NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS AND

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

PROJECT
ON
LIGHT SENSOR

SUBMITTED BY

STUDENT’S NAME: SHEETAL NEGI

REGISTRATION NO.:154331

ADMISSION MODE: INSTITUTE

INSTITUTE NAME: MOHIT COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

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 INDEX
Contents
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY...........................1
...........................................................................................................................................................................1
SUBMITTED BY.............................................................................................................................................1
STUDENT’S NAME: SHEETAL NEGI..........................................................................................................1
REGISTRATION NO.:154331.........................................................................................................................1
ADMISSION MODE: INSTITUTE.................................................................................................................1
INSTITUTE NAME: MOHIT COLLEGE OF EDUCATION........................................................................1
\.........................................................................................................................................................................1
INDEX..............................................................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................................................3
ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................................................4
KEYWORDS........................................................................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT SENSORS...........................................................................................................6
ARDUINOUNO LIGHT SENSOR HARDWARE..............................................................................................7
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION...........................................................................................................................7
1. ARDUINO UNO:..........................................................................................................................................7
Highendurancenon-volatilememory segments..............................................................................................8
Peripheral features.........................................................................................................................................8
Unique features compared too the rmicro controllers(ARM,8051,PIC):......................................................8
2. LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTORS (LDR):...............................................................................................9
1. CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR LIGHT SENSOR:..............................................................................................11
2. LED:............................................................................................................................................................11
ALGORITHM...................................................................................................................................................14
CODING............................................................................................................................................................15
int led=13;.......................................................................................................................................................15
int ldr=12;.......................................................................................................................................................15
void setup(){...................................................................................................................................................15
digitalWrite(led,LOW);...................................................................................................................................15
else...................................................................................................................................................................15
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);..................................................................................................................................15
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................................17
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I ,Sheetal Negiwould like to take this opportunity to extend my sincere gratitude and
appreciation to my computer lab teacher Mrs. Anupama Gupta for providing guidance
and support throughout the process of completing my computer project for school.

Additionally, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my family for their

unwavering support and encouragement during the completion of this project. The
invaluable lessons and skills I have acquired through this project have enriched my
learning experience and have prepared me for future challenges.

I am grateful for the opportunity to showcase my work to my class, and I am proud to

have contributed to the educational environment at our school. I am truly grateful for the
support and encouragement I have received throughout this project.
 ABSTRACT

Anapparat us that senses light is called a light sensor. It produce san output signal
proportional to the light's intensity. The radiant energy found in the broad range of
frequencies in the light spectrum is measured using a light sensor. Among the common
frequencies are visible, ultraviolet, and infrared. Different kinds of light sensors are
available for various uses. The most common kind of light sensor is a photocell or photo
resistor. In this project, we've created an Arduino light sensor circuit that,in the
eventthatlight strikes it, detects the light and triggers the buzzer to sound.

By monitoring the output of a light-dependent resistor, also referred to as a photoresistor,

an Arduino may ascertain the amount of light or darkness. The Arduino senses when the
light level falls below a preset threshold and turns on a few LEDs. A light-dependent
resistor, sometimes referred to as a photoresistor, is a type of sensor whose resistance
decreases as light exposure increases. In the dark, a photoresistor's resistance can increase
to many MΩ. But in high light, a photoresistor's resistance can drop to a few hundred ohms.

In this project, we will read the value a from a photo resistor attached to an Arduino
analogue input using the analogRead() function. The value that the Arduino reads will then
be set by the application.
 KEYWORDS

1. ArduinoUNO

2. L293D

3. Resistors

4. LDR
 INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT SENSORS

A light sensor is a device that detects light. The output signal it generates changes
depending on the intensity by light. A light sensor measures the radiant energy present in
the wide range of frequencies found in the light spectrum. Infrared, ultraviolet, and visible
frequencies are some of the common ones.A light sensor is also referred to as a photosensor
or photoelectric sensor since it converts photons, or light energy, into electrical
impulses.There are several types of light
sensorsavailablefordifferentapplications.Photocellsandphotoresistorsarethemostoftenused
types of light sensors.A photo resistor changes in resistance when light is incident upon it.
Consequently, an LDR, or light dependent resistor, is another term for a photo resistor. The
resistance of the LDR is extremely high in the absence of light. The resistance of the LDR
reduces when there is a light incident. Light sensors have a broad range of applications.
Applications range from scientific research to commonplace home devices like solar
tracking systems, garage door openers, security systems, and burglar alarms.

Street light controls, light sensor outside light circuits, a few inside house appliances, and
soforth are typically maintained and run manually on a few occasions. This is not only
dangerous, but it also wastes electricity due to staff negligence or atypical situations while
turning these electrical appliances on and off. Therefore, we can use the light sensor circuit
to automatically switch the loads based on the intensity of daylight using a light sensor
(depending on the necessity).
 ARDUINOUNO LIGHT SENSOR HARDWARE

 2 xLED

 1xArduino UNO

 1 xBreadboard

 Jumper wires

 LDRSensor

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

1. ARDUINO UNO:

The UNO is the most durable board you can begin experimenting with if this is
your first time modifying the platform. Among the entire Arduino family, the UNO
is the boardthat is used and documented the most. An ATmega328P-based
microcontroller board is the Arduino UNO. It features a 16 MHz ceramic resonator,
6 analogue inputs, 14 digital input/output pins (six of which can be used as PWM
outputs), a USB port, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It comes
with everything needed to support the microcontroller; all you need to do is power it
with a battery or an AC-to-DC adapter or connect it to a computer via a USB cable
to get going. You can experiment with your UNO without too much fear of making
a mistake; in the worst case, you can replace the chip and restart for a few bucks.
ATmega328P is a high performance yet low power consumption 8-bit AVR
microcontroller that’s able to achieve the most single clock cycle execution of 131
powerful instructions thanks to its advanced RISC architecture. It can commonly
befound as a processor in Arduino boards such as Arduino Fio and Arduino Uno.
 Features and Parametrics

Features:

Highendurancenon-volatilememory segments

 Insystemself-programmableflashprogram memory

 ProgrammingLock forsoftwaresecurity

Peripheral features

 Two8-bitTimer/Counter with separateprescaler, comparemode.

 One16-bitTimer/Counter with separatepre scaler, comparemode, andcapturemode

 Temperaturemeasurement

 ProgrammableserialUSARTandwatchdogtimerwithseparateon-chiposcillator

Unique features compared too the rmicro controllers(ARM,8051,PIC):

 Power-on reset and programmable brown-out detection

 Internal calibrated oscillator

 External and Internal interrupt sources

 Six sleep modes:Idle, ADC noise reduction, power-save, power-down, standby, and

extendedstandby
2. LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTORS (LDR):

One kind of variable resistor is an LDR, which adjusts its resistance based on the
amount of light that strikes it. In general, an LDR's resistance will be in the range of
mega-Ohms (MΩ) when there is less light, or in dark conditions.The resistance of
the light reduces with increasing intensity, reaching a minimum of a few Ohms at
maximum intensity. Semiconductor devices are called photo resistors.
1. CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR LIGHT SENSOR:

Light sensors are incredibly helpful tools with a variety of uses. An automatic night
lamp is a frequent application,in which a light bulb is switched on automatically as
soon as the sun sets. Solar trackers are another useful application; they track the sun
and adjust the solar panel's rotation accordingly. A basic photo resistor or an LDR
serves as the primary sensing device in each of these applications. As a result, we
created a straightforward light sensor for this project that indicates when the light is
indicated.

2. LED:

LED (Light Emitting Diode) is an electronic device, which emits light when the
current passes through its terminals. LED's are used in various applications. It is
also used as an ON/OFF indicator in different electronic devices.

3. Breadboard: Building electronics with a breadboard eliminates the need for a soldering
iron. On the breadboard, components are inserted into sockets, and connections are then
made using additional "jumper" wires. Two columns, each with thirty connector strips,
similar to the one pulled out and to the side of the breadboard, make up the middle
section of the board. Anything pushed through from the front into one of those five holes
is connected by these.A red jumper wire is extending from the 5V.
 connect the Arduino 's socket to one of the breadboard's incredibly long power
connectors. Resistor head pushed into one of the holes in that 5V red column. The other
lead of the resistor is connected to one of the rows in the middle of the board on the right
side. The blue (GND) long connector on the right of the breadboard and the resistor-lead
connector on the left were connected by the LED. This long, blue GND strip is attached
close to the Arduino's GND connection.

4. Jumper wires:

Jumper wires are used for making connections between items on your breadboard
and your Arduino’s header pins. Use them to wire up all your circuits.
}

ALGORITHM

1. Start the system by connecting it to the computer.After connection LED

starts blinking.
2. Write Arduino program code in the Arduino IDI:code window

3. Now go to Arduino application.

4. Prepare your coding.

5. Arrange all the necessary items required for the project.

6. Make all the connections.

7. Now compile an dupload the program.After that Screen will show “Uploading”.

8. Execute the program by performing the project.

 v CODING

int
led=13;
int
ldr=12;
void
setup(){
//put your setup code here,to run
once:
pinMode (led,OUTPUT);
pinMode(ldr,INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

voidloo
p(){
int v;
//put your main code here,to run repeatedly:
v=digitalRead(ldr);
//
v=map((v),0,1,
10);Serial.prin
t(v);
if(v==0)
{

digitalWrite(led,LOW);

else

{
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);

OUTPUT
 CONCLUSION
Saving of power is of main concern in the 21st century as that of water. Instead of
searching for more power generation, we should try to avoid its wastage. This project
it automatically whenever human errors are possible tohelps to achieve occur.
This project detect the prescence of human in automatically on the room appliances
the room and swiches off. Whenever there is no presence of person in the room
automatically the appliances are off. Hence it saves power and reduces the wastage
and contributes to the future generation. This project domestic appliance and also
industries.
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) An LDR is an input transducer (sensor) which
converts brightness (light) to resistance. It is made from cadmium sulphide (CdS) and
the resistance
decreases as the brightness of light falling on the LDR increases. A multimeter can be
used to find the resistance in darkness and bright light, these are the typical results for
a standard LDR: Darkness: maximum resistance, about 1M. Very bright light:
minimum resistance, about 1000. For many years the standard LDR has been the
ORP12, now the NORPS12, which is about 13mm diameter. Miniature LDRs are also
available and their diameter is about 5mm. An LDR may be connected either way
round and no special precautions
are required when soldering.