Im, in Into Insert
Inter Between International
Intro Within Introspection
Micro Small Microchip
Mid Middle Midway
Mis Bad, wrong Misunderstand
Mono One Monopoly
Multi Many Multiply
Out Beyond Outnumber
Over Too much Overbearing
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 Post After Postwar
Re Back, again Return
Se Apart Separate
Super Above Superstar
Tele Far, distant Telephone
Trans Across Transnational
Tri Three Triangle
Uni One Uniform
PRACTICE
Exercise 1
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Question 1
Although the sensory receptors and brain pathways for taste and smell are independent, the
two senses do interact. A great deal of what we consider taste is actually smell. If the sense of
smell is obstructed, as by a head cold, the perception of taste is sharply reduced.
1. The word obstructed in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. involved B. increased C. developed D. blocked
Question 2
A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms attached to a single, larger oxygen atom.
The angle between the two hydrogen atoms is 120 degrees - the same angle as the angles of a
hexagon - which accounts for the characteristic six-sided structure of ice crystals.
2. The phrase accounts for in the passage means
A. explains B. decreases C. connects D. summarizes
Question 3
Reports on an organization's projects may fill several major functions at the same time. A
report can be used to educate and gain support from key people and groups, to facilitate and
inform decision-making about current and future projects, and to provide documentation for
the organization's records. The employees who are responsible for preparing the report must
have a clear understanding of how the report will be used before they compile it.
3. The word compile in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. agree with B. put together C. ask about D. look forward to
Question 4
The evolutionary origins of music are wrapped in mystery. There is ample concrete evidence
of musical instruments dating back to the Stone Age and much presumptive evidence about
the role of music in organizing work groups, hunting parties, and religious rites. Many
scholars suspect that musical and linguistic expression had common origins but then split off
from one another several hundred thousand years ago.
4. The phrase split off in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. separated B. borrowed C. evolved D. learned
Questions 5-6
Modern tourism began with the transition from a rural to an industrial society, the rise of the
automobile, and the expansion of road and highway systems. Before the Second World War,

14
travel for pleasure was limited to the wealthy, but since then, improved standards of living
and the availability of transportation have allowed more people to indulge. In the 1960s,
improvements in aircraft technology and the development of commercial jet airlines enabled
fast international travel. The tourism industry exploded. Today, airports in nearly every
country can accommodate jumbo jets full of tourists seeking exotic destinations.
5. The word indulge in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. participate B. migrate C. survive D. change
6. The word exploded in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. was competitive B. expanded rapidly C. was expensive D. became dangerous
Questions 7-8
At the college level, the best preparation for management is a liberal arts education.
Individuals who will guide the future of their companies must broaden and deepen their
understanding of the world. This means covering the whole range of the liberal arts, from
science to literature to mathematics to history. Today's executives must have some grasp of
economic realities and the political process, as well as some comprehension of the basic
framework within which scientific and technological changes take place. They must gain an
understanding of human nature, including its negative aspects, such as the sources of human
conflict and the pitfalls of power.
7. The word grasp in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. understanding B. communication C. criticism D. prediction
8. The word pitfalls in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. benefits B. stages C. causes D. hazards
Questions 9-10
It is a popular notion that autumn leaves are tinted by freezing temperatures. In truth, the
foliage is dulled, not colored by frost. Red leaves such as maples are brightest when sunny
days are followed by cool - but not freezing - nights. Under such conditions, sun-made sugars
are trapped in the leaves, where they form the red pigment anthocyanin. Leaves that appear
yellow in autumn are no less yellow in spring and summer. However, in spring and summer
the yellow pigments - carotenoid and xanthophyll - are masked by the green pigment
chlorophyll, which breaks down with the diminishing sunlight of fall.
9. The word foliage in the passage means
A. season of year B. type of chemical C. mass of leaves D. species of tree
10. The word masked in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. created B. colored C. captured D. concealed
Exercise 2
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Questions 1-2
Earthshine - the faint light that allows us to see the dark side of the moon when the moon is a
thin crescent - is sunlight reflected from the earth to the moon, then back again. Earthshine is
variable because the earth's reflectivity changes as large cloud masses come and go. The
moon with its earthshine acts as a crude weather satellite by reporting, in a very simple way,
the general state of terrestrial cloudiness. Because the amount of light reflected from the earth
depends on the amount of cloud cover, the brightness of the dark side of the moon varies.
As the phase of the moon progresses beyond a thin crescent, earthshine fades in a day or two.
This is because the amount of sunlit earth available to make earthshine diminishes as the

15
moon orbits the earth. Also, there is the increasing glare of the moon's growing crescent,
which causes a loss of visibility by irradiation.
1. The word crude in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A. fake B. stormy C. random D. simple
2. The word glare in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. cloud cover B. bright light C. wave frequency D. dark sphere
Question 3-4
Cool has withstood the fleeting nature of most slang. As a modifier, as a noun, and as a verb,
cool has been around a long time. Shakespeare used cool as a verb, and the word later evolved
into other pans of speech. It has been used as an adjective since 1728 to describe large sums
of money, as in "worth a cool ten million."
Cool, meaning "excellent" or "first-rate" was popularized in jazz circles, and jazz musicians
and jazz lovers still refer to great works as "cool." As long as Miles Davis' classic 1949
album, Birth of the Cool, remains one of the best-selling jazz recordings of all time, cool will
stay cool - it will carry the same weight as it did more than 50 years ago. One reason for the
endurance of cool is that its meaning continues to evolve. While it meant "wow!" two decades
ago, today it is more often used to mean, "That's OK with me," as in "I'm cool with that."
3. The word fleeting in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A. temporary B. youthful C. emotional D. popular
4. The phrase carry the same weight in paragraph 2 means
A. refer to great music B. refer to a large sum of money
C. have the same importance D. have the same meaning
Questions 5-6
The dominant feature on the map of Canada is the two-million-square-mile mass of ancient
rock known as the Canadian Shield. The shield sweeps in a great arc around Hudson Bay
from far northwest to far northeast, touching the Great Lakes on the south and extending
eastward deep into Quebec. The rock of the shield consists mainly of granite and gneiss
formed nearly four billion years ago. During the ice ages, huge glaciers advanced and
retreated over the region, scouring the surface, removing most of the existing soil, and
hollowing out countless lakes.
Clay soils exist in a few areas on the shield's southern edge, but attempts to bring them into
agricultural use have been largely unsuccessful. However, the region's mineral wealth has
sustained both temporary and permanent settlements during the past century, and more
recently, some of its vast potential for hydroelectric power has been tapped.
5. The word scouring in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A. freezing B. uplifting C. improving D. scraping
6. The word sustained in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. prevented B. protected C. supported D. ruined
Questions 7-10
A growing number of companies are finding that small-group discussions allow them to
develop healthier ways to think about work. People at all levels of the corporate structure are
starting groups that meet weekly or monthly to talk over ways to make workplaces more
ethical and just.
Several factors must be present for small-group discussions to be successful. First, it is
important to put together the right group. Groups work best when they consist of people who

16
have similar duties, responsibilities, and missions. This does not mean, however, that
everyone in the group must think in lockstep.
All participants should agree on the group's purpose. Finding the right subject matter is
essential. There are several ways to fuel the discussion: by using the company's mission
statement, by finding readings on work and ethics by experts in the topic, or by analyzing
specific workplace incidents that have affected the company or others like it.
Finally, the dynamics of the group should be balanced and the discussion leader must not be
allowed to overwhelm the conversation or the agenda. Groups work best when the same
person is not always in charge. It is better to rotate the leadership for each meeting and let that
leader choose the material for discussion.
7. The phrase talk over in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A. demand B. overlook C. explore D. remove
8. The phrase in lockstep in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. alike B. critically C. aloud D. quickly
9. The word fuel in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A. categorize B. stimulate C. sequence D. conclude
10. The word overwhelm in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. dominate B. plan C. summarize D. contradict

E. INFERENCE QUESTIONS
PRACTICE
Exercise 1
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Question 1
In classical and medieval times, the study of music shared many features with the discipline
of mathematics, such as an interest in proportions, special ratios, and recurring patterns. In the
twentieth century, the introduction of twelve-tone music and the widespread use of computers
inspired further study into the relationship between musical and mathematical abilities.
Musical performances require sensitivity to ratios that are often complex, and to appreciate
the operation of rhythms, a performer must have some basic numerical competence.
1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. The disciplines of music and mathematics originated in classical times.
B. People have long been aware of links between music and mathematics.
C. Both music and mathematics require an understanding of computers.
D. Professional musicians must study mathematics at the university level.

17
Question 2
Corvids are sociable and tend to form social groups. This is particularly true of rooks, which
stay in their flocks all year round. The raven, largest of the corvids, joins a social group as a
juvenile, pairing off at around the age of three and mating for life. Courtship can involve such
games as pair snow sliding and the synchronized flight test. Corvids can be found all over the
world. The adaptability and intelligence of this family have made them extremely successful.
For centuries, the raven and the crow have held a special place in the mythology of various
cultures.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that corvids are
A. a family of birds B. games for children
C. members of a sports club D. imaginary beings
Question 3
The input of solar energy supplies 99 percent of the energy needed to heat the earth and all
buildings on it. How is this possible? Most people think of solar energy in terms of direct heat
from the sun. However, broadly defined, solar energy includes direct energy from the sun as
well as a number of indirect forms of energy produced by this direct input. Major indirect
forms of solar energy include wind hydropower, and biomass - solar energy converted to
chemical energy in trees, plants, and other organic matter.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the
following about solar energy?
A. Solar energy is not used as much as it could be used.
B. It is not possible to develop direct forms of solar energy
C. Trees, plants, and organic matter can store solar energy.
D. The definition of solar energy will continue to change.
Question 4
The reasons for the migration from rural to urban life were exploitation and lack of economic
opportunity. The family members who would not inherit a share in the property were
exploited by the laws of inheritance. The system was particularly hard on women, who
usually did not share in the ownership of the farm and who rarely were paid for their labor.
The workday for women was even more demanding than it was for men. Women were
responsible for the kitchen, garden and the small livestock as well as the care of the family.
Unmarried women increasingly left the farm in search of economic opportunity in the
factories that processed fish or farm products.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that women under this system
A. moved from farm to farm in search of work
B. were paid less than men for the same work
C. did not acquire property through inheritance
D. had to get married in order to stay on the farm
Questions 5-6
One of the most significant elements of age stratification in all cultures is the pattern of
experiences connected to marriage and parenting - a pattern that sociologists call the family
life cycle. In North America, about 90 percent of adults marry, and the great majority of them
have children and thus a family life cycle related to family experiences. When the family's
first child is born, the parents embark on a sequence of experiences linked to the child's
development - from infancy and toddlerhood, through school age and adolescence, and
18
eventually, to departure from the nest. Each of these periods in the child's life makes a
different set of demands on the parents.
5. The phrase embark on in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. attempt B. begin C. discuss D. avoid
6. It can be inferred from the passage that the family life cycle
A. takes place whether or not people have children
B. does not occur in cultures outside of North America
C. must be redefined from one generation to the next
D. shapes several years in the lives of most adults
Questions 7-8
Some people believe that odors and fragrances affect the body and mind and are capable of
healing anxiety, stress, and other sources of disease. Interest in aromatherapy - and the use of
aromatherapy products such as lotions and inhalants - continues to boom. Some popular
essential oils and their uses in aromatherapy include lavender and chamomile, which are
reputed to ease stress and promote sleep. The scent of jasmine will uplift the mood and reduce
depression. Orange eases anxiety and depression and promotes creativity. Peppermint has
antibacterial and analgesic qualities, eases mental fatigue, and relieves headaches.
However, aromatherapy is not for everyone. For people who suffer from fragrance sensitivity,
asthma, or allergies, aromas like perfumes can prompt disabling health problems, including
headaches, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, difficulty breathing, difficulty
concentrating, flu-like symptoms, and anaphylaxis.
7. It can be inferred that aromatherapy is
A. the main use of essential oils from plants
B. the use of certain scents to promote health
C. not recommended for treating headaches
D. not an effective method of curing disease
8. All of the following fragrances are believed to reduce stress EXCEPT
A. lavender B. jasmine C. chamomile D. orange
Questions 9-10
Animal behaviorists believe the orangutan is a cultured ape, able to learn new living habits
and to pass them along to the next generation. Some orangutan parents teach their young to
use leaves as napkins, while others demonstrate the technique of getting water from a hole by
dipping a branch in and then licking the leaves. Orangutans have been observed saying
goodnight with the gift of a juicy raspberry. Such social interactions lead researchers to
conclude that if orangutans have culture, then the capacity to learn culture is very ancient.
In the evolutionary timeline, orangutans separated from the ancestors of humans many
millions of years ago, and they may have had culture before they separated. The discovery of
orangutan culture suggests that early primates - including ancestors of humans - might have
developed the ability to invent new behaviors, such as tool use, as early as 14 million years
ago, approximately 6 million years earlier than once believed.
9. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about social interactions related to teaching and
learning?
A. They are behaviors that only orangutans have displayed.
B. They are misunderstood by animal behaviorists.
C. They indicate similarities between orangutans and other apes.
D. They provide evidence that orangutans have culture.
10. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2?
19
 A. The ancestors of humans learned culture from orangutans.
B. Orangutans were more advanced than most other early primates.
C. Primate culture may be older than scientists used to believe.
D. Scientists have found orangutan tools that are 6 million years old.
Exercise 2
Read the passages and choose he best answer to each question.
Questions 1-2
In the early nineteenth century, most of the Europeans who immigrated to the United States
were from northern and western European countries such as England, Germany, France, and
Sweden. However, most of the fifteen million Europeans arriving between 1890 and 1914
came from southern and eastern Europe, with the largest numbers coming from Russia, Italy,
Greece, Austria-Hungary, and Armenia.
A similar pattern occurred in Canada, where most immigrants were traditionally from
England and the United States. After 1890, an increasing number came from eastern Europe,
particularly Russia and Ukraine. Many of these headed for the Prairie Provinces. The
Doukhobors, a pacifist sect from southern Russia, established communal settlements in
Saskatchewan. Together with other immigrants, they arrived in such numbers that in the two
decades between the completion of the main railroad network and the outbreak of war in
1914, the population of the prairies had increased from about 150,000 to 1,5 million.
1. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about European immigration to
the United States in the nineteenth century?
A. The sources of immigrants shifted to different parts of Europe.
B. Most of the European immigrants could not speak English.
C. More immigrants came from Europe than from other continents.
D. Northern and western Europeans did not immigrate after 1890.
2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the Doukhobors
A. were the largest immigrant group in North America
B. also immigrated to the United States
C. mainly settled in the Canadian prairies
D. helped to build Canada's railroad network
Questions 3-6
David Smith worked primarily in iron, exploring its possibilities more fully than any other
sculptor before or since. To Smith, iron spoke of the power, mobility, and vigor of the
industrial age. Smith was born in Indiana in 1906, the descendant of a nineteenth-century
blacksmith. His iron sculptures flowed naturally out of the mechanized heart of America, a
landscape of railroads and factories. As a child, Smith played on trains and around factories,
as well as in nature on hills and near creeks. He originally wanted to be a painter, but after
seeing photographs of the metal sculpture of Picasso in an art magazine, he began to realize
that iron could be handled as directly as paint.
Many of Smith's sculptures are "totems" that suggest variations on the human figure. They are
not large iron dolls, although several have "heads" or "legs." Still, they forcefully convey
posture and gesture. Their message flows from the internal relations of the forms and from the
impression of tension, spring, and alertness set up by their position in space.
Later in his career, Smith produced two series of sculptures in stainless steel: the Sentinels in
the 1950s and the Cubis in the 1960s. He also began placing his sculptures outdoors, in
natural light, where the highly reflective stainless steel could bring sunlight and color into the
20
work. In the late afternoon sun, the steel planes of the Cubis reflect a golden color; at other
times, they have a blue cast. The mirror-like steel creates an illusion of depth, which responds
better to sunshine than it would to the static lighting of a museum.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about David Smith's background?
A. He gained experience while working in a blacksmith factory.
B. His childhood exposed him to the uses and possibilities of iron.
C. His early sculptures revealed his desire to be a landscape painter.
D. He first learned about metals by seeing pictures in a magazine.
4. The word several in paragraph 2 refers to
A. sculptures B. variations C. dolls D. forms
5. What can be inferred about the Sentinels and the Cubis?
A. They are the best-known examples of Smith's "totem" sculptures.
B. Smith originally intended to use iron instead of stainless steel.
C. The Sentinels are made of blue steel and the Cubis are of gold steel.
D. They each consist of a number of pieces placed in outdoor settings.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the
following about David Smith's works?
A. His metal sculptures are more interesting than are those of Picasso.
B. His sculptures attempt to portray the proportions of the human body.
C. His pieces capture the power of industry and the beauty of natural light.
D. His works are best appreciated when viewed all at once in a museum.
Questions 7-10
Baseball fans love statistics. There is absolutely no doubt about it: baseball is the greatest
statistics game there is. Because baseball goes back so far in history, it is embedded in most of
the population. Fans really understand a home run, a batting average, and an earned run
average - all those basics that have been with baseball throughout its history. The basics have
never changed, so people know and love them.
In the last half century, many new statistics have evolved: hitting with runners in scoring
position; the percentages of men driven in with runners on second and third base; a pitcher's
saves, as opposed to the percentage of times he has the opportunity to make a save. These are
the so-called sophisticated statistics.
There is a whole lore of baseball history involving statistics. One "game" is to compare the
players of old with the players of today. Many times on talk shows people will say, "Could
Sammy Sosa or Ales Rodriguez have played with Ty Cobb or Mickey Cochran or Joe
Dimaggio?" What they have to argue with is statistics. They have to go back and examine
Dimaggio’ years in the big leagues. They look at what he did year by year: he was on average
a 300-and some hitter; he drove in so many home runs; he did such-and-such defensively in
the outfield. The statistics are all that remain of the career of that star player of the past. So,
the statistics are laid out and combated with those of a player of today - this is what makes the
game fun.
7. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that an earned run average is
A. a statistic B. difficult to achieve
C. a baseball game D. not well known
8. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A. Baseball fans invented statistics about fifty years ago.
B. Hitting with runners in scoring position is a complex statistic.
C. The pitcher is the most sophisticated player on every team.
D. There is a limit to the possible number of statistics.
21
9. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3?
A. Baseball players are frequently guests on talk shows.
B. Sammy Sosa could have played baseball with Ty Cobb.
C. Joe Dimaggio's career inspired new kinds of statistics.
D. Ty Cobb and Mickey Cochran were great baseball players.
10. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the
following about baseball statistics?
A. Statistics will replace baseball as the greatest game there is.
B. Baseball provides a fascinating way to look at statistics.
C. Someone is always inventing a better statistics game.
D. Statistics are too complex for many baseball fans to understand.
F. PURPOSE QUESTIONS
3. Some purpose words you may see in the answer choices are:
argue caution classify compare contrast
criticize define describe emphasize explain
give examples identify illustrate introduce persuade
point out praise predict prove show
summarize support trace warn

PRACTICE
Exercise 1
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Questions 1-2
In economics and finance, nothing can be measured with the precision possible in the physical
sciences. However, approximate measurement is often sufficient as long as the method of
measurement remains the same over time. It is important for anyone who is considering
buying stock in a company to know that the usual methods of accounting have been followed.
Unfortunately, even when auditors certify that a company has prepared its financial reports
properly, they cannot always be certain that all figures are 100 percent accurate. Because a
company's books are not open to public scrutiny, it is possible for a company to distort its
financial status. Accounting scandals occur because of dishonesty, questionable accounting
practices, or outright criminal behavior. Although the accounting profession and government
agencies have attempted to reform some of these abuses, the principle of caveat emptor - let
the buyer beware - must still guide one's financial transactions.
1. Why does the author mention the physical sciences in paragraph 1?
A. To point out that financial measurements are not always precise
B. To compare the physical sciences unfavorably with other sciences
C. To explain why methods of measurement are important in different fields
D. To argue that economics and finance should be considered physical sciences
2. Why does the author mention the principle in of caveat emptor paragraph 2?
A. To recommend that the government review all stock purchases
B. To criticize inadequate efforts to stop bad accounting practices
C. To argue that buying stock is the best way to make money fast
D. To warn potential buyers of the possibility of accounting abuses
Questions 3-4

22
Lake Wissanotti, just outside the town of Mariposa, is one of Canada's most popular and
enduring fictional places. The lake and town are the setting of Stephen Leacock’s
masterpiece, Sunshine Sketches of a Utile Town, a collection of comic sketches and witty
observations originally published in 1912. Leacock, one of the founders of Canadian
literature, worked for most of his life as a professor of economics. His reputation as a
political economist was worldwide, but it is Lake Wissanotti and Mariposa for which he is
most remembered today.
Sunshine Sketches is a portrait of small-town Canadian life in the early twentieth century.
Mariposa represents a past to be cherished, a pastoral and idyllic town that allows for human
folly. If there is any satire, it is immediately bathed in warm sunshine. Although Sunshine
Sketches has the complexity of a novel, it is more properly defined as a short- story cycle. A
vital force is the book's narrator, who is al times intimately close to the comings and goings of
Mariposa life, but distant enough to sustain the focus on human folly.
3. Why does the author discuss Stephen Leacock in paragraph 1?
A. To give the name of the main character in a book
B. To provide biographical information about the author
C. To point out a relationship between literature and economics
D. To identify the narrator of a book of stories about a town
4. Why does the author use the phrase bathed in warm sunshine in the passage?
A. To describe the tone of the book
B. To explain the meaning of satire
C. To compare a novel and a short story
D. To illustrate the theme of human folly
Questions 5-7
Everyone in a particular society recognizes social roles: father, mother, child, teacher, student,
police officer, store clerk, doctor, judge, political leader, and so on. Every culture expects
certain types of behavior from people who play certain social roles. Anyone occupying a
given position is expected to adopt a specific attitude. A store clerk is expected to take care of
customers patiently and politely, and a judge is expected to make wise and fair decisions
about laws.
Informal social roles are not always easy to recognize, but can be identified with careful
research. They are key indicators of a group’s health and happiness. Within the family, one
informal role is the family hero, the person who defines integrity and upholds family morality.
Others are the family arbitrator, the person who keeps the peace, and the family historian,
often a grandparent, who relays valuable cultural information that maintains both the family
and the larger society. And finally, there is the family friend, the person who provides comfort
and companionship to the family members with emotional needs.
5. Why does the author mention a store clerk and a judge in paragraph 1?
A. To give examples of people who hold positions of respect
B. To explain why social roles are important to a society
C. To illustrate the behavior required of certain social roles
D. To compare the responsibilities of two different occupations
6. Why does the author use the term key indicators in discussing informal social roles?
A. To identify the most important type of social role
B. To explain how to identify informal social roles
C. To point out that informal roles are unique to families
D. To emphasize the value of informal roles to a group
7. Which informal social role supports the family by preserving the family's culture?
23
 A. friend B. hero C. historian D. arbitrator
Questions 8-10
The many parts of the earth's atmosphere are linked with the various parts of the earth's
surface to produce a whole - the climate system. Different parts of the earth's surface react to
the energy of the sun in different ways. For example, ice and snow reflect much of it. Land
surfaces absorb solar energy and heat up rapidly. Oceans store the energy without
experiencing a significant temperature rise. Thus, the different types of surfaces transfer heat
into the atmosphere at different rates.
We can view climate as existing in three domains: space, time, and human perception. In the
domain of space, we can study local, regional, and global climates. In time, we can look at the
climate for a year, a decade, a millennium, and so forth. Finally, we depend on our
perceptions of the data, so we must include our own human perception into our model.
Human perception ranges from our personal observations to our public predictions about
climate. Human perception must be included if our understanding of climatic processes is to
be translated into societal actions. As a society, we make informed choices about how to use
the beneficial effects of climate, such as deciding when and where to plant crops. We also
make choices about how to minimize the harmful effects of climate - storms, blizzards, and
droughts.
8. Why does the author discuss different parts of the earth's surface in paragraph 1?
A. To explain why humans live in some parts but not in others
B. To show that the entire earth is made of the same materials
C. To compare how various surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphere
D. To describe changes in the earth's appearance throughout the year
9. According to the author, why must we include human perception in our study of climate?
A. We must interpret data and take actions related to climate.
B. We must create an interesting model of the climate system.
C. We must develop an understanding of our environment.
D. We must change our traditional ways of studying climate.
10. Why does the professor mention storms, blizzards, and droughts in paragraph 2?
A. To explain why humans are afraid of the unknown
B. To show how the atmosphere and the earth are linked
C. To give examples of dangerous effects of climate
D. To illustrate the effects of human activity on climate
Exercise 2
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Questions 1-3
Several men have been responsible for promoting forestry as a profession. Foremost was
Gifford Pinchot, the father of professional forestry in America. He was chief of the Forest
Service from 1898 until 1910, working with President Theodore Roosevelt to instigate sound
conservation practices in forests. Later he was professor of forestry and founder of the Pinchot
School of Forestry at Yale University. Another great forester was Dr. Bernard E. Fernow, the
first head of the U.S. Forest Service. He organized the first American school of professional
forestry at Cornell University.
The foresters of today, like Pinchot and Fernow in the past, plan and supervise the growth,
protection, and utilization of trees. They make maps of forest areas, estimate the amount of
standing timber and future growth, and manage timber sales. They also protect the trees from
fire, harmful insects, and disease. Some foresters may be responsible for other duties, ranging
24
from wildlife protection and watershed management to the development and supervision of
camps, parks, and grazing lands. Others do research, provide information to forest owners and
to the general public, and teach in colleges and universities.
1. Why does the author call Gifford Pinchot the father of professional forestry in America?
A. To emphasize his contributions to the field
B. To describe his family background
C. To praise his management skills
D. To illustrate his influence on the president
2. Why does the author compare Pinchot and Fernow to the foresters of today?
A. To describe different philosophies of forestry management
B. To show how the field of forestry has changed in 100 years
C. To argue for the expansion of university forestry programs
D. To introduce the types of work done by professional foresters
3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage EXCEPT
A. what foresters do besides protecting trees
B. how to select a good school of forestry
C. people who promoted forestry as a career
D. management of timber and timber sales
Questions 4-6
One's style of dress reveals the human obsession with both novelty and tradition. People use
clothing to declare their membership in a particular social group; however, the rules for what
is acceptable dress for that group may change. In affluent societies, this changing of the rules
is the driving force behind fashions. By keeping up with fashions, that is, by changing their
clothing style frequently but simultaneously, members of a group both satisfy their desire for
novelty and obey the rules, thus demonstrating their membership in the group.
There are some interesting variations regarding individual status. Some people, particularly in
the West, consider themselves of such high status that they do not need to display it with their
clothing. For example, many wealthy people in the entertainment industry appear in very
casual clothes, such as the worn jeans and work boots of a manual laborer. However, it is
likely that a subtle but important signal, such as an expensive wristwatch, will prevail over
the message of the casual dress. Such an inverted status display is most likely to occur where
the person's high status is conveyed in ways other than with clothing, such as having a famous
face.
4. According to the author, fashions serve all of the following purposes EXCEPT
A. satisfying an interest in novelty
B. signaling a change in personal beliefs
C. displaying membership in a social group
D. following traditional rules
5. Why does the author discuss individual status in paragraph 2?
A. To state that individual status is not important in the West
B. To argue that individuals need not obey every fashion rule
C. To contrast the status of entertainers with that of manual laborers
D. To explain how high status may involve an inverted status display
6. Why does the author mention a wristwatch in paragraph 2?
A. To give an example of an item that conveys one's actual status
B. To recommend wearing an expensive wristwatch with casual clothes
C. To explain why it is not necessary to dress entirely in one style
D. To show that a wristwatch is an important fashion accessory

25
Questions 7-10
The war for independence from Britain was a long and economically costly conflict. The New
England fishing industry was temporarily destroyed, and the tobacco colonies in the South
were also hard hit. The trade in imports was severely affected, since the war was fought
against the country that had previously monopolized the colonies' supply of manufactured
goods. The most serious consequences were felt in the cities, whose existence depended on
commercial activity. Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston were all occupied for a
time by British troops. Even when the troops had left, British ships lurked in the harbors and
continued to disrupt trade.
American income from shipbuilding and commerce declined abruptly, undermining the entire
economy of the urban areas. The decline in trade brought a fall in the American standard of
living. Unemployed shipwrights, dock laborers, and coopers drifted off to find work on farms
and in small villages. Some of them joined the Continental army, or if they were loyal to
Britain, they departed with the British forces. The population of New York City declined from
21.000 in 1774 to less than half that number only nine years later in 1783.
The disruptions produced by the fighting of the war, by the loss of established markets for
manufactured goods, by the loss of sources of credit, and by the lack of new investment all
created a period of economic stagnation that lasted for the nest twenty years.
7. Why does the author mention the fishing industry and the tobacco colonies?
A. To show how the war for independence affected the economy
B. To compare the economic power of two different regions
C. To identify the two largest commercial enterprises in America
D. To give examples of industries controlled by British forces
8. Why were the effects of the war felt most in the cities?
A. Most of the fighting occurred in the cities.
B. The British army destroyed most of the cities.
C. The cities depended on manufacturing and trade.
D. The urban population did not support the war
9. Why does the author mention the population of New York City in paragraph 2?
A. To show that half of New York remained loyal to Britain
B. To compare New York with other cities occupied during the war
C. To emphasize the great short term cost of the war for New York
D. To illustrate the percentage of homeless people in New York
10. What probably occurred during the years right after the war for independence?
A. Development of new shipbuilding technology
B. A return to traditional methods of manufacturing
C. A shift to an agricultural economy in New York
D. Shortages of money and manufactured goods

26
G. OVERVIEW / MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS

PRACTICE
Exercise 1
Underline the main idea sentence(s) in each paragraph.
a. It is often said that lighting never strikes twice in the same place, but this isn’t true. Go ask
the forest rangers. Rangers who spend their summers as fire-fighters will tell you that every
thundershower brings several bolts of lighting to their lookout stations.
b. Costs were low that year and the output high. There was a good person for each job and the
market remained firm. There were no losses from fire. All in all it was the best years in the
history of the company.
c. There are great numbers of deer around here. This whole area is great country for hunters
and fishermen. There are bears, mountain lions, and coyotes. To the east there are streams full
of trout, and there are ducks and geese.
d. Advertising affects our lives everyday. Brand names are common household words. We
start each day using the toothpaste, soup, and breakfast foods promoted by advertisers. Ads
have made the cars we drive signs of our success. Our choices of food, dress, and
entertainment are swayed by ads. Not one aspect of American life is untouched by
advertising.
e. Do you wear glasses? Make sure your glasses fit well. The earpieces should be at eye level.
Don’t try to adjust the earpieces yourself. Take your glasses for adjustments to the place you
bought them. Keep your glasses in a case when you’re not wearing them. This will prevent
scratches. Keep the lenses clean. A soft cloth is best for cleaning.
Exercise 2
Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question.
Question 1
Recently I saw your advertisement in the paper for a receptionist at your main office. I would
like some more information regarding the opportunity to work for your company. Please send
any pertinent information to the address at the top of the letter.
1. Why was this letter written?
A. To advertise a job opening B. To inquire about employment
C. To apply for the position D. To ask for an advertisement
Question 2
People often refer to taxes in terms of their being much too high. In reality, they are probably
even higher than you think, because in addition to the federal income tax we are now
studying, there are many other Federal, State, and local taxes, including sales taxes,
inheritance taxes, state income taxes, personal property taxes, real estate taxes, and others.
These are just some of the most obvious ones.
2. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Taxes are much too high
B. We pay more taxes than we may realize
C. Inheritance taxes and real estate taxes are unfair
27
 D. Some taxes are hidden
Question 3
The fact that electronic computers are now used for data processing has led the general public
to believe that it is a mysterious, complicated science and that the computers are giant brains.
Both of these ideas are false. A computer is basically just a high-speed adding machine that
performs the functions it is told to. If the input data are varied even a little, the computer is
unable to operate until it is programmed to accept the variations. The business operations it
performs are impressive only because of the extremely high speed of manipulation, but most
of these operations have been used for decades. Unlike man, the computer performs repetitive
calculations without getting tired or bored.
3. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. A computer is a high-speed adding machine
B. A computer is a mysterious giant brain
C. A computer is impressive because of its high speed.
D. A computer is superior to man in may ways.
Question 4
The Louisiana Purchase proved to be one of the shrewdest business pacts in the entire
history of the United States. The purchase doubled in the area of the country and provided
territory from which fourteen new states were created either wholly or in part. It also gave
us control over the mouth of the Mississippi River and opened up the way to foreign trade.
Prior to the purchase, the waterway had been blocked by the Spanish, probably with the
approval of Napoleon. The land that was bought was rich in timber, minerals, and natural
resources of many kinds. Finally, the cost of the transaction was unbelievably low; the
total of $15 million amounted to about four cents an acre.
4. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. The Louisiana Purchase was a very good business deal for the U.S.
B. The land bought by the Louisiana Purchase was rich in minerals.
C. The land bought by the Louisiana Purchase was very cheap.
D. Most Americans were very pleased with the purchase.
Question 5
There is a common belief that while the dog is man's best friend, the coyote is his worst
enemy. The bad reputation of the coyote traces back to his fondness for small animals; he
hunts at night and is particularly destructive to sheep, young pigs, and poultry. Yet it is
sometimes wise to encourage coyotes. Provided valuable farm animals are protected, the
coyote will often free the property of other animals, like rabbits, which are ruinous to
crops and certain trees. He is especially beneficial in keeping down the rodent population.
Where coyotes have been allowed to do their work without molestation, ranchers and fruit
growers have found them so valuable that they would no more shoot them than they would
shoot their dogs.
5. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Under certain conditions the coyote is helpful to man.
B. The coyote is feared because of his fondness for small animals.
C. Modern ranchers would no sooner shoot coyotes than they would shoot dogs.
D. The coyote usually prefers rabbits and other rodents to sheep and poultry.
Question 6
28
In earlier days those who had overseas business which they believed should be
discussed personally, took ship and set out across the briny deep. Once aboard they
transacted their affairs, engaging in commercial and social matters or conducting
government business. Today ships and passengers continue to sail the seven seas, and
airplanes soar overhead. But above them all, words speed through the sky - telephone
conversations quickly bring together in the most personal fashion people who are
separated by thousands of miles.
6. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Overseas telephone service today is ruling out all need for overseas travel.
B. Nothing can take the place of person-to-person conversation in settling business,
social, and government problems.
C. Many conversations which once required overseas travel can now be conducted by
telephone.
D. Even with modern overseas telephone service people continue to travel abroad by
ship or plane.
Question 7
The attitudes of Americans toward gambling are amazingly contradictory. You may
find, for example, that horse racing is legal in your state, but that you cannot legally play
poker for money on your front porch; bookies may be prosecuted by state law, but they
are supposed to purchase a federal license nonetheless; one church condemns gambling,
while another raises money by sponsoring Bingo games. Gambling laws are inconsistent
from state to state or even from town to town and are very difficult to enforce.
7. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Americans have negative attitudes toward gambling.
B. Gambling laws are difficult to enforce.
C. Gambling laws are inconsistent from community to community.
D. Churches do not have uniform ideas for gambling.

PRACTICE
Exercise 1
January 15
Jeanne Sokol
14 Jubilee Street
Brighton
Dear Ms. Sokol,
I have received your letter of January 7 concerning your recent visit to our restaurant in
London. I am very sorry that you didn’t have an enjoyable experience. I agree that you should
not have had to wait over 30 minutes for a table when you had made a reservation in advance.
Please know that this was an isolated incident and that our customers usually remark on the
promptness of our staff.
In an attempt to remedy this unfortunate situation, I am sending you a complimentary voucher
for use at any of our restaurants. I encourage you to try us again and experience our award-
winning cuisine. If there is any way in which I can be of further assistance, please do not
hesitate to contact me by telephone or mail.
Sincerely,

29
Simon Jenkins
Director
Guest Relations
--------------
WINCHESTER FALLS CAFÉ
The finest dining in Britain
The bearer of this certificate is entitled to $25 off the price of a meal at Winchester Falls
Café.
Café Locations: London, Birmingham, Manchester
Expires: December 13
For customer service or inquires, contact Winchester Falls’ Guest Relations Department by
telephone at 0616 555-4239 or by mail at 77 Twichenharn Road, Manchester WF1 JK2.
1. Why did Simon Jenkins write to Jeanne Sokol?
A. To thank her for visiting a restaurant
B. To apologize for poor service
C. To inquire about her dining experience
D. To invite her to an awards dinner
2. In the letter, the word “reservation” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to?
A. hesitation B. supply C. doubt D. appointment
3. What is suggested about Jeanne Sokol?
A. She has recently traveled to Manchester
B. She spoke to Simon Jenkins on the telephone
C. She wrote a letter of complaint
D. She frequently dines in London
4. What is Simon Jenkins offering?
A. A refund on a previous purchase
B. A discount on a future purchase
C. Replacement of a damaged product
D. Special assistance in ordering a product.
5. Where does Simon Jenkins most likely work?
A. In Manchester B. In Brighton C. In Birmingham D. In London
Exercise 2
GRAPHIC ARTIST WANTED
Harlequin Advertising is seeking an experienced graphics artist. Applicants must have a
minimum of 3 years of experience in graphics design and an applicable university degree. A
strong knowledge of the French language is also desirable. Duties will include development
of print advertisements for Harlequin’s clients. Only candidates chosen for interviews will be
contacted. To apply for the position, please send your résumé, cover letter and list of
references to Arlene Sorkin at Arlsork@harlequinads.com
--------------
To: Arlene Sorkin (Arlsork@harlequinads.com)
From: Pam Isley (Pislley@yeeha.com)
Subject: Graphics artist position
Dear Ms. Sorkin,

30
I am writing in response to your company’s advertisement for a graphics artist. I am currently
working as a graphics artist for Thurman Publishing, a position I have held for the past four
years. I also have excellent computer skills and work well with a team. I am forwarding you a
copy of my résumé and the other documents you requested. I do hope to hear from you soon.
1. What does Harlequin Advertising NOT ask applicants to send?
A. a résumé B. a diploma
C. a reference list C. a cover letter
2. According to the e-mail, which qualification for the job does Ms. Isley meet?
A. fluency in French B. a relevant university degree
C. experience in graphics design D. both A and C are correct
Exercise 3
Marion Coleman Art Museum Guides and City Guide Books.
This is a partial list of our best-sellers. Visit our website for a complete list.
Museum Guide
Order No. Item Price
88937 Fine Art Museum for San Francisco $12.99
88939 Metropolitan Museum of Art $13.99
88991 The Art Institute of Chicago $14.99

City Tour Guide

Order No. Item Price

76534 New York $11.99
73536 Seattle $12.99
74031 Chicago $14.99

Please fill in the order form and send it in the envelop. Include $6.50 for regular shipping fees
(1 week) or $10.50 for express mail (3 days).
--------------
To: Marion Coleman Publications
From: Jessica Chang
Subject: City Guides
Dear Madam or Sir,
I am just writing to thank you for your company’s excellent service and products. I ordered
the New York and Chicago city guides recently and was happily surprised to receive them
after only 4 days, even though I paid for regular shipping. The pictures and information about
the tourist attractions were perfect. I will continue to use them whenever I travel.
1. What museum guide costs the same amount as Seattle tour guide book?
A. Fine Art Museum for San Francisco B. Metropolitan Museum of Art
C. The Art Institute of Chicago D. Both A and C are correct
2. How much was the shipping charge for Ms. Chang’s order?
A. $6.50 B. $10.50 C. $11.99 D. $12.99

31
III. CLOZE – TESTS
3. The missing word may be:
 a preposition (at, in, of ...): là một loại từ dùng để liên kết một danh từ hoặc đại từ với
các thành phần khác trong câu để chỉ mối quan hệ vị trí, thời gian, cách thức, hoặc mối
quan hệ giữa các yếu tố khác nhau trong câu.

- Giới từ chỉ thời gian:

Giới từ Cách dùng
In Tháng và năm-s in January.
Mùa- in the spring.
Thập kỷ, thế kỷ-in the late 19th century.
Buổi sáng, chiều, tối-in the afternoon.
Time trong tương lai- in an hour
At Time cụ thể trong ngày- at 10.30 AM.
Chỉ thời gian vào đêm và buổi trưa- at noon

32
 Các dịp lễ, dịp đặc biệt- at the church at Easter
On Ngày trong tuần- on Tuesday.
Ngày lễ/ ngày đặc biệt- on Independence Day.
Ngày và tháng đi cùng nhau- on December 15th.
Before Trước một khoảng thời gian nào đó- before Friday.
After Sau 1 time nào đó- after 7 PM.
During Trong 1 time nào đó- during the summer vacation.(kỳ nghỉ hè)
For Khoảng time kéo dài cho 1 hành động- for two weeks
Since Time QK/ đã qua- since 2010.
Till/untill Chỉ time kéo dài- till/until 9 PM.
Ago Chỉ khoàn time đã trôi qua- two years ago
Within Hoạt động diễn ra trong 1 khoảng time- within two weeks.
- Giới từ chỉ địa điểm
Giới từ Cách dùng
In Các địa điểm cụ thể- n New York City.
Phương hướng- in the west. Phía tây
Phương tiện- in a taxi.
Vị trí bên trong không gian- in the park.
At Địa chỉ- at 123 Main Street.
Địa điểm cụ thể- at home
Nơi học tập/làm việc- at school.
On Cụm từ chỉ vị trí- on the left side of the street,
Chỉ phương tiện đi lại- on the train
Tầng nhà- on the second floor.
Vị trí trên bề mặt- on the table.
Under Vị trí bên dưới- under the table.
Beside Vị trí bên cạnh- beside her best friend
Among Vị trí ở giữa- among the green ones.
Above Vị trí bên trên- above the treetops.
Below Vị trí bên dưới- below the water’s surface. Dưới bề mặt nước
Behind Vị trí phía sau- behind the building.
Across Vị trí ở đối diện- across the street from the park.
In front of Ở phía trc- in front of the house.
- Giới từ chỉ phương hướng

33
To Di chuyển đến 1 điểm- to the bookstore
From Chỉ địa điểm xuất phát- from the office
Into Chuyển động bên trong 1 đối tượng- into the box
Onto Di chuyển đến điểm cao hơn- onto the roof.
Out of Chuyển động từ trong ra ngoài 1 đối tượng- out of the burning building.
Towards Mô tả hướng di chuyển- towards the mountains
Away from Đi ra xa- away from the crowd
Across Đi từ bên này sang bên kia-across the street.
Through Đi xuyên qua- through the forest
Along Đi dọc theo- along the beach
Up Đi lên- up to the top floor
Down Đi xuống- down the hill.
Forward Hành động di chuyển về phía trc or tiến lên- a step forward.
- Vị trí của giới từ : Đứng sau động từ/ to be- is listening to music; Sau tính từ- nterested in art.;
Đứng sau N nhằm bổ nghĩa- The movie about
- Giới từ phức hợp

- Những cụm giới từ gây nhầm về nghĩa

34
  a conjunction (first, then …)
Liên từ/ cụm liên từ
Either + N/Pronouns(P)+ or + N/P Chọn 1 trong 2 (hoặc cái này or cái kia)
Neither + N/P+ nor + N/P K cái này cũng k cái kia
Both + N/NP + And + N/NP + Lựa chọn đối với các sự vật đang quan tâm- I love both
Verb ( chia số nhiều) literary and English
S + V + not only + N + but also + Không chỉ … mà còn
N
Whether or + S + V hoặc Whether Cái này…hoặc cái khác
or + to V
S1 + V + As + Adv/Adj + As + S2 So sánh bằng
So + adj/adv + that + clause Có cái này …thì mới có cái kia
- It was such a difficult exam (that) he knew he
wouldn’t pass it.- Đó là một kì thi khá khó và anh ấy
biết mình không thể vượt qua.
- He was so tired that he went to bed early-Anh ấy rất
mệt vì vậy anh ấy đã đi ngủ sớm
1. Rather than + N / Adj/ V Cái này… hơn cái kia
hoặc 2. to + V-inf + rather than +
V-inf/V-ing
3. Rather than + V-inf/V-ing + …
After/ Before + Clause
Although/ though/ even though + Mặc dù
Clause
As + Clause Ngay khi
As long as clause Miễn là..
S1 + V (quá khứ đơn) + as soon as Ngay khi mà
+ S2 + V (quá khứ đơn/quá khứ
hoàn thành)
S1 + V (hiện tại đơn) + as soon as
+ S2 + V (hiện tại đơn)
S1 + V (tương lai đơn) + as soon
as + S2 + V (hiện tại đơn/ hiện tại
hoàn thành)
Because/ Since + clause (đứng sau Bởi vì
mệnh đề chính)

35
Even if + clause Kể cả khi
If/ Unless + clause Nếu/nếu không
So that/ In order that + Clause để
( thường dùng với can, could,
mingt, would)
Clause + until (từ chỉ thời gian) Cho đến khi
Clause + while + clause Nhưng/ trong khi
Clause + where + clause nơi
FANBOYS - Clause + for + clause
- Clause + and + N
- Clause + nor + ….
- Clause + but +….
- Clause + or + …
- Clause + yet + clause
- Clause + so + clause
 an auxiliary - trợ động từ(do, have, be, can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would,
shall, ought to, used to, need, dare)
 a modal verb (can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would, shall)
 a determiner (a, an, the, this, that, these, those, many, much, few, my, his, her…)
Từ hạn định Cách dùng
A/an Đối tượng chung chung/ chưa xác định/ nói đến lần đầu
Đứng trước N đếm được số ít
The + N số - N là duy nhất
ít - Nói đến STT
- Cấu trúc The+ADJ
- The+last name
- tên dãy núi/ quần đảo/ sông/ biển/ đại dương/sa mạc
- tên các loại nhạc cụ nói chung
- tên của 1 số nước có chứa các từ: “kingdom, states, republic, union”
This- gần, Số ít
that- xa
There- gần, Số nhiều
those- xa
Quantifiers+ A large/ great number of+ ; Many-/? ; A few(ít nhưng đủ) ; Few(k có) ;
N đếm được Every(cho >3)/ each(cho 2) ; Several+
Quantifiers+ Much-/? ; A large amount of+ ; A great deal of+ ; Little/ a little(ít nhưng đủ)
N NO đếm
được
Quantifiers+ Any-/? ; Some+ ; Most ; Most of ; Plenty of+ ; A lot of+ ; Lots of+
cả 2
 a relative pronoun (which, who, whom …)
 a noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb (teacher, it, come, nice, always …)

PRACTICE
Exercise 1
In the early twentieth century, an American woman named Emily Post wrote a book on
etiquette. This book explained the proper behavior Americans should follow in many different
social (1)______ from birthday parties to funerals. But in modern society, it is not simply to

36
know the proper rules for behavior in your own country. It is necessary for people (2)______
work or travel abroad to understand the rules of etiquette in other cultures as well.
Cultural (3)______ can be found in such simple processes as giving or receiving a gift. In
Western cultures, a gift can be given to the receiver with relatively little ceremony. When a
gift is offered, the receiver usually takes the gift and expresses his or her thanks.
(4)______, in some Asian countries, the act of gift-giving may appear confusing to
Westerners. In Chinese culture, both the giver and receiver understand that the receiver will
typically refuse to take the gift several times before he or she finally accepts it. In addition, to
(5)______respect for the receiver, it is common in several Asian cultures to use both hands
when offering a gift to another person.
Question 1. A. positions B. conditions C. situations D. locations
Question 2. A. who B. which C. where D. whose
Question 3. A. differences B. different C. differently D. differ
Question 4. A. Moreover B. Therefore C. However D. Otherwise
Question 5. A. show B. get C. feel D. take
Exercise 2
As teenagers approach university level, a decision has to be made on what course to pursue.
In this world of diversity, (1)______ such a choice is not easy for both children and parents.
In the old days, it was not much a problem to do the task because there were not so many
diverse learning areas to choose from. Besides, there were only a few distinctive professional
careers like doctor, engineer, accountant, nurse, teacher, etc. to think about. Most higher
learning usually led to a financially successful life. (2)______, the cost of education was not
so high.
Today's world is entirely different from the things (3)______ have just been described. The job
market is constantly changing due to innovative technology and new (4)______. Meanwhile,
most teenagers have difficulty in identifying their own interests. There are a variety of well-
organized career talks and student counseling workshops to guide and help teenagers
(5)______ what course to take. Furthermore, psychological tests are also used. Certain
instruments such as surveys, interviews and computer software can help to find out preferences,
interests, or learning styles of the students.
Question 1. A. making B. taking C. giving D. having
Question 2. A. In addition B. Otherwise C. For example D. Therefore
Question 3. A. when B. that C. what D. where
Question 4. A. competition B. competitively C. competitive D. compete
Question 5. A. apply B. study C. decide D. employ
Exercise 3
Graphic novels, as the name suggests, are books written and illustrated in the style of a comic
book. Adults may feel that graphic novels do not help children become good readers. They
believe that this type of reading material somehow prevents "real" reading. (1)______,
many quality graphic novels are now being seen as a method of storytelling on the same level
as novels, films or audiobooks. Many librarians and teachers are now accepting graphic
novels as proper literature for children as they (2)______ young people and motivate them to

37
read. This has been especially true with children who are not (3)______ to read, especially
boys.
Language learners are also motivated by graphic novels because the pictures provide clues to
the meaning of the words. Therefore, they will (4)______ new vocabulary more quickly.
Many teachers have reported great success when they used graphic novels with their students,
especially in the areas of English, social studies and art. The idea that graphic novels are too
simple to be regarded as serious reading is no longer valid. Reading them can, undoubtedly,
help students develop the skills (5)______ are necessary to read more challenging works.
Question 1. A. Otherwise B. Therefore C. However D. In addition
Question 2. A. attract B. attractively C. attraction D. attractive
Question 3. A. active B. willing C. careful D. able
Question 4. A. learn B. take C. know D. accept
Question 5. A. where B. that C. who D. when
Exercise 4
Culture has a strong influence on non-verbal communication. Even the simple act of looking
someone in the eye is not at all that simple. In the USA, Americans are (1)______ to look
directly at people when speaking to them. It shows interest in what they are saying and is
thought to carry a (2)______ of honesty. Meanwhile, in Japan and Korea, people avoid long
periods of eye contact. It is considered more polite to look to the side during a conversation.
The Lebanese, (3)______, stand close together and look intensely into each other's eyes. The
action shows sincerity and gives people a better sense of what their counterparts want.
Given such differences with even the most common expressions, people (4)______ travel or
work abroad have a real need to learn the other culture's body language. People tend to be
unaware of the messages they are sending to others. So, it is (5)______ to consider your own
body language before dealing with people from other cultures. Knowing about the body
language of friends, clients, and colleagues can be very helpful in improving understanding
and avoiding miscommunication.
Question 1. A. encouraged B. forbidden C. assisted D. opposed
Question 2. A. sound B. sense C. taste D. touch
Question 3. A. in contrast B. moreover C. therefore D. in addition
Question 4. A. which B. where C. who D. whose
Question 5. A. usefully B. use C. usefulness D. useful
Exercise 5
Some time ago, scientists began experiments to find out (1)______ it would be possible to set
up a “village” under the sea. A special room was built and lowered (2)______ the water of
Port Sudan in the Red Sea. For 29 days, five men lived (3)______ a depth of 40 feet. At a
(4)______ lower level, another two divers stayed for a week in a smaller “house”. On
returning to the surface, the men said that they had experienced no difficulty in breathing and
had (5)______ many interesting scientific observations. The captain of the party, Commander
Cousteau, spoke of the possibility of (6)______ the seabed. He said that some permanent
stations were to be set up under the sea, and some undersea farms would provide food for the
growing population of the world.

38
The divers in both “houses” spent most of their time (7)______ the bottom of the sea. On four
occasions, they went down to 360 feet and observed many extraordinary (8)______ of the
marine life, some of which had never been seen before. During their stay, Commander
Cousteau and his divers reached a depth of 1,000 feet and witnessed a gathering of an
immense (9)______ of crabs which numbered, perhaps, hundreds of millions. They also
found out that it was (10)______ to move rapidly in the water in a special vessel known as a
“diving saucer”.
1. A. which B. what C. how D. whether
2. A. underneath B. into C. down D. below
3. A. in B. at C. on D. from
4. A. any B. more C. much D. some
5. A. made B. exercised C. caught D. done
6. A. implanting B. transplanting C. growing D. cultivating
7. A. inquiring B. exploring C. imploring D. enquiring
8. A. systems B. forms C. breeds D. castes
9. A. pack B. herd C. school D. flock
10. A. able B. possible C. hardly D. capable
Exercise 6
Eight out of ten British schools require students to wear school uniforms. Wearing a uniform
has been (1)______ as part of British school tradition for a long time, and makes a good
(2)______ on people. Some schools have used the idea of school uniform as a(n) (3)______ to
let the students (4)______ themselves by designing their uniform so they could (5)______ a
part in deciding what they would wear every day.
The UK government has just (6)______ the results of a study which showed that many
parents actually dread the beginning of the school year because they cannot (7)______ to buy
their children school uniforms. This is because schools in many areas make arrangements
with one local shop so that their uniforms can only be bought there, and this (8)______ the
shop to increase the prices because it doesn’t have any (9)______. The result of the survey is
that pressure will now be put on schools to (10)______ with the problem and make sure that
uniforms can be bought at reasonable prices.

1. A. regarded B. considered C. thought D. supposed

2. A. effect B. reaction C. recognition D. impression
3. A. opportunity B. ability C. potential D. benefit
4. A. convey B. express C. produce D. identify
5. A. take B. make C. play D. turn
6. A. told B. discovered C. portrayed D. announced
7. A. participate B. allow C. pay D. afford
8. A. suits B. lets C. enables D. manages
9. A. critic B. competition C. consequence D. risk
10. A. affect B. manage C. relate D. deal
Exercise 7
THE HISTORY OF BEACH VOLLEYBALL

39
Beach volleyball is played by people around the world. For some, it is a serious sport. For
others, it is simply an enjoyable (1)______ which helps them to (2)______ fit. It was probably
first played in Hawaii in 1915. (3)______, surfers played this game once in a (4)______, as
they were waiting for the right kind of waves to go surfing. But it soon developed into a more
serious game and matches started taking place (5)______.
Later the game reached California and in 1920, people began playing beach volleyball there.
They discovered it was a great way to work (6)______ and get plenty of (7)______ air at the
same time. Another reason for the game’s (8)______ was that it was very cheap. Soon,
volleyball nets began appearing on beaches in California and interest in the sport (9)______.
At first, there were six players on each side as in indoor volleyball. But one day in 1930, when
only four people turned up for a match, they (10)______ to play two on each side - which is
how we play the game today.
1. A. activity B. athlete C. method D. habit
2. A. make B. do C. keep D. take
3. A. Luckily B. Particularly C. Properly D. Apparently
4. A. time B. day C. while D. week
5. A. regularly B. successfully C. correctly D. probably
6. A. off B. up C. on D. out
7. A. clear B. fresh C. cool D. good
8. A. benefit B. attention C. popularity D. fun
9. A. strengthened B. repeated C. improved D. grew
10. A. considered B. decided C. included D. explained

40
 TEST 1
Read the texts and questions below. For each question, mark the correct letter A, B, C
or D.
Questions 1-5
One to watch!
Essay by Jessica Bourne, aged 14
I'm a big fan of films featuring the spy James Bond. I've got most of them on DVD. We've
recently bought Quantum of Solace, in which Daniel Craig plays the part of Bond. I don't
know why the film's got that name - but it's a great movie, anyway.
All the actors who've played James Bond have been great, but Daniel Craig, who's made lots
of other films, plays the part better than any of them. Even though he doesn't talk very much, I
think he's the most perfect actor for the role. He even does a few of the more dangerous things
in the film himself, instead of getting someone else to do them. I did wonder sometimes
whether he'd be clever enough to defeat the bad people - but I'm not going to tell you the
ending! The actress who stars with Craig gives a fantastic performance, too - I loved all the
glamorous clothes she wore!
The director probably had a hard job making this Bond film as full of action as earlier ones.
But the excitement starts right at the beginning here, with a car chase along a mountain road,
and plenty of other thrilling scenes, too - Bond leaping off tall buildings and so on.
Unfortunately, I found the story difficult to follow in places, and it also seemed to be over
very quickly - it lasted under two hours. I also felt there weren't as many jokes as in the old
Bond films. And where was all the ridiculous Bond equipment - the underwater car or
exploding watch that everyone laughed at? This is a more serious, darker Bond film, but I still
really enjoyed it.
1. What is Jessica trying to do in her essay?
A. explain what first attracted her to Bond films
B. tell readers about the Bond DVDs she owns
C. give a balanced view of a Bond film she has seen
D. describe how Daniel Craig got the part of James Bond
2. What can a reader find out from Jessica's essay?
A. whether Quantum of Solace is her favourite Bond film
B. what other films Daniel Craig has made
C. which other actors have played James Bond
D. whether she thinks Daniel Craig is the best James Bond
3. What does Jessica tell us about Craig in the new Bond film?
A. He performs some of the action scenes.
B. He wears some stylish clothes.
C. He is given a lot of lines to say.
D. He looks strong and fit enough to fight the criminals.
4. What is one problem with the film, according to Jessica?
A. It seems a bit too long.
B. It's sometimes hard to understand what's happening.
C. It has too much silly technology in it.
D. It has jokes that aren't very funny.
5. Which of these might appear in a magazine review of the new Bond film?
A. It's full of excitement, with Bond jumping across rooftops, so don't be disappointed
by the slow start.
41
 B. The director wanted to move away from the last Bond film and include a bit less
action.
C. I'm not sure the title tells you much, but be prepared to watch a rather different kind
of Bond movie.
D. Daniel Craig performed well as James Bond, but the main female star was
disappointing.
Questions 6-10
I've practised skateboarding for 18 months now, and I was the youngest person in a street
skateboarding competition last year. I spend my free time at my town's new skatepark - I
rarely stay at home and watch TV.
Before the new skatepark was built this year, the nearest skatepark was in a town 10 km away.
Some of my older friends went there, but my mum wouldn't let me go because I wasn't old
enough. The only place to skate was on the pavements, but then I fell and injured my arm. I
wasn't popular with pedestrians, either, so I stopped! Nowadays, though, I can use the new
skatepark in the evenings - it's got huge lights, so you can use it even at night.
We've got a skatepark at our school now, too. It keeps us fit! The school skatepark is
dangerous for smaller children like my little brother, though, as the teenage students also use
their rollerskates or ride their BMX bikes there. I guess they prefer it because the skatepark in
town is pretty busy.
I've always found schoolwork easy, but skateboarding is hard! My favourite trick is jumping
over boxes. Doing things like that really makes you concentrate, which is a challenge, but it's
something I really enjoy. My older sister works as a skateboard instructor, so one day I'd like
to be like her. It's unusual for girls to skate around here, so although I love it, it's a bit lonely.
I'd like more girls to join in!
6. In this text Rachel Martin
A. explains what equipment is needed for skateboarding.
B. describes the places for skateboarding in her area.
C. persuades young people to enter skateboarding competitions.
D. compares skateboarding with other sports.
7. Why was it hard for Rachel to go skateboarding last year?
A. There wasn't a skatepark near enough to her house.
B. None of her friends were able to go with her.
C. She was worried she would hurt herself.
D. She wasn't allowed to go out in the evenings.
8. What does Rachel say about the skatepark at her school?
A. It allows younger children to practise their skating.
B. It takes too many people away from other sports.
C. It is used for several different activities.
D. It is more crowded than the skatepark in town.
9. What does Rachel like about skateboarding?
A. getting the chance to be good at something
B. having to think carefully
C. learning new skills from her sister
D. doing an activity with girls of her own age
10. Which of the following might Rachel write in her diary?
A. Did another competition today - I won, although I was the youngest. But then I
have got two years' experience.

42
 B. Didn't feel like practising tonight, so stayed in and watched TV instead. That's the
fourth time this week!
C. Was skating on the pavement today when I fell and hurt my ankle. I've done that
three times now.
D. Couldn't use school skatepark today - there were too many bikers. My little brother
wanted to play there but it wasn't safe for him.
Questions 11-15
“McDowell Publishing plans to merge with Harvey Media this January”, a spokesman for
McDowell Publishing said. The new company will be called McDowell and Harvey Media.
The decision comes after both companies experienced their third straight year of losses. Both
companies have struggled to compete with the world’s largest publishing company, Watson
Media Inc., which accounts for about 75 percent of the market. Since Watson Media Inc. was
founded by Charles Duvet Jr. in 1999, the company has successfully forced ten other small
publishing companies to declare bankruptcy. According to a spokesman from Harvey Media,
after the merger is completed, the new company will launch a 3-million-dollar marketing
campaign. Jackson Polkins, the famous children’s writer, has already announced he will be
leaving Watson Media Inc. to pursue a contract with the new company.
11. The word “losses” is closest in meaning to
A. Deficits B. Fortunes C. Properties D. Resources
12. According to the article, why are the two companies making the change?
A. To induce voluntary retirement B. To hire more employees
C. To reduce operation costs D. To remain competitive
13. According to the article, what happened in 1999?
A. Watson Media Inc. went bankrupt.
B. Charles Duvet Jr. started a company.
C. Harvey Media introduced a new campaign.
D. Jackson Polkins published a book.
14. What can be inferred from the newspaper article?
A. The new company will lay off many workers.
B. McDowell Publishing will invest considerable money.
C. Watson Media Inc. is a huge company.
D. Harvey Media will change locations.
15. What is Jackson Polkins’s occupation?
A. Company spokesman B. Financial advisor
C. Children’s writer D. Publishing assistant
Questions 16-20
Memorandum
Dear Research and Development Team,
As part of our seminar series this month, we have invited a few lecturers to come and speak at
our company. The seminars will take place on Friday, June 23, and include the following
individuals, all of whom are experts in their field and have been published numerous times in
professional journals like "Science Weekly" and "Technology Now." It is my hope that these
lectures will improve our team's productivity as we look to develop Verion Communications'
latest SD 20 cell phone line. I have also included each expert's most recently published article.
Robert Kurt 'Creating New Technology' - The Journal of American Science.
Jang Lee 'A Cellular World: The hottest phones in Asia' - Gadget World Monthly.

43
Francois Levine 'Maintaining Efficiency When Developing New Products' - Smart
Technology Times.
If he can make it, Bob Winner from SS Tech will also speak. I must also remind everyone that
the lectures start at 8 a.m. sharp. An employee breakfast will be held beforehand in the
company cafeteria. Lunch and dinner will be provided by Hanson's Deli. Your HR
coordinators will be passing around an order sheet for sandwich and main meal preferences.
I look forward to seeing you all there.
Denis Muller
Projects Manager
Research and Development, Verion Communications
+++++++++
Article
According to our market research, the latest trend in cellular phones is without a doubt the
built-in video game. Tatsuaki Electronics has surpassed its competition by introducing
another advance in hand-held gadgets: the option to download video games from the Internet
directly onto your phone. The VG 204 Cell Phone was introduced six months after the
Tatsuaki's television phones began losing sales. The new product boosted the company's
quarterly earnings by 20 percent. This increase demonstrates how quickly customers lose
interest in new products, and, therefore, how important it is for technology companies to stay
ahead of the game when it comes to product development. On June 15th, Tatsuaki also
announced that it was working on an even more advanced prototype; technology fans in Japan
are waiting patiently to see what's in store for them next. Even though Tatsuaki has been
successful in the hand-held electronics market, other companies can still excel and reach the
top by introducing innovative products to the technology sector. Verion Communications is a
strong competitor in the cell phone industry, while New Media Inc. shows promise in the
computer and television sectors.
16. What is the purpose of the memorandum?
A. To recommend resources for future study
B. To introduce speakers for a lecture series
C. To introduce a new technology perspective
D. To organize a brainstorming session for new employees
17. What is Verion Communications?
A. A publishing company B. A computer company
C. A cell phone company D. A video game company
18. What can be inferred from the article?
A. Companies should constantly change products to maintain customers’ interest.
B. Companies should create new technology without sacrificing productivity.
C. Companies should choose a specific audience to advertise new products to.
D. Companies should invest more money in development research than market
research.
19. In the article, the word "boosted" is closest in meaning to
A. eliminated B. prevented C. increased D. undermined
20. Which lecturer might discuss Tatsuaki Electronics' new product in their lecture?
A. Bob Winner B. Robert Kurt C. Jang Lee D. Francois Levine
Questions 21-30
Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into roosts. The reasons for roosting
communally are not always obvious, but there are some likely benefits. In winter especially, it
44
is important for birds to keep warm at night and conserve precious food reserves. One way to
do this is to find a sheltered roost. Solitary roosters shelter in dense vegetation or enter a
cavity - horned larks dig holes in the ground and ptarmigan burrow into snow banks - but the
effect of sheltering is magnified by several birds huddling together in the roosts, as wrens,
swifts, brown creepers, bluebirds, and anis do. Body contact reduces the surface area exposed
to the cold air, so the birds keep each other warm. Two kinglets huddling together were found
to reduce their heat losses by a quarter, and three together saved a third of their heat.
The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as “information centers”.
During the day, parties of birds will have spread out to forage over a very large area. When
they return in the evening some will have fed well, but others may have found little to eat.
Some investigators have observed that when the birds set out again next morning, those birds
that did not feed well on the previous day appear to follow those that did. The behavior of
common and lesser kestrels may illustrate different feeding behaviors of similar birds with
different roosting habits. The common kestrel hunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar
hunting ground, whereas the very similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects over a large area. The
common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks,
possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms.
Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts since there will always be a few birds
awake at any given moment to give the alarm. But this increased protection is partially
counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract predators and are especially vulnerable if
they are on the ground. Even those in trees can be attacked by birds of prey. The birds on the
edge are at greatest risk since predators find it easier to catch small birds perching at the
margins of the roost.
21. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. How birds find and store food
B. How birds maintain body heat in the winter
C. Why birds need to establish territory
D. Why some species of birds nest together
22. The word “conserve ” is closest in meaning to
A. retain B. watch C. locate D. share
23. Ptarmigan keep warm in the winter by
A. huddling together on the ground with other birds
B. building nests in trees
C. burrowing into dense patches of vegetation
D. digging tunnels into the snow
24. The word “magnified” is closest in meaning to
A. caused B. modified C. intensified D. combined
25. The author mentions kinglets as an example of birds that
A. protect themselves by nesting in holes
B. nest with other species of birds
C. nest together for warmth
D. usually feed and nest in pairs
26. The word “forage” is closest in meaning to
A. fly B. assemble C. feed D. rest
27. Which of the following statements about lesser and common kestrels is true?
A. The lesser kestrel and the common kestrel have similar diets.
B. The lesser kestrel feeds sociably but the common kestrel does not.
C. The common kestrel nests in larger flocks than does the lesser kestrel.
D. The common kestrel nests in trees; the lesser kestrel nests on the ground.

45
28. The word “counteracted” is closest in meaning to
A. suggested B. negated C. measured D. shielded
29. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an advantage derived by birds
that huddle together while sleeping?
A. Some members of the flock warn others of impending dangers.
B. Staying together provides a greater amount of heat for the whole flock.
C. Some birds in the flock function as information centers for others who are looking
for food.
D. Several members of the flock care for the young.
30. Which of the following is a disadvantage of communal roosts that is mentioned in the
passage?
A. Diseases easily spread among the birds.
B. Groups are more attractive to predators than individual birds.
C. Food supplies are quickly depleted.
D. Some birds in the group will attack the others.
Questions 31-40
Although women now (31)____ almost half of all workers in the US, nearly 80 percent of
them are employed in low-paying clerical, sales, service, or factory jobs. Approximately a
third of all women workers have clerical jobs, which pay (32)____ average $12,000 or less.
Partly as a result, women make only seventy-five cents for every dollar (33)____ by men.
(34)____, men routinely make more money even when education, experience, and
responsibilities are (35)____.
The gap in male-female earning had great significance because more than 16 percent of US
households are (36)____ by women. Low-paying jobs keep many of these households in
poverty. Women’s groups such as National Organization for Women have demanded that
equal opportunities and equal pay (37)____ to women. According to women’s (38)____
Maggie McAnany, “It is imperative that the government help to change the situation (of
employment for women). We cannot wait for the companies to (39)____ themselves. Change
must come (40)____ the law. ”

31. A. made of B. take in C. take up D. make up

32. A. at B. on C. in D. for
33. A. earns B. earned C. to earn D. earning
34. A. Although B. Whatever C. Moreover D. Contrary
35. A. equal B. equality C. equally D. equalizing
36. A. headed B. hosted C. licensed D. carried
37. A. are giving B. be given C. is giving D. are given
38. A. action B. activist C. activity D. active
39. A. restore B. regain C. reform D. regard
40. A. for B. through C. at D. along

46
 TEST 2
Read the texts and questions below. For each question, mark the correct letter A, B, C
or D.
Questions 1-5
Some people have complained about this year's collection, New Writing 3, although I cannot
understand why. Surely 500 pages of original writing of this quality, for £6.99, is pretty
amazing?
Fiction - both parts of novels and complete short stories - makes up most of the book. There
are some enjoyable pieces by famous writers, such as Candia McWilliam and Rose Tremain.
It's a strange fact that the less well-known people seem to have written mainly about food.
Take my advice about Jane Harris's Those Nails - this piece should definitely not be read just
after meals. It contains some very unpleasant scenes which could turn your stomach!
There is fine work from nineteen poets, including R. S. Thomas and John Burnside. There are
pieces from novels-in-progress by Jim Crace and Jane Rogers. Finally, there is a little non-
fiction, which includes a very funny article by Alan Rusbridger on certain newspapers, and an
extraordinary piece about herself from Ursula Owen. This is an exceptional collection and I
for one can't wait to see what next year's choice will include.
1. What is the writer trying to do in the text?
A. give her opinions about a new book
B. give some information about new writers
C. give some advice to new writers
D. give her opinion of newspaper journalists
2. Why would somebody read the text?
A. to find out more details about something
B. to learn what next year's collection will contain
C. to find out about Alan Rusbridge's new novel
D. to decide whether to complain about something
3. What does the writer think of New Writing 3?
A. It's too long. B. It's very amusing.
C. It's very good. D. It's too serious.
4. How might you feel after reading Jane Harris's piece?
A. hungry B. excited C. unhappy D. sick
5. Which of the following describes New Writing 3?
A. Great value: two novels, poems and articles for only £6.99.
B. Great value: the best of new writing for only £6.99.
C. Great value: poems by Tremain, Harris and Burnside for only £6.99.
D. Great value: Newspapers for a whole year for only £6.99.

Questions 6-10
‘The best age to start learning the violin is between three and six,' says Margaret Porter, a
violinist and music teacher. 'It's the time when you are learning about the world.' Margaret,
who lives in London, prefers to take pupils at three and four, although she has made lots of
exceptions for keen five-year olds. When she started teaching the violin in 1972, her first class
consisted of her children's five-year-old school friends.
Margaret’s pupils have group lessons. Each group has about a dozen pupils and each lesson
lasts an hour, once a fortnight. In addition, each pupil has one individual lesson a week with

47
her. Parents also have to attend the classes. It is important that the parents take an active
interest in the lessons.
From the earliest lessons, pupils learn to play by ear. They do not even try to read music until
they have been playing for several years, and for a long time there is a big difference between
their playing and reading of music. Margaret says that her method is not supposed to produce
great violinists, and always suggests that pupils who perform particularly well should leave
and study the violin using more traditional methods.
6. What is the writer trying to do in the text?
A. explain why Margaret likes teaching the violin
B. describe a different way of teaching the violin
C. give advice on how to find a music teacher
D. explain why Margaret has a lot of pupils
7. Why should someone read the text?
A. to discover how Margaret learnt the violin
B. to learn why it is important to read music
C. to find out about Margaret’s teaching method
D. to learn why children should play the violin
8. What opinion does Margaret have about her best pupils?
A. They ought to find another teacher.
B. They will become great violinists using her method.
C. They could try harder.
D. They take several years to learn to read music.
9. Margaret’s first pupils were
A. her children B. three-and four-year-olds
C. her own friends D. her children’s friends
10. Which of the following would Margaret include in an advertisement for her classes?
A. Learn to play the violin with your children – 2 lessons a week.
B. Watch your children learn to play the violin.
C. Group violin lessons for children – no more than 5 per groups.
D. We’ll look after your children while you learn the violin.
Questions 11-15
Email 1
To: Jason Bates (jbates@becksam.com)
From: Sheila Copps (scopps@leighmnf.com)
Date: April 12
Subject: Next Friday Meeting
Mr. Bates,
Regarding our merger meeting next week, I will be unable to make it on Thursday at 3 p.m. I
am sorry, but something very urgent has come up. I know that you wanted to discuss the
contract between Benjamin Morrison and Becksam Co., so we will definitely have to
reschedule.
I have been asked to meet with the president of the Camdon Institute, so a group of my
coworkers and I will be out of the office on Thursday. We are under pressure to finish the deal
we have brokered with Camdon at that time. Can we please reschedule our meeting for
Monday morning? Again, I am terribly sorry. I greatly appreciate your understanding in this
situation. Also, I do not have the proposed contract, so if you could please send it to me, it
would help matters very much.
48
Thanks in advance,
Sheila Copps
Broker and Consultant
Leighman Financial
+++++++++
Email 2
To: Sheila Copps (scopps@leighmnf.com)
From: Jason Bates (jbates@becksam.com)
Date: April 14
Subject: Re: Next Friday Meeting
Attachment: Benjamin Morrison Contract
Hi, Ms. Copps,
Thank you for giving me so much notice. I really appreciate it. I can't make it Monday
morning because I have already scheduled a doctor's appointment at 10 a.m. and then we have
a sales meeting when I get back. Is it possible to meet on Tuesday or Wednesday?
I have attached the contract, but I have a feeling that you will have some questions about it. If
you need to reach me, you can call me on my cell at 555-1234. I hope everything goes well
with Camdon and that you have a great weekend. I will see you next week.
Thanks,
Jason Bates
Senior Business Analyst
Becksam Inc.
11. What is the reason for Ms. Copps' e-mail?
A. To schedule a conference call B. To send a word file
C. To plan and discuss a new project D. To change the meeting date and time
12. According to her e-mail, what will Ms. Copps be doing on Thursday afternoon?
A. Planning a trip
B. Writing a report on the Camdon Institute
C. Meeting with Mr. Bates
D. Attending a meeting at the Camdon Institute
13. On what day is Mr. Bates' doctor's appointment?
A. Monday B. Wednesday C. Thursday D. Friday
14. What did Mr. Bates attach to his e-mail?
A. The Benjamin Morrison merger contract
B. A report on Becksam Inc.
C. Company details on the Camdon Institute
D. A memo about the president of Becksam Inc.
15. What does Mr. Bates ask Ms. Copps to do?
A. Visit the Camdon Institute with him B. Pass on important information
C. Call him back D. Meet him on Tuesday or Wednesday
Questions 16-20
Policy
New Vacation Policy

49
All vacation days must be taken within the calendar year with written requests submitted
and approved by your direct supervisors:
1. All new employees are entitled to 3 weeks' paid vacation per year.
2. Any employee on their probationary period will not be included under policy until his/her 3
months is up.
3. All vocation requests must be made in writing at least 2 weeks in advance of your
requested dates. These will be approved at the discretion of your supervisor according to your
departmental workload requirements.
4. All vacation days must be taken within the calendar year. Otherwise, you will lose them.
5. Only one person per individual department may be away on vacation for a period of a week
or more (to ensure sufficient staffing is available in each department).
6. Employees will receive an extra week of vacation time for every 5 years of additional
service.
7. A maximum of two weeks' vacation (at one time) may be taken. Certain requests for longer
period of vacation may be considered for exceptional circumstances. Please see your
supervisor if this is applicable.
8. We strongly encourage all our employees to spread out your vacation days and enjoy
themselves.
+++++++++
Memo
Vacation Request Memo
To: Sally Benson, Supervisor, Human Resources
From: Mary Black
Date: January 5, 2007
Re: Vacation Request - for January 25 - February 8, 2007
Sally,
This is a memo to give you advance notice of my request for my upcoming vacation days of
January 25 - February 8.
As written in the vacation policy, I am providing ample notice of my requested days. So
hopefully, these 2 weeks will be okay to be away from the office. We are planning a family
reunion which had been planned for the last couple of years.
I know that I have just recently joined the company and normally would need to wait until my
probationary period is over before taking any vacation days. However, as you may recall, this
request for some advance days was discussed and agreed to in our negotiation meetings in late
November.
Thank you for your understanding. I will make sure that my work is covered to avoid any
disruption in my projects.
Mary
16. Which of the following is NOT stated in the policy?
A. All regular employees are allowed at least three weeks off in a year.
B. Any request for time off can be rejected depending on the circumstances.

50
 C. Any vacation time not taken will be compensated at the end of the year.
D. A three-week holiday can be granted if a legitimate reason is provided.
17. According to the policy, how many vacation weeks would an employee who has worked
at the company for 11 years receive?
A. Three B. Four C. Five D. Six
18. Why did Mary write the memo?
A. To make a request well ahead of time B. To inform the staff of the new policy
C. To point out a mistake in the policy D. To ask for a day off next week
19. What can be inferred about Mary from the memo?
A. She has been with the company for less than three months.
B. She has not met her family for over two years.
C. She has close ties to some important people in the company.
D. She took her last vacation in November 2006.
20. Which of the following information is true?
A. Mary will most likely get exempted from rule number 2.
B. Mary is not abiding by rule number 3.
C. Mary is entitled to take advantage of rule number 1.
D. Mary only has a year left to go to be considered for rule number 6.
Questions 21-30
Life originated in the early seas less than a billion years after Earth was formed. Yet another
three billion years were to pass before the first plants and animals appeared on the continents.
Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as
was the genesis of life.
What forms of life were able to make such a drastic change in lifestyle? The traditional view
of the first terrestrial organisms is based on megafossils - relatively large specimens of
essentially whole plants and animals. Vascular plants, related to modern seed plants and ferns,
left the first comprehensive megafossil record. Because of this, it has been commonly
assumed that the sequence of territorialization reflected the evolution of modern terrestrial
ecosystems. In this view, primitive vascular plants first colonized the margins of continental
waters, followed by animals that fed on the plants, and lastly by animals that preyed on the
plant-eaters. Moreover, the megafossils suggest that terrestrial life appeared and diversified
explosively near the boundary between the Silurian and the Devonian periods, a little more
than 400 million years ago.
Recently, however, paleontologists have been taking a closer look at the sediments below this
Silurian-Devonian geological boundary. It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from
these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath. The technique has uncovered new
evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores of the ancient oceans - plant
microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals. In many instances, the specimens are
less than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter. Although they were entombed in the rocks for
hundreds of millions of years, many of the fossils consist of the organic remains of the
organism.
These newly discovered fossils have not only revealed the existence of previously unknown
organisms, but have also pushed back these dates for the invasion of land by multicellular
organisms. Our views about the nature of the early plant and animal communities are now
being revised. And with those revisions come new speculations about the first terrestrial life-
forms.
21. The word “drastic” is closest in meaning to
A. widespread B. radical C. progressive D. risky
51
22. According to the theory that the author calls “the traditional view,” what was the first
form of life to appear on land?
A. Bacteria B. Meat-eating animals
C. Plant-eating animals D. Vascular plants
23. According to the passage, what happened about 400 million years ago?
A. Many terrestrial life-forms died out.
B. New life-forms on land developed at a rapid rate.
C. The megafossils were destroyed by floods.
D. Life began to develop in the ancient seas.
24. The word “extracted” is closest in meaning to
A. located B. preserved C. removed D. studied
25. What can be inferred from the passage about the fossils?
A. They have not been helpful in understanding the evolution of terrestrial life.
B. They were found in approximately the same numbers as vascular plant fossils.
C. They are older than the megafossils.
D. They consist of modern life-forms.
26. The word “instances” is closest in meaning to
A. methods B. processes C. cases D. reasons
27. The word “they” refers to
A. rocks B. shores C. oceans D. specimens
28. The word “entombed” is closest in meaning to
A. crushed B. trapped C. produced D. excavated
29. Which of the following resulted from the discovery of microscopic fossils?
A. The time estimate for the first appearance of terrestrial life-forms was revised.
B. Old techniques for analyzing fossils were found to have new uses.
C. The origins of primitive sea life were explained.
D. Assumptions about the locations of ancient seas were changed.
30. With which of the following conclusions would the author probably agree?
A. The evolution of terrestrial life was as complicated as the origin of life itself.
B. The discovery of microfossils supports the traditional view of how terrestrial
life evolved.
C. New species have appeared at the same rate over the course of the last 400 million
years.
D. The technology used by paleontologists is too primitive to make accurate
determinations about ages of fossils.

Questions 31-40
English is the (31)____ important language in the world today. A very large (32)____ of
people understand and use English in many (33)____ of the world.
Indeed English is a very useful language. If we (34)____ English, we can go to any place or
country we like. We shall not find it hard to (35)____ people understand what we want to say.
English also helps us to learn all kinds of subjects. Hundreds of books are (36)____ in English
everyday in many countries to teach people many useful things. (37)____ English language
has therefore helped to spread ideas and knowledge to all the corners of the world. There is no
subject that cannot be (38)____ in English.
As English is used so much everywhere in the world, it has helped to make the countries in
the world more (39)____. The leaders of the world use English to understand one another.
The English language has, therefore, helped to spread better understanding and friendship
among countries of the world.
52
Lastly, a person who knows English is respected. It is for all these (40)____ that I want to
learn English.
31. A. most B. mostly C. chiefly D. best
32. A. few B. deal C. amount D. number
33. A. countries B. places C. sites D. scenes
34. A. realize B. say C. speak D. tell
35. A. get B. let C. persuade D. make
36. A. published B. wrote C. print D. made
37. A. A B. An C. That D. The
38. A. recognized B. realized C. known D. taught
39. A. friend B. friendly C. friendship D. friendliness
40. A. reasons B. causes C. effects D. results

53
 TEST 3
Read the texts and questions below. For each question, mark the correct letter A, B, C
or D.
Questions 1-5
Cliff Jones
In 2005, Cliff Jones began a journey round Britain on a unicycle, a bike with only one wheel.
He had already made a documentary film about his experiences travelling round Europe in a
50-year old car. He was mad about motor sport and had a job building racing car engines. To
save money, Cliff rode to work in London on an old bicycle, which he also used to go to
France on holiday. 'That trip opened my eyes,' he says. 'I decided to do a tour of Britain by
bike'.
Cliff didn't want a normal touring bike, and he knew he wanted to build one himself. 'The
craziest bicycle I could think of was a unicycle, so I went to a factory to see how they are
made.' After one false start in 2004, when he had to turn back because of a knee injury, he
finally set out in 2005. He was away for four months, and travelled over 8,500 km.
The best bit of the trip was arriving in Wales and seeing Mount Snowdon. 'Although I met
cyclists, who could easily ride up mountains on their bikes, which I couldn't do, I never
regretted my unicycle. The further away from London I got, the more amazed people seemed
by it.' His worst moment came when he had to drink some dirty water from a stream. A
serious fever kept him in bed in hospital for five long days. He was determined not to give up
and go back home before he had completed his challenge, but found it hard to carry on
because he felt so weak. Yet despite all this, Cliff now says, "If I could afford it, I would like
to do something similar again."
1. What is the writer trying to do in this text?
A. advice people to take adventure holidays
B. explain a rather unusual choice of transport
C. suggest the benefits of a special vehicle
D. persuade people to travel long distances
2. What made Cliff realize he wanted to cycle round Britain?
A. touring Europe in an old car B. visiting a unicycle factory
C. attending motor races abroad D. taking his bike to another country
3. When Cliff met other cyclists in the mountains, he was
A. anxious to get away from them B. satisfied with his own type of bicycle
C. jealous of what they were able to do D. surprised by their attitude towards him
4. What was Cliff’s biggest problem during the trip?
A. He fell ill for nearly a week B. He had to go home to rest
C. He wanted to finish his trip early D. He took too long to get to one place
5. What might Cliff say after his trip?
A. My aim was to get to the top of Mount Snowdon, so I was disappointed not to
reach Wales.
B. I’m already building the unicycle for my next trip. It’s going to be the latest model
so I can ride up mountains.
C. I was happy when I managed to get started at the second attempt. Fortunately, my
knee didn’t give me any more trouble.
D. I’m lucky that I have plenty of money. That means I can set off on another trip
whenever I like.

54
Questions 6-10
John Fisher, a builder, and his wife Elizabeth wanted more living space, so they left their
small flat for an old 40-metre-high castle tower. They have spent five years turning it into a
beautiful home with six floors, winning three architectural prizes.
'I love the space, and being private,' Elizabeth says. 'You feel separated from the world. If I'm
in the kitchen, which is 25 metres above the ground floor, and the doorbell rings, I don't have
to answer it because visitors can't see I'm in!'
'There are 142 steps to the top, so I go up and down five or six times a day, it's very good
exercise! But having to carry heavy things to the top is terrible, so I never buy more than two
bags of shopping from the supermarket at a time. Apart from that, it's a brilliant place to live.'
'When we first saw the place, I asked my father's advice about buying it, because we couldn't
decide. After paying for it, we were a bit worried because it looked awful. But we really loved
it, and knew how we wanted it to look.'
'Living here can be difficult - yesterday I climbed a four-metre ladder to clean the windows.
But when you stand on the roof you can see all the way out to sea on a clear day, and that's a
wonderful experience. I'm really glad we moved.'
6. What is the writer trying to do in the text?
A. describe how to turn an old tower into a house
B. recommend a particular builder
C. describe what it is like to live in a tower
D. explain how to win prizes for building work
7. From this text, a reader can find out
A. why visitors are not welcome at John and Elizabeth’s house.
B. why Elizabeth exercises every day.
C. why Elizabeth asked her father to buy the tower.
D. why John and Elizabeth left their flat.
8. Which of the following best describes Elizabeth’s feelings about the tower?
A. She wanted it as soon as she saw it.
B. She likes most things about it.
C. She has been worried since they paid for it.
D. She finds it unsuitable to live in.
9. What problem does Elizabeth have with living in such a tall building?
A. Her visitors find it difficult to see if she is at home.
B. She feels separated from other people.
C. She cannot bring home lots of shopping at once.
D. It is impossible to clean any of the windows.
10. How will John and Elizabeth advertise their tower if they sell it?
A. For sale. Tall building, formerly a castle. High windows give a good view. Needs
some improvement.
B. For sale. A house with a difference – a castle tower, turned into a lovely home.
Wonderful view.
C. For sale. Prize-winning home, five years old. Six rooms, all with sea views.
D. For sale. Castle tower, turned into six small flats, close to supermarket.
Questions 11-15
Card
Hotel Suite 126

55
For security purposes, each hotel suite is equipped with an electronic locking device that
prevents anyone other than the hotel guest from accessing the suite. Each room key has a
special numerical code that is automatically erased at the check-out time on your scheduled
date of departure. Should you require a time extension for your room, please phone the front
desk to inform the staff of the changes to your departure time. Check-out occurs daily at one
o’clock p.m.
Thank you.
Message
Hello, this is Lorne Peters in Suite 126. I was originally scheduled to check out on Sunday,
March 3rd, but I have an urgent business meeting on Monday and need to extend my stay. My
meeting will not finish until late Monday night, so I think that I had better stay until Tuesday.
I was also wondering if it would be possible to delay the usual check-out time on Tuesday for
an additional hour. Please leave me a note at the front desk letting me know whether or not
this will be possible. I will pick up the message Monday morning. Finally, I would like to
schedule a wake-up for Monday morning at 6.30.
Thank you.
11. What has been done to make the suites safer?
A. Security guards are posted at all entrances
B. Cameras are installed in all hallways
C. Numerical codes on keys are changed often
D. The front doors of the hotel are locked at 10:30 p.m.
12. What is NOT indicated about Mr. Peters?
A. He is staying in Suite 126.
B. He will attend a meeting on Monday.
C. A staff member will wake him up by phone.
D. He will check out on Sunday morning.
13. In the phone message, the word “extend” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A. prolong B. supplement C. protrude D. enlarge
14. What time would Mr. Peters like to check out of the hotel on Tuesday?
A. 11 a.m. B. Noon C. 1 p.m. D. 2 p.m.
15. How will the hotel inform Mr. Peters whether or not he can extend his stay?
A. With a phone message B. By e-mail
C. By fax D. With a written message
Questions 16-20
Memorandum
To: Marketing staff
From: Jonathan Blair
Date: August 22
Re: New advertising campaign
We are very excited about our new line of infant clothes this year. The following will give
you a general outline of the marketing strategies we have planned to help promote our new
clothes. As you all know, this is our first attempt in this market, and we are anticipating great
results. And to add to this, we have put together our biggest and most expensive ad campaign
in several of the country’s largest media.

TELEVISION SPORTS A thirty-second commercial on 3 of the largest

56
 networks during primetime hours (7-9 p.m.) for three
months. A total of 4 showings on each station daily.
Also 5 showings between 9-11 p.m. on Saturdays and
6 showings on Sundays.

Will feature a three-page advertisement complete with

colourful illustrations and discount coupons. Will be
NEWSPAPER ADD INS
inserted into the middle of all major newspapers in the
city on weekend editions for two months.

Advertising posters on major routes around the city. A

SUBWAY AND BUS ADS
total of 5,000 posters will be posted for 1 month.

Everyone is encouraged to submit comments and ideas to the Marketing Department.

16. What is the main purpose of the memorandum?

A. To recruit talented people to work on an advertising project.
B. To announce the company’s future plans.
C. To inform the staff members about a television documentary.
D. To find a model spokesperson for the posters.
17. Who is the target audience for the new products being launched?
A. babies B. children C. adults D. seniors
18. What can be inferred from the memorandum?
A. Local television is airing a special on the company.
B. The company is breaking into a new market.
C. An article about the company has been printed in the local paper.
D. The subway and bus strikes will affect the company.
19. How many times will the ad be aired on a weekday on one station?
A. 3 times B. 4 times C. 5 times D. 6 times
20. Which of the following is NOT true about the newspaper ad?
A. It will be printed in various colors.
B. It will be featured on the front page.
C. It will offer discount vouchers.
D. It will be included in the weekend editions.
Questions 21-30
Social parasitism involves one species relying on another to raise its young. Among
vertebrates, the best known social parasites are such birds as cuckoos and cowbirds;
the female lays egg in a nest belonging to another species and leaves it for the host to rear.
The dulotic species of ants, however, are the supreme social parasites. Consider, for
example, the unusual behavior of ants belonging to the genus Polyergus. All species of this
ant have lost the ability to care for themselves. The workers do not forage for food, feed their
brood or queen, or even clean their own nest. To compensate for these deficits, Polyergus has
become specialized at obtaining workers from the related genus Formica to do these chores.
In a raid, several thousand Polyergus workers will travel up to 500 feet in search of a Formica
nest, penetrate it, drive off the queen and her workers, capture the pupal brood, and transport
it back to their nest. The captured brood is then reared by the resident Formica workers until
the developing pupae emerge to add to the Formica population, which maintains the mixed-

57
species nest. The Formica workers forage for food and give it to colony members of both
species. They also remove wastes and excavate new chambers as the population increases.
The true extent of the Polyergus ants' dependence on the Formica becomes apparent when the
worker population grows too large for existing nest. Formica scouts locate a new nesting site,
return to the mixed-species colony, and recruit additional Formica nest mates. During a
period that may last seven days, the Formica workers carry to the new nest all the Polyergus
eggs, larvae, and pupae, every Polyergus adult, and even the Polyergus queen.
Of the approximately 8,000 species of ants in the world, all 5 species of Polyergus and some
200 species in other genera have evolved some degree of parasitic relationship with other
ants.

21. Which of the following statements best represents the main idea of the passage?
A. Ants belonging to the genus Formica are incapable of performing certain tasks.
B. The genus Polyergus is quite similar to the genus Formica.
C. Ants belonging to the genus Polyergus have an unusual relationship with ants
belonging to the genus Formica.
D. Poltergus ants frequently leave their nests to build new colonies.
22. The word “raise” is closest in meaning to
A. rear B. lift C. collect D. increase
23. The author mentions cuckoos and cowbirds because they
A. share their nests with each other B. are closely related species
C. raise the young of their birds D. are social parasites
24. The word “it” refers to
A. species B. nest C. egg D. female
25. What does the author mean by stating that “The dulotic species of ants, however, are the
supreme social parasites”?
A. The Polyergus are more highly developed than the Formica.
B. The Formica have developed specialized roles.
C. The Polyergus are heavily dependent on the Formica.
D. The Formica do not reproduce rapidly enough to care for themselves.
26. Which of the following is a task that an ant of the genus Polyergus might do?
A. Look for food. B. Raid another nest.
C. Care for the young. D. Clean its own nest.
27. The word “excavate” is closest in meaning to
A. find B. clean C. repair D. dig
28. The word “recruit” is closest in meaning to
A. create B. enlist C. endure D. capture
29. What happens when a mixed colony of Polyergus and Formica ants becomes too large?
A. The Polyergus workers enlarge the existing nest.
B. The captured Formica workers return to their original nest.
C. The Polyergus and the Formica build separate nests.
D. The Polyergus and the Formica move to a new nest.
30. According to the information in the passage, all of the following terms refer to ants
belonging to the genus Formica EXCEPT the
A. dulotic species of ants B. captured brood
C. developing pupae D. worker population
Questions 31-40

58
Nowadays people are more aware that the wildlife all over the world is in danger. Many
(31)____ of animals are threatened, and could easily become extinct if we do not make an
effort to (32)____ them.
There are many reasons for this. In some cases, animals are (33)____ for their fur or for other
valuable parts of their bodies. Some birds, such as parrots, are caught (34)____, and sold as
pets. For many animals and birds, the problem is that their habitat – the place where they live
– is (35)____. More (36)____ is used for farms, for houses or industry, and there are fewer
open (37)____ than there once were. Farmers use powerful chemicals to help them grow
better (38)____, but these chemicals pollute the environment and (39)____ wildlife. The most
successful animal on earth – human being – will soon be the only ones (40)____, unless we
can solve this problem.

31. A. species B. series C. kinds D. families

32. A. harm B. safe C. protect D. serve
33. A. extinct B. game C. chased D. hunted
34. A. for living B. for life C. alive D. lively
35. A. disappearing B. exhausting C. departing D. escaping
36. A. area B. soil C. earth D. land
37. A air B. spaces C. parts D. up
38. A. fields B. products C. crops D. herbs
39. A. spoil B. wrong C. wound D. harm
40. A. survived B. left C. over D. missing

59