TASK 5.

Examine the event leading to the partition of British India and

creation of Pakistan in 1947. Describe the socio political and
economic implication of partition and the challenges faced by the new
nation
PARTITION AND INDEPENDENCE
• The outbreak of war 1939. On 3 September British announced that
they are at war with Nazi Germany and India is also at war. Congress
ministers didn`t like it. The Congress said it could only be if the British
promise that after the war full independence would be grant to India .
But instead British promise of a Dominion Status after the war
Congress could not accept this and called all ministers to region from
the government
• Muslim League also had demands to be met before it would agree to
support British Jinnah demands
PARTITION AND INDEPENDENCE
• An end to the anti Muslim Policies by Congress
• No law effecting Muslims should be passesd unless one third of
Muslim members support it
• Congress should agree to form coalition in provincial administration

•
PARTITION AND INDEPENDENCE

THE PAUDKISTAN RESOLUTION

During the annual session of Muslim League in Lahore from 22 to 24 March 1940
the premier of Bengal Moulvi Fazlul Haq put forword a resolution demanding that.
Regions in which Muslims are numerically a majority as in the noth western and
eastern zones of India should be granted constitute independent state
The resolution was presented on 23 March whcic is now a national
Holiday PAKISTAN DAY. Now the MUslims of India got a rallying call The years of
oppression fromBritish and Hindus were now to be put them behind. Now was the
time to work for homeland to become reality and it was Muslim League the
undisputed leader of PAKISTAN MOVEMANT
PARTITION AND INDEPENDENCE
• Cripps Mission
• As Indians want self rule from the British till they did not accepted that they
should leave India for to win support for the British war effort They sent Sir
Stafford Cripps a member of Cabinet to India to see if a compromise could
reached.
• Cripps proposed that
I. After the war an Indian Union would be set up wirh Dominion Status through
individual provinces could opt out of the Union and negotiate their own
independence
II. A constituent Assembly should frame a new constitution after the war
III. Elections would be le immediately after the war for the Constituent Assembly
PARTITION AND INDEPENDENCE
• THE GANDHI JINNAH TALKS
I. After Gandhi was released from prison on Medical grounds by the new
Viceroy Lord Wavell in May 1944. Gandhi proposed Jinnah that the two meet
to consider India future after the British departure which now seemed
inevitable
• All they meet in September 1944 at Jinnah`s home in Bombay (Mumbai)
• People expected that they would reached to a compromise but the didn`t on the
following points
I. Gandhi wanted immediate support of Muslim League to remove the British.
After that partition could considered Jinnah Knew that after British left why
would Congress agree to partition
II. Gandhi considered himself speaking for all of India Jinnah remind him that he is
just a spoke man of Congress
PARTITION AND INDEPENDENCE
• Lord Wavell and the Simla Conference
• Simla Conference was led to reach a solution after the British Leave India as it
was clear that World War2 was drawing to an end to. Wavell flew to Landon in
March to consult with the British government on the policy of India after they
leave what they desperately needed was an agreement what should happen after
they leave.
• Wavell proposed that a new Executive Council should be set up to govern the
country under the present constitution until a new constitution could be agreed
on
• The Executive Council would contain an equal number of Muslim and Hindu
members entirely Indians apart from the Viceroy and a member controlling
defense. To discuss the proposal he called a conference in Simla on June 1945
PARTITION AND INDEPENDENCE
• This was a failure because of lack of agreement about who was to be
on the council . As Wavell said that he want equal members in the
council Jinnah pointe out out that as Sikhs and Schedualed Castes
were bound to vote Hindus this would mean a permanent Muslim
minority in the Exicutive council. Jinnah also objected on Congress
suggetion that it could nominate Muslims as well as Hindus. Jinnah
pointed out that League had won every by election from last two
years and this is a undisputed voice of the Muslims.
• Lord Wavell could see no solution to the problem and closed the
conference on 14 July
• Another British attempt to find a solution had failed
PARTITION AND INDEPENDENCE
• Direct Action Day
• As after the League rejected the Cabinet Mission because of It rejected the
establishment of Pakistan
• The League passed a resolution that prepare for the final struggle against the
British and the Congress. On 18 August, the League called for a Direct Action Day
to show the Muslim strenght feelings. In many places thousand of people
demonstrated peacefully. In Calcutta however the demonstration turned into
voilence in which 4000 people died in Calcutta Killing
PARTITION AND INDEPENDENCE
• The 3 June Plan
In February 1947 Atlee announced that British would leave India no
later from June 1948. A new Viceroy Viscount Mountbatten was sent to
India to work on plan to transfer power. Atlee was feared of that if
more time was given there would only be more disagreement
Soom Mountbatten realised the need of speedy settelment because of
riots and killing between Muslims and Hindus in Punjab and was
spreading to other provinces too
His meetings with different political Leaders connvinced him that
partition was inevitable. On 3 June 1947 the plan was announced
PARTITION AND INDEPENDENCE
The Plan was
I. Two states should be set up India and Pakistan. The interim constitution
of both countries was the 1935 Government of India Act
II. Each state was to have Dominion Status and have an
Exicutive responsible to a Contituent Assembly
III. Muslim majority provinces would vote either to stay in India or Join
Pakistan
Day after the 3 June Plan in a press confrebce Mountbatten announce that
the final transfer of power might be brought forword from June 1948 to
August 1947 but still there were problems to be deal as like
PARTITION AND INDEPENDENCE
I. Need to draw boundaries
II. between Muslim and Non Muslim areas
III. Issue if princes have to be resolved. What happen if a prince went
against of his people wishes in deciding which country to be join
IV. What should be the division of assets should be still undecided
The Red Clif Award
The Radcliffe Line was the boundary demarcated between the
Indian and Pakistani portions of the Punjab Province and Bengal
Presidency of British India.
PARTITION AND INDEPENDENCE
• This award was announced at 16 August. The League was
dissapointed with this when they heard that Culcatta was give to India
weather it was surrounded by Muslims. In Punjab both Ferozpur and
Gurdaspur was given to India. Although Pakistani had evidence that
thse were awarded to Pakistan later Mountbatten forced Redcliff to
Awar it to India.