Direct Work Measurement

Time Measurement
1. Direct time measurement is carried out directly at the place where the work is carried
out. - Stopwatch method - Work sampling test method
2. Indirect time measurement is carried out by reading the available tables, as long as
you know the progress of the work through the movement elements - Standard time
data - Movement time data

Steps : (Stop Clock Method)

1. Establish measurement objectives Basis for setting wages, estimated time for
completion of work, determination of work/rest time, adequacy of manpower
2. Conduct preliminary research
- look for the best conditions and ways of working
- standardize the work system
3. Choose operators who are normally capable and can be invited to work together
4. Train the learning curve operator ( learning curves )
5. Break down the work over the elements
- Explain the standardized work system
- ability adjustment of each element
- facilitate the observation of non-standard elements
- develop standard time data
6. Setting up measurement tools

Time measurement
Error rate ( degree of errors ) : the maximum deviation expressed in % of the actual
completion time that should be searched.
The level of confidence ( confidence level) is the measure of confidence that the
measurement results obtained meet the accuracy requirements.
Example: 5%; 95% -> gauge allows the average of the measurement results to deviate max .
5% of the true average, and the odds of getting that are 95%.
eg: average actually = 100 seconds
there is a measurement result = 96 seconds
5%; 95% -> the meter has a 95% confidence level that the 96 seconds lie within ±5% of the
true average price interval.

Measurement of time: Preliminary measurement

1. Preliminary measurements - Performed to find out how many times measurements must be
made for the desired level of accuracy and confidence - The number of measurements is
determined by the measurer (usually 10 times or more) -> preferably a minimum of 30 data!
Example: The results of preliminary measurements for calculating the standard time for a job
are as follows :
Measurement to
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Time (minutes)
14 10 12 15 17 18 15 16 11 9 14 16 10 18 14 15

Data uniformity
Uniform data is derived from the same cause system and is within the control limits, non-
uniform data if it comes from a different cause system and is outside the control limits. Data
uniformity test:
1. Group the data in sub-groups and calculate the average of each sub-group
2. Calculate the mean of the subgroup averages
3. Calculate the standard deviation of the completion time
4. Calculate the standard deviation of the average price
5. Determine the upper and lower control limits (BKA and BKB)

Data sufficiency
To meet the desired level of accuracy and confidence, it is necessary to calculate the required
number of observations. With an accuracy level of 5% and a confidence level of 95%, the
required number of observations.

Work Measurement ( Work Measurements )

 This is done by running time measurements, which generally results in obtaining
Standard Time for the work system concerned.
  Standard time is the time required for an average worker to complete a job fairly in a
work system with added leeway.
 Cycle time is the time required to complete one work process, or the amount of time
each element takes in a job.
 Normal time is the time needed by an average worker to complete a job normally in
an adjusted work system design.

Adjustment
Improper work: - not serious - in a hurry - bad room conditions
Must be normalized by making adjustments
If the measurer believes the operator is working properly then P = 1, if it is too fast then P > 1
if it is too slow then P < 1
Adjustment Method
1. Presentation . the magnitude of the adjustment factor is fully determined by the
measurer through his observations during the measurement
For example: the measurer believes that P = 110% while the cycle time is known to
be 14 minutes, then:
Normal time = 14 x 1.1 = 15.4 minutes
2. Schumard - Work performance is grouped into classes - Operators who work
normally are given a value of 60. - Adjustment table according to Schumard
3. Westinghouse
 considered to influence the fairness of work, namely: effort skills , working
conditions and consistency .
 Each factor is divided into classes with their respective values
 Circumstances that are considered reasonable are given a value of P = 1, while
deviations from this situation are the p value added to the appropriate number
of the four factors above
4. Objective way
 Adjustments are made by considering 2 factors, namely the speed of work and
the degree of difficulty of the work
 the working speed value is determined based on observations during
measurement (such as the percentage method )
  The level of difficulty is set based on the limbs involved and the equipment
used

leeway
1. Allowance for personal needs
2. leeway to relieve fatigue
3. allowance for inescapable obstacles
These values have been defined in the table
Standard time = normal time + (normal time x % allowance )
Problems example:
• If a 5% allowance is set for 1 work shift (8 hours = 480 minutes) then it is equivalent
to 24 minutes.
• Effective working time = 480-24 = 456 minutes
• For example, the normal time is 0.88 minutes/product unit
• So, standard time = 0.88 +(0.88x 5%) = 0.924 minutes/product

Job Sampling/Pick Test

observation of an object does not need to be carried out as a whole (population) but it is
enough to do it using samples ( samples ) taken randomly ( random )
Benefit :
- To find out the distribution of the use of working time carried out by workers / work
groups
- e
the ratio delayed
- Define standard time
Job Sampling Implementation Procedures
1.
2. If necessary, make improvements to the working conditions and working methods of
the existing work system
3. Choose an operator and train
4. Separation of activities, for example: productive and non-productive activities or:
activity 1: typing
activity 2: receiving instructions from the leader
 activity 3: calling / servicing
activity 4: clean up the archives
activity 5: out of office assignments
activity 6: others

Determination of the Required Number of Observation Samples

The number of observations is influenced by:
- Degree of accuracy ( degree of accuracy )
- Level of confidence (level of confidence )
Assuming: the event that an operator will work or be unemployed follows the normal
distribution pattern