HSE-OS-ST08 Confined Space

ADNOC Classification: Internal
THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE [PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL].
HEALTH SAFETY ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

CONFINED SPACE STANDARD
STANDARD NO.: HSE-OS-ST08

VERSION NO.: 1
EFFECTIVE DATE: August 2019
HSE Management System

Operations Safety Standards
Confined Space
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................5
2. PURPOSE ...............................................................................................................................................5
3. SCOPE ....................................................................................................................................................5
4. LAWS AND REGULATIONS ..................................................................................................................5
5. DEFINITIONS & ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................6
6. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES..........................................................................................................8
7. REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................................................................11
7.1. OVERVIEW ...........................................................................................................................................11
7.1.1. Types of Confined Spaces ..............................................................................................................12
7.2. HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH CONFINED SPACE ENTRY .............................................................13
7.3. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROCESS ...............................................................................................14
7.4. RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS .........................................................................................................16
7.4.1. Hazard Identification .......................................................................................................................16
7.4.2. Risk Assessment .............................................................................................................................17
7.4.3. Hierarchy of Controls ......................................................................................................................18
7.5. CONTROL MEASURES ........................................................................................................................19
7.5.1. Confined Space Entry Decision Making ........................................................................................19
7.5.2. Working Time and Number of People inside confined space ......................................................20
7.5.3. Ventilation [Ref. 1] ...........................................................................................................................20
7.5.4. Static Electricity ...............................................................................................................................23
7.5.5. Portable Tools and Lighting ...........................................................................................................23
7.5.6. Access and Egress ..........................................................................................................................24
7.5.7. Pyrophoric Substances ...................................................................................................................25
7.5.8. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs) ....................................................................26
7.5.9. Inert Gas Confined Space Entry .....................................................................................................26
7.5.10. Positive (Mechanical) Isolation Requirement ................................................................................27
7.6. ATMOSPHERIC TESTING FOR CONFINED SPACES ........................................................................28
7.6.1. Pre-Entry Testing .............................................................................................................................28
7.6.2. Continuous Monitoring within the Confined Space ......................................................................30
7.7. PURGING ..............................................................................................................................................30
7.7.1. Purging Applications and Design...................................................................................................31
7.8. USE OF DIRECT READING PORTABLE GAS MONITORS (DRPGM) ................................................31
7.8.1. Bump Testing ...................................................................................................................................32
7.8.2. Calibration ........................................................................................................................................32
7.9. PPE AND RPE ......................................................................................................................................32
7.10. PREPARATION AND ISSUING OF PERMIT TO WORK ......................................................................33
7.10.1. Issuing Work Permit ........................................................................................................................33
7.10.2. Monitoring of Confined Space ........................................................................................................36
7.11. EMERGENCY AND RESCUE REQUIREMENTS..................................................................................36
7.11.1. Rescue Team ...................................................................................................................................37
7.11.2. Rescue Plan .....................................................................................................................................37
7.11.3. Rescue Personnel Awareness ........................................................................................................38
7.12. TRAINING & COMPETENCE ................................................................................................................38
7.12.1. Training [Ref. 3] ...............................................................................................................................38
Standard No.: HSE-OS-ST08 Version No.: 1 Effective date: August 2019 Page 3 of 44

Confined Space
7.12.2. Competence [Ref. 1] ........................................................................................................................39

8. COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE ...............................................................................................................40
8.1. PERFORMANCE KPIS .........................................................................................................................41
9. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................42
10. APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................................43
APPENDIX 1 DECISION MAKING FOR CONFINED SPACE ENTRY CERTIFICATE FOR EXCAVATION
IN UNRESTRICTED AREAS ............................................................................................. 44

Confined Space
1. INTRODUCTION
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) strives to ensure that a safe working environment is
maintained at all times, for all personnel who undertake work involving Confined Space Entry. They shall
be fully aware of the hazards involved and have the competence, training and awareness to undertake
the relevant activities.
The criticality of activities involving Confined Space Entry is underlined by the fact that it is part of the
Life-Saving Rules, which call for a commitment by all ADNOC employees and contractors to always follow
the defined rules, at all times, without exception.
This complement the embracing of ADNOC’s 100% HSE and “I am the difference” programs, which
means that we will always find the time to do it safely or not do it at all.
2. PURPOSE
The purpose of this Standard is to:
(i) Detail the requirements that applies to the preparation for safe entry and working
environment to any enclosure or area categorized as a Confined Space;
(ii) Establish safety requirements to eliminate or reduce hazards of Confined Space entries
thereby protecting the safety of personnel involved; and
(iii) Prevent or reduce consequences of incidents related to preparing and executing Confined
Space entry.
3. SCOPE
This document stipulates the mandatory requirements applicable to ADNOC Group (Directorates &
Functions at HQ, Group Companies and Affiliates) and its Contractors.
ADNOC Group and Contractors shall ensure that all expectations listed herein are fully understood,
implemented and thoroughly monitored.
4. LAWS AND REGULATIONS
The relevant UAE legislations applicable to this Standard includes but not limited to:
(i) Federal Law No. 8 (1980) UAE Labour Law and its Amendments Chapter V: Safety,
Protection, and the Health and Social Care of the Employees; Article (91).
(ii) UAE Ministerial Order No. (32), 1982. Specifying Preventive Methods and Measures for
Protecting Workers against Work Hazards.
(iii) UAE Ministerial Order No. (37/2), 1982. Establishing the level of medical attention the
employer is obliged to provide to his workers.
(iv) Federal Law No.: 24 of 1999 for the Protection and Development of the Environment.
ADNOC Group shall ensure that their activities comply with all relevant Federal and Abu Dhabi
laws and regulations at all times, including any that may be introduced after the publication of
this Standard.

Confined Space
5. DEFINITIONS & ABBREVIATIONS
TERMS DESCRIPTIONS
ADNOC Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
ADNOC Group includes the Directorates & Functions in ADNOC Head
ADNOC Group
Quarter, Group Companies and Affiliates
A Gas Tester authorized in writing by Asset Owner following satisfactory
completion of formal training and assessment of competence to carry out
AGT
atmospheric tests and interpret the results obtained in terms of flammability
or toxicity
Adjacent Hazard Hazards that may exist in the area(s) surrounding the space
ALARP As Low As Reasonably Practicable
Person responsible and accountable for the integrity and safe condition of the
complete structure, facility, systems and equipment within allocated to
Asset Owner him/her. In Operations, this person may be for example (site based Senior
Vice President Operations or Vice President Operations or corresponding
position)
Authorized Entrant Person authorized to enter a confined space
Authorized Gas Qualified person(s) responsible for operating a gas monitor and able to
Tester interpret results for atmospheric monitoring
BA Breathing Apparatus
A qualitative function check where a challenge gas is passed over the
Bump Testing sensor(s), at a concentration and exposure time sufficient to activate all alarm
indicators, to present at least their lower alarm setting
A person who has demonstrated the required set of skills and underpinning
Competent Person knowledge to successfully perform a task to the required standard under
different and changing conditions in the workplace
An enclosed or partially enclosed space with restricted ingress and egress
where there is the possibility that hazardous fumes, vapor, dust, or fluids may
be present, or in which the proportion of oxygen in the air may be substantially
reduced/increased. They are not designed for continuous employee
occupancy.
Note:
Confined Space 1. Trenches, pits and excavations and any space more than 1.2 metres
(4 feet) in depth; with width to depth ratio of less than 2.0 or could have
presence of hazardous atmosphere shall be considered as confined
space
2. The space shall be large enough and so configured that a person could
bodily enter and perform assigned work to classify it as confined space.
Confined Space Entry includes ensuing work activities in a confined space
Confined Space Entry and is considered to have occurred as soon as any part of the entrant's body
breaks the plane of an opening into the space
Confined Space Entry A competent person responsible for maintaining a register of entry / exit of
(CSE) Observer personnel during work in confined space and ensuring communication with
the personnel in confined space, Emergency Response Team, Main Control
Room or others as specified within the Permit to Work documentation. He
also ensures all rescue equipment is immediately available
Contractor A ‛Contractor’ is defined as an individual or organization having a
contract/sub-contract with ADNOC Group for the provision of services,
equipment or performance of works. The term ‟Contractor” as used in the
ADNOC Group Contracts Procedure is synonymous with the terms including

Confined Space
TERMS DESCRIPTIONS
but not limited to ‟Consultant”, ‟Sub-Contractor”, ‟Service Provider” or
‟Supplier”
DRPGM Direct Reading Portable Gas Monitors
The surrounding and effective capture of a person by a fluid (e.g., liquid, finely
divided particulate) substance that can be aspirated to cause death by filling
Engulfment
or plugging the respiratory system or that can exert enough force on the body
to cause death by strangulation, constriction, or crushing
H2S Hydrogen Sulphide
Anything with the potential to cause injury, ill health, damage to property or
Hazard
the environment
An event or chain of events which cause, or could have caused injury, illness
Incident and/or damage (loss) to assets, the environment, company reputation or third
parties
Inert Gas A nonreactive, nonflammable, noncorrosive gas such as argon or nitrogen
The displacement of gas or vapors and oxygen (air) using an inert gas to
Inerting eliminate the possibility of a potentially flammable atmosphere in a confined
space
Hazards that may exist as a permanent or intermittent essential characteristic
Inherent Hazard
or attribute of the space
Hazards not normally associated with the space’s purpose or processes but
Introduced Hazard
are brought into the space or adjoining area(s) deliberately or inadvertently
means key performance indicator, which is a type of a performance
KPI
measurement that evaluates the success of a particular activity
LEL Lower Explosive Limit
NORM Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials
A competent person within the PTW System (employee or contractor as
applicable), assigned to request a permit or supervise Job Performers. This
person understands the task and accepts responsibility for ensuring that
Performing Authority
details in the permit and associated attachments provide a clear description
of the work to be performed including tools, materials and any specialist skills
required
Permit Issuer (PI) A competent person appointed in writing by the Asset Owner and responsible
for monitoring the safety of an area and the assets within it, and providing
clearance to work in that area at any particular time. In Operations
Department, this will normally be the Outside Area Operator. For non-
operational areas, the PI is appointed by the Asset Owner for that particular
area (Maintenance, Engineering or Construction or Electrical)
PIS Pyrophoric Iron Sulphide
Removal of a spool and fitting of blinds or fitting of a spade or spectacle blind
Positive (Mechanical)
to allow complete separation of the plant / equipment to be worked on from
Isolation
other parts of the system
Personal Protective Equipment; Any device or appliance designed to be worn
PPE or held by an individual for protection against one or more health and safety
hazards
Permit to Work; The form of declaration issued by Permit Issuer to Job
PTW Performer that states the nature of the work to be undertaken, the period
during which the work may take place and the precautions to be taken
RPE Respiratory Protective Equipment
SCBA Self-contained Breathing Apparatus

Confined Space
TERMS DESCRIPTIONS
SDS Safety Data Sheet
Shall Indicates a mandatory requirement
Should Indicates a recommendation to be followed
SO2 Sulphur Oxide
STEL Short Term Exposure Limit
TBT Tool Box Talk
TLV Threshold Limit Value
UAE United Arab Emirates
WMS Work Management System
6. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
DEPARTMENT/
RESPONSIBILITIES
PERSONNEL
Assigns their respective Functions/Divisions to be the ultimate owner of this
ADNOC Directorates standard and be responsible/accountable for its development and
implementation.
Within the ADNOC Group Companies, the respective Division shall be the
ADNOC Group
ultimate owner of this standard and be responsible/accountable for its
Companies
development and implementation.
 Undertakes a formal evaluation to identify all work locations within
each area of operation which are, or may be, classified as Confined
Spaces;
 Ensures that all personnel are familiar with the hazards that may be
present in Confined Spaces;
Site Manager/Team
Leader  Ensures that personnel working in Confined Spaces and related
activities are trained and competent;
 Work in Confined Spaces is adequately supervised to ensure that work
is conducted safely by all personnel;
 Ensures requirements of the Permit to Work system are applied.
 Ensures implementation of this standard on their site;
 Conducts audit and inspection to identify areas of improvement;
ADNOC Group HSE
 Ensures that concerned employees are aware of the requirements of
this Standard.
 Verifies that the appropriate information has been recorded on the
confined space entry permit, that other specified permits and all tests
specified by the permits have been completed, and that all
requirements, procedures, and equipment specified by the permit have
been satisfied or are in place before issuing the permit to authorize
Area Authority/Permit entry;
Issuer
 Determines the requirements and implement procedures to identify
and then eliminate, mitigate, or control hazards;
 Ensures that personnel involved with the confined space activities are
informed when another person assumes the Area Authority role;

Confined Space
DEPARTMENT/
RESPONSIBILITIES
PERSONNEL
 Shall be trained and qualified as Entrants if duties require entry into
confined spaces;
 Ensures that a pre-entry safety meeting is conducted with all persons
involved prior to the start of confined space operations in accordance
with the applicable confined space entry certificate;
 Cancels and reissue the permit with the new entry and control
requirements if the confined space conditions change;
 Identifies methods of alerting Rescuers and ensure that Rescuers are
available for a timely response, as required by the confined space
entry certificate;
 Ensures that the Authorized Gas Testers, Authorized Entrants, CSE
Observer and other confined space personnel properly wear and use
approved PPE and appropriate respiratory protection as identified on
and required by the permit;
 Ensures that all ignition sources in the area are eliminated, mitigated,
or controlled before permitting work to be conducted that might involve
the actual or potential release of flammable or combustible vapor, gas,
or dust into the atmosphere around or inside the confined space.
 Communicate the hazards inside and outside the specific confined
space that might occur during entry, including information on the
modes, signs or symptoms, and consequences of exposure to
Authorized Entrants;
 Shall be constantly observing, monitoring, and evaluating the
conditions in and around the confined space to ensure that compliance
with the requirements of the permit are maintained throughout the
entry;
 Monitors adjacent areas outside the confined space for changing
conditions that might affect safe entry work or activities;
 Remains outside the confined space opening during entry operations
and perform their assigned duties until relieved by another assigned
observer;
 Informs the replacement observer of the status of the Entrant(s) and
CSE Observer confined space permit requirements, including any deviations;
 Summons rescue and other emergency services immediately upon
recognizing an Entrant’s distress inside the confined space;
 Maintains a register of entry/exit of personnel during work in Confined
Space;
 Maintains communication and visual contact (where possible) with all
personnel in the Confined Space;
 Maintains communication with Emergency Response Team and Main
Control Room;
 Ensures all required rescue equipment (for example, safety
harnesses, lifting equipment, a lifeline) are immediately available;
 Ensures appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) including
Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE), are available as specified on
the authorization permits and attached certificates; and

Confined Space
DEPARTMENT/
RESPONSIBILITIES
PERSONNEL
 Recording and reporting any incidents during work process.
 Stops work if any of the controls are not met.
 Raises alarm and inform emergency response team and control room
in the case of any emergency.
 Has the authority to order workers to exit the space if any hazardous
situation arises; and
 Never enters the space to attempt rescue.
A person entering a Confined Space shall be responsible to:
 Enters the confined space only when designated by the Area Authority
and after a confined space pre-entry evaluation has been performed
and a PTW issued, if necessary;
 Understands the hazards that might be encountered during entry and
work participation in the Tool Box Talk (TBT);
 Ensures that the CSE Observer is notified prior to entry and upon
leaving the Confined Space and the same is logged in the register;
 Follows method statement and standard maintenance practices for
carrying out the activities in Confined Spaces;
 Demonstrates correct use of the approved equipment, materials, tools
and PPE identified during Risk Assessment;
Authorized Entrants
 Exits the confined space when changing conditions result in hazards
that cause unacceptable risks or exceed the permit requirements;
 Shall immediately exit the space when directed by the CSE Observer
or the Area Authority or during any emergency occurring elsewhere in
the vicinity that requires evacuation;
 Understands and be able to communicate the hazards inside and
outside the confined space that may be encountered during entry,
including information on the mode, signs or symptoms, and
consequences of exposure, and act accordingly depending on the
situation;
 Follows the precautions and requirements outlined in the Permit to
Work (PTW) with the associated Confined Space Entry Certificate; and
 Leaves the space when ordered to do so by the CSE Observer.
 Determines proper selection of gas monitors based on the atmospheric
hazards that are present or that could be encountered during confined
space activities;
 Ensures that Gas Monitors are inspected, calibrated, bump tested,
Authorized Gas and/or adjusted prior to use in accordance with manufacturer’s
Testers (AGT) recommendation;
 Prior to entry, AGT shall first test, sample, and monitor the atmosphere
around the outside of the confined space and then test the atmosphere
within the space from the outside (without bodily entry) through an
opening using a probe or similar equipment for additional monitoring,
if needed;

Confined Space
DEPARTMENT/
RESPONSIBILITIES
PERSONNEL
 Shall be qualified as Authorized Entrant(s) and be aware of all confined
space hazards, entry requirements, PPE, and other controls prior to
entry for testing; and
 Records test results on the permit and verify by signing the permit,
indicating the time(s) and the result(s) of the testing.
 Evaluates a prospective rescuer’s ability to respond summons in a
timely manner, considering the hazards identified;
 Evaluates a prospective rescue service's ability, in terms of proficiency
with rescue-related tasks and equipment, to function appropriately
while rescuing the authorized entrants from the particular Confined
Space or types of Confined Spaces identified;
Rescue Team
 Ensures that the team shall be capable to reach the victim(s) within a
time frame that is appropriate for the Confined Space hazard(s)
identified; and
 Ensures that the team is well equipped and proficient in performing the
needed rescue services.
7. REQUIREMENTS
7.1. OVERVIEW
Until fairly recently, international regulatory standards defined only minimum requirements for Safe
Confined Space Entry and Work. That provided impetus for the development of standards that establish,
work practices in order to achieve a higher level of safety.
Aligning with that objective, this Standard sets out requirements that define “how” to establish best
Practices and to practically implement them for activities involving confined space entry and work
throughout the ADNOC Group.
An enclosed or partially enclosed space with restricted ingress and egress where there is the possibility
that hazardous fumes, vapor, dust, or fluids may be present, or in which the proportion of oxygen in the
air may be substantially reduced/increased.
Note:
 Trenches, pits and excavations and any space more than 1.2 metres (4 feet) in depth; with a width
to depth ratio of less than 2.0 or could have presence of hazardous atmosphere shall be
considered as confined space.
 The space should be large enough and so configured that a person could bodily enter and perform
assigned work.
A Confined Space often has limited or restricted means of entry or exit which increases the risk from
hazards, however this may not always be the case. It has the potential for at least one of the following:
(i) A hazardous atmosphere;

(ii) Engulfment;
(iii) Entrapment; and
(iv) Any other serious hazard, such as:

Confined Space
1. A fall from an elevation;

2. Hazardous energy sources such as fans, agitators, or blenders that are powered by
electric, hydraulic, or mechanical means;
3. Hazards that can be introduced by work performed, such as hot work or work with
epoxies, solvents, or paints.
A failure to appreciate the dangers associated with Confined Spaces has led not only to the deaths of
many workers, but also to the demise of some of those who have attempted to rescue them without
proper training and equipment.
7.1.1. TYPES OF CONFINED SPACES
Examples of areas that can potentially be considered as Confined Space includes, but are not limited to:
(i) Tanks {for e.g. storage tanks, frac tanks, external floating-roof tanks with a roof that is more
than 1.2 m below the top of the shell, internal floating-roof tanks (above and below the
floating roof)};
(ii) Process Vessels;
(iii) Boilers;
(iv) Reactors;
(v) Large machinery interiors;
(vi) Large pipelines;
(vii) Silos;
(viii) Storage bins;
(ix) Hoppers;
(x) Vaults;
(xi) Enclosed drains and sewers;
(xii) Sumps/ pits, including valve pits;
(xiii) Ground disturbances deeper than 1.2 metres; with a depth-width ratio of less than 2.0;
(xiv) Ventilation and exhaust ducts ;
(xv) Void spaces;
(xvi) Tank cars;
(xvii) Truck trailers for liquid;
(xviii) Manholes;
(xix) Drop-off Trash boxes;
(xx) Elevator pits;
(xxi) Pipelines;
(xxii) Dikes (e.g. steel, concrete) around individual tanks/vessels that are vertical and more than
1.2 m high;
(xxiii) Entry into snow roofs or geodesic domes;
(xxiv) Floating-roof pontoons;
(xxv) Vessel skirts;
(xxvi) Enclosures built around live process equipment (including utility and purged lines); and

Confined Space
(xxvii) Temporary covered areas unless ventilation is specifically designed for potential leakage
inside e.g. habitats or tarpaulin covered equipment.
Confined Spaces may exist within a Confined Space. For example, if work is occurring under a floating
roof, on top of a floating roof, and inside a pontoon on the same floating roof, this work can proceed
under one Confined Space Entry Permit as long as each of the spaces that will be occupied are
thoroughly assessed as part of the permitting process.
Confined Spaces may also exist in circumstances not included in the list above.
Some places may only fall under the definition of a Confined Space temporarily, for example when spray
painting the interior of a room. Places not usually considered to be Confined Spaces may become so,
because of a change in the degree of enclosure or confinement.
7.2. HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
Hazard sources can be directly or indirectly associated with working in and around confined spaces.
Direct and indirect hazards include, but are not limited to, the following:
(i) Those directly associated with confined spaces and those that are integral to or in and
around the space that affect it;
(ii) Those resulting from product(s) stored in or around the space; and
(iii) Those resulting from operations, work activities, and processes taking place within or near
the space.
The hazards associated with Confined space entry includes but not limited to the following:
(a) Mechanical Hazards
Mechanical hazards are created by equipment with stored energy (mechanical, robotic, electrical,
pneumatic, or hydraulic) or equipment that is/was energized in and around the subject space.
Mechanical hazards have the potential to crush, burn, cut, shear, stab, or otherwise strike or wound
workers and include rotating or other moving equipment. This equipment can be associated with
either mechanical processes that take place in the space or other machinery in the vicinity.
(b) Electrical Hazards
Electrical hazards are created by an electrical current, charge, or field capable of causing injury.
All electrical sources shall be treated as a potential hazard, including low-voltage sources. Low
voltage does not mean low hazard. If electrical hazards are present, they shall be evaluated by a
competent person as to the potential risk and controls. Voltage alone does not determine the
severity of electrical shock. The three factors that determine the severity of electrical shock are as
follows:
(i) The actual quantity of current (amperes) flowing through the body;
(ii) The path of current through the body; and
(iii) The time the current flows through the body.
(c) Physical Hazards
These hazards include hazards other than mechanical or chemical that would cause harm to the
body, including, but not limited to, noise, engulfment, falls, wet/slick surfaces, slip/trip hazards,
lighting, radiation, vibration, and extremes of temperature and pressure. Entrapment hazards are
where the shape or configuration of the vessel itself can exert enough force on the body to cause
death by strangulation, constriction, or crushing and may include narrow cross sections, sloping
floors, or other internal configurations.
(d) Chemical Hazards
These hazards may arise from exposure to concentrations of gases, vapors, mists, fumes, liquids,
or dusts. Routes of exposure are through inhalation, absorption through skin or mucous membrane

Confined Space
(e.g., nose, throat and eyes), ingestion, or injection. All four routes of entry shall be considered in
the evaluation of confined space hazards as follows:
(i) Inhalation
(ii) Skin Adsorption
(iii) Ingestion
(iv) Injection
(e) Atmospheric Hazards
Statistics indicate that atmospheric hazards are the most common cause of death in confined
spaces. Oxygen deficiency and enrichment atmospheres are also hazardous. Common
atmospheric hazards include but are not limited to, the following:
(i) Oxygen deficiency which may be caused by the following:
1. Oxygen displacement by other gases and vapors, such as inert gases or by
evaporating liquids
2. Oxygen consumption through rusting metals (oxidation), combustion, respiratory
consumption by workers, or organic decay of aqueous molasses or drying of paints
3. Oxygen absorption or adsorption, where molecules adhere to the surface of a solid
body such as damp carbon
(ii) Flammable/explosive atmospheres, which may be caused by the following:
1. Vaporization of flammable liquids
2. By-products of chemical reactions
3. Flammable gases
4. Elevated airborne concentrations of combustible dust
5. Gases from decomposition
(iii) Toxic atmospheres containing substances that are poisonous and may cause injury or death
independent of oxygen concentration in which the effect of contamination may be immediate
(acute) or cumulative (chronic)
(iv) Hypobaric and hyperbaric conditions, which may be present in high and low altitudes and
pressurized spaces and may also affect atmospheric monitoring devices
(f) Biological Hazards
Biological hazards are created by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or other living organisms that
may cause disease in humans. Common sources of biological hazards include bodily fluids and
waste, insect bites or stings, rats, snakes, and microbial pathogens.
(g) Psychological Hazards
Confined spaces, restricted movement, excessive noise, and PPE restriction may create
psychological hazards.
7.3. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROCESS
The Figure 7.3.1 below shows the process that is to be implied for Confined Space entry
Confined Space
Figure 7.3.1: Process Flow for Confined Space
Confined Space
7.4. RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS
7.4.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Hazard identification performed at the site of the confined space, can help verify hazards identified in the
pre plan and identify new hazards that were not anticipated. The first step in managing risks associated
with a Confined Space activity is to identify all hazards (refer to section 7.2) that could potentially cause
harm to people. These shall be identified by:
(i) Conducting a walk through assessment of the workplace;
(ii) Observing the work and talking to workers about how the activity is carried out;
(iii) Inspecting plant and equipment used during the activity;
(iv) Reviewing incident reports.
Equal consideration shall be given to potential hazards directly and indirectly associated with the space.
Hazards that directly or indirectly affect the space can be inherent, introduced, or adjacent. As a minimum
the following inclusions to be made for identifying all potential hazards before the activity being performed:
(a) Inherent Hazards
Inherent hazards are those hazards that exist as a permanent, essential characteristic or attribute
of the Confined Space. Hazard identification should include the location and configuration,
including restricted access, obstructions, or remoteness, inhibit or interfere with movement, work
operations, ventilation, escape, rescue, or firefighting. Inherent hazards to be identified, but are not
limited to the following:
(i) Limited access into the space: Spaces for which ladders or scaffolding are needed to reach
the portal, to enter and exit the space, or to perform work therein are considered to have
limited access. Elevated spaces require different considerations for entry and rescue than
those that are at ground level, including fall protection.
(ii) Size and shape of the portal: The restrictive nature of some portals makes access with
certain types of PPE difficult or impossible or requires Authorized Entrants to contort their
bodies while entering or exiting. An elevated, open, unprotected edge or portal may create
a fall hazard.
(iii) Size and shape of the space/vessel: Inwardly converging walls or a funnel-shaped discharge
can entrap an Authorized Entrant; congested or dark spaces can inhibit mobility or create
slip, trip, and fall hazards.
(iv) Products or processes in the space: Chemicals, thermal stress, noise, steam, pressurization,
mechanical equipment, operations, and other activities associated with the use of the space
can create hazards. Disturbing product residue during entry or work can release a
contaminant that produces a hazard not detected during pre-entry testing.
(v) Fixed equipment within the space: Piping systems, conduits, ducts, machinery, pressurized
lines, and fire suppression systems should be evaluated for potential hazards and locked
out/tagged out, tested, gas-freed, liquid-freed, steam-freed, vapor-freed, and/or inerted if
needed to reduce the risk.
(vi) Structures: Structural integrity shall be evaluated prior to use. Items that are susceptible to
degradation and physical damage include, but are not limited to, fixed ladders, floors, pipes,
anchor points, and supports.
(b) Introduced Hazards
Introduced hazards are those not normally associated with the space’s purpose or processes but
are brought into the space or adjoining area(s) deliberately or inadvertently. As part of the hazard
evaluation and risk assessment, the proposed actions of Authorized Entrants and the materials,
products, and techniques used to gain access, enter, inspect, clean, and/or repair a confined space
shall be carefully considered to ensure they do not introduce hazards. This also includes an
Confined Space
evaluation of work being performed in the area(s) immediately surrounding the space. Few
examples of introduced hazards include atmospheric hazards, chemical hazards, application and
drying of paints, chemical cleaners and coatings, compressed has hazards, hot works, electrical
hazards, slip, trip, fall and/or entanglement hazards.
(c) Adjacent Hazards
These are the hazards or other conditions that may exist in the area(s) surrounding the Confined
Space. Adjacent hazards may also involve other spaces that are in proximity to the entry site and
may pose significant hazards that need to be evaluated separately prior to entry. The examples of
adjacent hazards include the following:
(i) Adjacent spaces: Spaces, containers, and vessels that share a common wall; contact each
other in any way; or share a surrounding, cover, or use need to be assessed for possible
hazards or operation that may affect the subject space or vice versa (e.g., hot work,
compressed gases, machinery)
(ii) Adjacent work activities: Operations and work that are being performed in nearby spaces
shall be analyzed for effects or dangers posed to the subject entry.
7.4.2. RISK ASSESSMENT
(a) Conducting Risk Assessment

A risk assessment shall be performed prior to the commencement of the activity to determine the
measures to be taken to implement the control of risk. The risk assessment helps to:
(i) Identify the personnel at risk of exposure;
(ii) Determine the sources and processes causing the risk;
(iii) Identify that proper control measures shall be implemented; and
(iv) Assess the effectiveness of existing control measures.
It is the responsibility of the relevant Authority to carry out these risk assessments in conjunction
with personnel from within the area where the Confined Space work is to be carried out.
The personnel responsible for the work to be conducted in a Confined Space shall ensure that a
risk assessment is undertaken by a competent person before starting work.
The assessment shall be in writing and consider as a minimum the following:

(i) Exact work location;
(ii) Nature of the Confined Space;
(iii) Work required to be done;
(iv) Range of methods by which the work can be done;
(v) Hazards involved and their potential consequences;
(vi) Existing control measures ;
(vii) Actual method selected and the equipment that will be used; and
(viii) Emergency and rescue procedures.
When a Contractor is assigned to carry out work, the risk assessment shall be carried out jointly
by the Authority and the Contractor as per (i) to (viii) above.
(b) Reviewing of Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment shall be reviewed if there is any change in the work environment/conditions.
Confined Space
(c) Risk Factors

Aspects to consider when undertaking a risk assessment includes:
(i) Arrangements for rescue, first aid and resuscitation;
(ii) Number of persons to enter the Confined Space;
(iii) Number of persons required as CSE Observer(s) to maintain equipment essential for the
task, ensure adequate communication with and observation of the entrants and to properly
initiate rescue procedures;
(iv) All proposed activities and work procedures, particularly those that may cause a change in
the Confined Space conditions ;
(v) The need for adequate illumination;
(vi) Properties and nature of the substance last contained in the Confined Space;
(vii) Steps needed to bring the Confined Space to atmospheric pressure;
(viii) Atmospheric testing to be undertaken and the parameters to be assessed before the entry
permit is issued;
(ix) All hazards which may be encountered, such as entrapment;
(x) Status of fitness and training of those persons involved in Confined Space work;
(xi) Adequate instruction of those persons in any work procedure required particularly those
which are unusual or non-typical, including the use and limitations of any personal protective
equipment and mechanical or other equipment to be used; and
(xii) Availability and adequacy of appropriate Personal Protective Equipment, protective clothing
and rescue equipment for all persons likely to enter the Confined Space.
7.4.3. HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
The hierarchy of control is a systematic approach to managing safety in the workplace by providing a
structure to select the most effective control measures to eliminate or reduce the risk of certain hazards
that have been identified as being caused by the activities. While undertaking a risk assessment for the
activity, the following hierarchy of control shall be adopted. (Refer to Figure 7.4.1).
Figure 7.4.1: Hierarchy of Controls
Confined Space
(a) Elimination
This includes removing the hazard from the workplace. This is the most effective control measure
and shall always be considered before any other control measure. For example, redesign the job
or substitute a substance so that the hazard is removed or eliminated. If eliminating the hazard is
not reasonably practicable, then substitution, isolation, engineering and procedural control
measures, or a combination of these control measures to minimize the risk shall be considered.
(b) Substitution
Minimize the risk by substituting or replacing a hazard or hazardous work practice with a safer one.
For example, substituting hazardous process/chemicals with non-hazardous one in and around the
Confined Space.
(c) Isolate/Separate
Minimize the risk by isolating or separating the hazard or hazardous work practice from personnel.
For example, if liquids, gases or vapours could enter the Confined Space the pipe work shall be
physically isolated.
(d) Engineer
This includes engineering the control measures to minimize risk. These include using general and
local exhaust ventilation, inerting or purging the equipment. These will help to maintain a safe
atmospheric and comfortable work environment.
(e) Organization
This includes organization of personnel trainings and improving competencies for the assigned
task and ensuring effective communication among various parties involved in the assigned task.
(f) Procedures
This includes identification and implementation of documented procedures designed to conduct
the activity in safe manner. For example, reducing the time workers are exposed to hazards i.e. by
job rotation, prohibiting use of mobile phones in hazardous areas, providing hazard
communications, and performing risk assessments.
(g) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

PPE shall be used only after all the previous control measures have been assessed and found
ineffective in controlling risks to a reasonably practicable level. PPE is the last wall of defence in
the overall hierarchy of controls. For example, when entering a sewer system that has deep
standing water and sludge with pockets of methane and hydrogen sulphide. These hazards cannot
be eliminated by ventilation alone. If entry is deemed essential, fresh air supply, respiratory
protection and other control measures are absolutely necessary. ADNOC Group shall ensure that
the use of PPEs shall be in line with ADNOC PPE Standard [Ref. 18].
7.5. CONTROL MEASURES
7.5.1. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY DECISION MAKING
Confined Space entry shall be carried out based on the following conditions:
(i) Confined Space entry decision making shall be done as per the Confined Space entry
decision making flowchart provided in Appendix 1 of this Standard;
(ii) Risk assessment shall be conducted for all types of Confined Space entry activities to
determine necessary control measures to be established as part of the ADNOC PTW and
JSA Standard; [Ref. 12 & 13]
Confined Space
(iii) Atmospheric contaminants in the Confined Space shall be reduced to below the relevant
exposure standards;
(iv) Confined Space shall be free from extremes of temperature;
(v) Continuous gas monitoring shall be maintained for any Confined Space entry activity;
(vi) Rescue plan shall be in place before starting Confined Space entry activity (Refer Section
7.6.2);
(vii) Adequate access and ingress, ventilation and illumination shall be ensured before starting
the activity. The minimum recommended ventilation and illumination requirements are
provided under section 7.5.3 and 7.5.5;
(viii) The criteria and permitted limits for Confined Space entry with and without breathing
apparatus (BA) is provided below:
Table 7.5.1: Criteria and Permitted Limits for Confined Space Entry
Criteria and Permitted Limits for Confined Space Entry With and Without BA
Criteria Entry without BA Entry with BA
Oxygen content (%) 19.5% - 23.5% Less than 19.5 % [Ref. 8]
For reading greater than TLV

Toxicity
Less than TLV and less than one third (1/3)
Workplace Exposure Limits
of IDLH value
Less than 10% LEL for cold 10 to 20% LEL for cold work
Hydrocarbon Vapor
work only only
7.5.2. WORKING TIME AND NUMBER OF PEOPLE INSIDE CONFINED SPACE
There may be a need to limit the time-period that individuals are allowed to work in a Confined Space.
The duration of work and breaks inside Confined Space and number of people working inside will depend
on the Risk Assessment considering the following:
(i) Breathing Apparatus are in use;

(ii) Temperature / Humidity Conditions;
(iii) Size of the Confined Space;
(iv) Number of people working inside;
(v) Activity performed; and
(vi) Evacuation and Rescue Plan.
Note: It is recommended that the maximum work limit for the continuous work inside Confined Space
should not exceed more than 2 hours.
For any Confined Space entry logging or tally system shall be necessary to check everyone in and out
and to control duration of entry.
7.5.3. VENTILATION [REF. 1]
(a) General
Ventilation is used to supply adequate breathing quality air to an oxygen-deficient atmosphere or
a potential oxygen-deficient atmosphere, remove or control atmospheric contaminants, and control
Confined Space
temperature for comfort. However, in most confined space applications, supplying breathing air
and controlling atmospheric contaminants are the primary purpose of ventilation. Ventilation is used
to establish initial safe conditions (prior to initial entry) and may be necessary to maintain safe
conditions during entry where there is a potential for changing atmospheric conditions within a
space (e.g., presence of residues or hot work).
(b) Types of Ventilation
There are two types of Ventilation that can be used in Confined Space application i.e. Natural and
Mechanical.
(i) Natural ventilation: It is when the breathing quality air outside a confined space is allowed to
enter and mix with the atmosphere in a confined space through natural pressure differentials
without mechanical assistance. Natural ventilation shall only be used when a documented
hazard evaluation and risk assessment demonstrates that its use will naturally supply
adequate breathing quality air to control atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels
within the confined space.
(ii) Mechanical Ventilation. Mechanical ventilation is the use of one or more powered air-moving
devices (e.g., fan, blower, eductor) to either push air into or pull air out of a confined space
to create a slight vacuum that allows breathing quality air to enter and circulate in the space.
This process introduces breathing quality air, removes contaminants or mixes, and dilutes
contaminated air within a space. There are two types of mechanical ventilation: general (or
dilution) and local exhaust.
 General (Dilution) Ventilation: It can be achieved via the introduction of
breathing air into a confined space or by exhausting air from within the confined
space using powered air-moving devices, or a combination of both techniques.
 Local Exhaust Ventilation: The ventilation where air contaminants are captured
and removed by forced air current through hood and duct near the point of
emission and discharged to the atmosphere outside the workplace.
(c) General Consideration
As a minimum the following shall be adopted:
(i) Ensure the atmosphere is continuously monitored to ensure safe entry is maintained in
accordance with the entry conditions specified on the entry permit;
(ii) Ensure that the source of supply air is from a known contaminant-free location;
(iii) Where highly toxic contaminants are present in a confined space, different controls method
shall be determined to ensure the safety of Authorized Entrants (e.g., local exhaust, purging,
or inerting);
(iv) Determine the area or location where exhaust ventilation is discharged from the confined
space shall be tested or monitored to ensure contaminants are dissipating to the atmosphere
upon discharge and that contaminants do not create a hazard for workers outside the
confined space;
(v) The area or location where exhaust ventilation is discharged from the confined space is
located such that contaminants do not re-enter the space through the ventilation supply air
source shall be ensured;
(vi) Ensure the source for the makeup or replacement air is free of contaminants;
(vii) Ventilation equipment may generate and accumulate static electrical charges, so all
equipment used in the ventilation system shall be properly bonded and/or grounded
wherever a flammable or combustible contaminant exists within a confined space.
(d) Selection of Ventilation
It shall consider the following as part of the evaluation for identifying and selecting an appropriate
ventilation method for controlling a hazardous atmosphere within a confined space:
Confined Space
(i) Whether to use purging, inerting, or ventilation;

(ii) The size and configuration of the confined space, including the number and location of
openings that can be used for ventilation and Authorized Entrant ingress and egress;
(iii) The capacity requirements for selected ventilation equipment;
(iv) If the confined space was used to store or contain one or more hazardous materials;
(v) The current use of the confined space, which might contribute to the existence of hazards
within the space;
(vi) Whether work processes in or adjacent to the space could introduce atmospheric hazards
into the confined space;
(vii) The type of ventilation equipment available.
(e) Design Consideration for Ventilation
The Competent person should use supply ventilation when ventilating a Confined Space to return
atmospheric conditions to normal oxygen levels or to maintain safe atmospheric concentrations
within the acceptable range. There are situations where the use exhaust ventilation instead of
supply ventilation may be envisaged. Examples of these types of situations include, but are not
limited to, the following:
(i) When controlling highly toxic atmospheric contaminants;
(ii) When gases or vapors are above the upper explosive limit;
(iii) When friable asbestos is present in the space.
As a minimum the following considerations shall be adopted:
(i) It shall be ensured that supply ventilation is only used when a clean source of makeup or
return air is available. If compressed air is used in the ventilation system as a power source
(e.g., in a pneumatic system) or as a source of supply air, it shall meet the requirements for
Grade D air as per CGA Table 7.1 [Ref. 10];
(ii) It shall be ensured that supply ventilation is evaluated so that sufficient air flow reaches the
most distant point within the confined space where Authorize Entrants will be present or
working;
(iii) Exhaust ventilation shall be cleaned or collected wherever it might endanger workers outside
the confined space and in accordance with applicable environmental regulations;
(iv) Exhaust ventilation shall only use air-moving devices approved for use in a hazardous or
classified location when controlling flammable atmospheric contaminants.
(f) Requirement of Air Changes Per Hour (ACPH)
Based upon the volume of the confined space, the capacity of the air-moving device(s), and the
nature of the hazardous atmosphere within the space, the competent person shall determine the
required time for a single air change and the number of air changes that are necessary to ensure
a stable atmosphere within the confined space. The required time and volume of air should be
based upon the ventilation equipment manufacturer’s recommendation.
The time taken for a single air change can be calculated by the knowing the volume of the space
and the capacity of air moving device by the following equation:
ܸ
ܶൌ
ܳ
Where:
T = time (min)
V = volume (m3)
Q = volumetric flowrate (m3/min)
Confined Space
Note: Regardless of the calculated ACPH, a critical issue is whether clean air is actually reaching
areas in the space where workers are located, or those locations where dilution or evacuation of
contaminants is otherwise essential - for example, to prevent a flammable or toxic concentration.
The Competent person shall thoroughly investigate whether the specific Confined Space raises
this concern and ensure it is addressed.
7.5.4. STATIC ELECTRICITY
All sources of static discharges shall be excluded if there is a risk of a flammable or explosive atmosphere
in the Confined Space. All conducting items, such as steel trunking and airlines shall be bonded and
effectively earthed.
If cleaning operations are to be carried out, the risks posed by the use or presence of high resistivity
materials, such as synthetic plastics, shall be assessed.
There is a risk of electro-static discharge from some equipment used for steam or water jetting. Static
discharges can also arise from clothing containing cotton or wool. Consider the need for safer alternative
equipment and anti-static footwear and clothing.
7.5.5. PORTABLE TOOLS AND LIGHTING
Job Performer shall ensure that electrical and mechanical equipment used in confined spaces is approved,
listed, labeled, and authorized in accordance to manufacturer’s recommendation for its intended use. All
approved equipment, including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected by a qualified person
prior to use to be sure that it is in safe operating condition:
(i) Lighting (low voltage and/or approved);

(ii) Communication equipment, including approved cell phones, pagers, and two-way radios;
(iii) Battery-operated tools;
(iv) Ventilation equipment and systems;
(v) Portable electric and pneumatic tools;
(vi) Welding and cutting equipment;
(vii) Mechanical equipment;
(viii) Extension cords;
(ix) Compressors, pumps, and hoses;
(x) Lifting equipment, including hoists, pulleys, and ropes;
(xi) Rescue equipment.
If the atmosphere inside a Confined Space is classified as hazardous, normal 240V/110V electrical
lighting and portable tools shall not be used. Only air-driven tools may be used and no tools with the
potential to produce sparks shall be allowed, e.g. grinders or needle guns.
The following specific requirements shall apply for temporary lighting used in Confined Space:
(i) Air driven flameproof lights or certified battery powered torches shall be used where the
Confined Space has not been declared gas free. Lights shall be Zone 1 certified. Earthing
of electrical equipment shall also be considered to prevent static build-up and discharge.
(ii) For Confined Spaces, which have been certified gas free but where flammable residues may
remain, the temporary lighting shall be as per (i) above; or extra low voltage (24V AC)
portable lighting equipment, approved for use in a Zone 1 area.
Confined Space
(iii) Where the Confined Space has been cleaned of all flammable residues and certified gas
free or is a Confined Space by virtue of restricted access alone and there has never been
the possibility of it containing a flammable atmosphere, standard low voltage industrial
lighting may be used.
Additional requirements shall include:
(i) Ensuring the supply cables to the transformers, for extra low voltage portable lights are
supported above ground and the transformers never taken inside the Confined Space.
(ii) Ensuring all equipment and tools are carefully selected bearing in mind the conditions and
risk where it will be used.
(iii) All equipment which will be used inside the Plant areas shall be inspected and approved by
ADNOC Group. After inspection and approval stickers shall be provided on equipment.
(iv) Adequate lighting including emergency lighting (in case of failure of power to the main lights)
to be provided.
(v) A minimum illumination level of 200 Lux should be provided depending on the level of
precision of the job to be carried out inside the Confined Space and illumination level to be
increased based on Risk Assessment.
(vi) Lighting equipment needs to be protected against impacts and be waterproof. Temporary
lights shall be equipped with guards to prevent accidental contact with the bulb, except when
the construction of the reflector is such that the bulb is deeply recessed.
(vii) Temporary lights shall be equipped with heavy-duty electric cords with connections and
insulation maintained in safe condition.
(viii) Temporary lights may not be suspended by their electric cords unless cords and lights are
designed for this means of suspension. Splices shall have insulation equal to that of a cable.
(ix) The position of the lighting with regard to facilitating work, normal entry and egress and
emergency evacuation and rescue shall also be considered. Particular attention shall be
paid to the protection of cables passing through doors and entry points.
(x) Mechanical equipment may need securing against free rotation, especially where people
tread or lean on it and risk falling or becoming trapped
7.5.6. ACCESS AND EGRESS
The access and exit to/from the Confined Space shall be unobstructed.
Suitable means to prevent access shall be in place when there is no need for anyone to be in Confined
Space. The Work Management System (WMS) shall include a check that all persons have left the
Confined Space prior to “boxing-up” operations, particularly where the Confined Space is extensive,
complex or has multiple exits.
Warning notices shall be posted, and physical barriers shall be placed at the point of entry to prevent
unauthorized access to the Confined Spaces. Warning signs used in Confined Space shall be in line with
ADNOC Hazard Communication Standard. [Ref. 19]
(a) Size of Confined Space Openings

Experience has shown that the minimum size of opening to allow access with full rescue facilities
including self-contained breathing apparatus is 0.575 m (22.6 in) diameter. Good industry practice
is to use a minimum manhole size of 0.6 m (23.6 in) diameter. This minimum size shall be
incorporated into the design of all new plant. In some cases, the openings of Confined Spaces may
need to be larger.
Confined Space
Existing plant may have narrower openings and it will therefore be necessary to check that a person
wearing suitable equipment can safely and readily pass through such openings. Choice of airline
breathing apparatus in such cases offers a more compact alternative to bulkier self-contained
apparatus. Examples of commonly occurring narrower openings include tank containers and road
tank wagons.
The size and number of access and egress points shall be assessed individually, dependent upon
the activities carried out and the number of personnel involved. Large-scale evacuations shall need
larger openings to prevent bottlenecks. Top openings to vessels and tanks, etc., shall be avoided,
due to difficulties of access and rescue. Bottom or low manholes are preferable but shall still require
access platforms. Where access and egress is difficult, temporary openings shall be provided.
In certain cases, for example sewers, pipes, culverts, small tunnels and shafts, where the critical
entry dimensions extend over a significant length or height, different minimum size criteria apply.
No person should normally enter extended spaces smaller than 0.9 m high and 0.6 m wide. Even
this minimum size may be, in some circumstances, too small for reliance on a WMS alone and
additional measures may be needed. For example, if there is a long distance between access
points, then structural alterations to improve access may be required.
In the case of a shaft containing a ladder or step irons, a minimum of 0.9 m clear space shall be
available between the ladder/steps and the back of the shaft.
The above restrictions on personnel entry into openings to Confined Spaces apply equally to
restrictions within the Confined Space itself.
7.5.7. PYROPHORIC SUBSTANCES
A pyrophoric substance ignites spontaneously in air at ambient temperatures. The most commonly found
Pyrophoric Substance in ADNOC Group sites is Pyrophoric Iron Sulphide (PIS).
The reaction of H2S with various types of rust (Iron Oxides FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4…. etc.) in the absence of
air produces different type of iron sulphides (FeS, FeS2, Fe3S4…. etc.) that are pyrophoric. In addition to
formation of PIS from rust, gas plants also have iron sulphide called “Greigite” Fe3S4 that comes along
with feed gas.
It is safer to generalise that any equipment that handles H2S will have PIS.
All equipment / vessels that are suspected to have pyrophoric substances shall be tagged with the
warning sign. Warning sign’s shall be in line with ADNOC Hazard Communication Standard. [Ref. 19].
The warning sign’s material shall be high temperature resistant.
The symbol for pyrophoric hazard is depicted below in Figure 7.5.1.
Figure 7.5.1: Pyrophoric Hazard Symbol - Image Courtesy Princeton University
Hot work of any nature and power tools that produce heat are not allowed inside equipment / columns
unless PIS is removed or neutralized. Column internals and packings should be removed prior to external
Confined Space
heat treatment of equipment and inert the inside atmosphere.
Man entry in to packed columns and equipment, where PIS accumulation is anticipated, is allowed only
after removal / neutralization of PIS.
Man entry into other columns/ vessels/ equipment is allowed only when all of the following conditions are
met:
(i) All surfaces should be continuously sprayed with water fog;
(ii) Continuous monitoring of LEL, O2 and SO2 inside the vessel;
(iii) Risk assessment performed for all the activities inside.
Removal of Pyrophoric Substances
Depending upon the task and type of equipment, the appropriate method of PIS removal or treatment
shall be followed. Some suggested methods are:
(i) Water fog that keeps surfaces wet. (This does not remove the PIS deposits, instead it cools
the exposed surfaces and slows down the oxidation reaction);
(ii) Chemical dissolution of Iron Sulphide (Acid Cleaning);
(iii) Controlled oxidation using oxidizers (e.g.: Potassium Permanganate Solution);
(iv) Treatment with proprietary chemicals.
7.5.8. NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS (NORMS)
Hazard of presence of naturally occurring radioactive materials in Confined Space shall be identified and
evaluated.
The following measures shall be considered as a minimum:
(i) All personnel and equipment exiting a vessel should be subjected to NORM contamination
survey;
(ii) Follow-up with the risk assessment controls;
(iii) Identify the PPEs required; [Ref. 18]
(iv) Identify the presence of controls to mitigate the exposure;
(v) Personnel or equipment found to be contaminated should be segregated and
decontaminated.
7.5.9. INERT GAS CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
One of the most dangerous Confined Space entry is when an inert atmosphere is present. Inert or “non-
reactive” atmosphere are used to displace oxygen and other reactive gases when the presence of that
gas presents an explosion risk to either the process being performed or the compounds being stored.
Some examples of inert process applications include the transportation of flammable cargo, catalytic
processes in the petrochemical refining industry and welding operations. The most commonly used inert
gas is nitrogen though other including “post-combustion” gases are sometimes used with the objective of
reducing the atmospheric presence of oxygen. The activities performed in such situations shall have the
following minimum considerations:
(i) Inerting shall be adopted when it is impossible to gas free below 20% LEL and/or presence
of pyrophoric substances;
Confined Space
(ii) Personnel engaged in inert entry operations, including Performing Authority, Authorized
Entrants, CSE Observers, Rescuers and others should be trained, experienced, and
qualified in this specific activity;
(iii) Authorized Entrants shall require to use approved supplied air respirators with an escape
cylinder or SCBAs for entry into inert atmospheres. It is critical that respirators worn in inert
environments be securely fastened to the face since even a small breach in a standard
facepiece seal will expose the entrant to a fatal environment;
(iv) Oxygen concentration in the inert Confined Space shall not exceed 5%. At the man way,
flammable gases shall be below 100% LEL;
(v) Continuous oxygen monitoring shall be ensured and the Authorized Entrant shall be alerted
to evacuate the Confined Space if the oxygen level inside is exceeded. An audio-visual
oxygen alarm set at 5% is recommended which should be carried in a way that Authorized
Entrant is able to see or feel or hear the alarm while wearing the breathing apparatus;
(vi) CSE Observer and others outside the Confined Space shall wear respiratory protection if
the effluent from the Confined Space contaminates the air. Warning boards and tape
barricade shall be displayed showing ‘Nitrogen Purging’ or ‘Contaminated Air’ text written in
red color to stop entry within contaminated area;
(vii) Independent sources of air with low pressure alarm and escape cylinders attached to the
waist of the people shall be provided;
(viii) Only N2 driven power tools shall be used;
(ix) Whenever inerting is performed, the atmosphere within 35 ft (10.7 m) outside of the opening
shall be tested as determined by the Performing Authority to be sure it is safe for breathing.
In outside environments, humidity, wind direction, and wind speed and extend the testing
area shall be considered, if necessary; [Ref. 1]
(x) A means to rescue shall be well explained and implemented in Emergency Rescue Plan.
7.5.10. POSITIVE (MECHANICAL) ISOLATION REQUIREMENT
Prior to entry into a Confined Space, the equipment shall be positively isolated, emptied, cleaned and
gas freed as necessary. As a part of PTW process and permit pack validation, Area Authority (or delegate)
shall ensure that appropriate isolation certificates have been identified for the work scope. Area Authority
shall then direct the isolation requirements to the concerned Isolating Authorities (ISA). The Isolating
Authority (ISA) shall be responsible for preparation for Isolation requirement i.e. identifying the
appropriate isolation method and corresponding de-isolation requirement.
Positive (Mechanical) Isolation shall always be used for work involving Confined Space entry.
For illustration purposes, Figure 7.5.2 below is provided and any further details on Positive (Mechanical)
Isolation can be found in ADNOC Energy Isolation Standard. [Ref. 14]
Figure 7.5.2: Positive (Mechanical) Isolation Method
Confined Space
7.6. ATMOSPHERIC TESTING FOR CONFINED SPACES
Atmospheric Testing shall be performed by trained, certified and Authorized Gas Testers (AGT) to ensure
that the atmosphere within that space is suitable to support human occupancy. The training and
certification provided to Authorized Gas Testers shall be in line with the requirements of OPITO or
equivalent standards and shall cover the technical requirement of ADNOC standard.
Where the atmosphere in the Confined Space may be contaminated, there should be a regular monitoring
to check that there is no change in air quality. Before work starts, all analyses of the atmosphere shall be
recorded on the atmospheric gas test form linked to the permit / Confined Space Entry Certificate. The
Area Authority shall be informed if the results are outside the predefined limits, and work shall not
commence without the necessary mitigation actions in place.
The Gas Test Monitoring is performed for the following two distinct purposes:
(i) Pre-entry testing

(ii) Continuous monitoring within the Confined Space
7.6.1. PRE-ENTRY TESTING
The atmosphere of a confined space shall be tested for all potential hazardous atmospheric contaminants.
The appropriate atmospheric testing equipment shall be used to determine that the atmospheric
concentrations at the time of entry are within the range of acceptable entry conditions as mentioned in
ADNOC Permit to Work Standard [Ref. 12].
(a) Testing Procedures and Considerations

An AGT shall be appointed to test the atmosphere of a Confined Space before entry by any person
into the confined space. The mandatory steps to be taken before and when gas testing is
conducted are as follows:
(i) Determine equipment type for the gas testing;

(ii) Determine if the atmosphere can be tested at all depths before entry;
(iii) All portable gas monitors used for confined space atmospheric monitoring shall be turned
on and zeroed by the AGT;
(iv) The AGT shall zero the gas monitor in a known clean-air environment according to the
manufacturer’s recommendation and instructions;
(v) All portable gas monitoring equipment used for confined space atmospheric monitoring shall
be bump tested and calibrated;
(vi) If atmospheric monitoring is done from outside the confined space, initial testing should be
performed with all ventilation controls turned off to ensure testing of a static atmosphere and
to determine the background gas concentration levels in the event that ventilation fails during
entry. However, after initial testing is completed, the atmosphere shall be continuously
monitored with the ventilation controls turned on if ventilation is necessary as a means to
mitigate the hazard;
(vii) If the confined space has not been opened or the atmosphere is not immediately accessible
for testing, then it shall be opened just enough to allow insertion of a probe for testing. Any
potential hazard including, but not limited to, pressure and electric shock shall be eliminated,
mitigated, or controlled prior to opening the space. Some manhole covers may have a small
opening or an existing fitting or connection to allow the insertion of a sampling hose;
1. If the entrance to the confined space can be affected by wind or ambient air flow, the
AGT shall remain on the upwind side of the entrance;
Confined Space
2. The purpose of testing before completely opening the confined space is to prevent
the creation of an immediately hazardous atmosphere either inside or outside the
confined space, or to prevent dilution of the atmosphere inside the space with outside
air, and to protect the personnel outside the space.
(viii) If entry into the confined space is required to test the entire area, the Gas Tester shall be
equipped with all appropriate PPE (e.g., breathing air, harness, lifeline);
(ix) The AGT shall document their initial results, including all gas readings, and sign the PTW,
which indicates the date and time of the gas test and the serial number of the gas monitor
used to perform the test;
(x) If any results from the gas testing exceeds the acceptable limits for entry required by the
PTW, all work within the Confined Space shall be ceased and the space shall be evacuated
immediately;
(xi) Brief all persons concerned on the hazards to be expected, their limit values and action
needed when instrument alarm comes on;
(xii) Brief all persons concerned on the emergency procedure, key contacts and assembly point;
(xiii) Evacuate everyone in the confined space immediately whenever an atmospheric hazard is
detected during entry, while working or when re-tests are done. Re-evaluate the space
thoroughly to determine if the dynamics in it has changed drastically. It is important to take
all required measures before any re-entry is to take place.
(b) Sequence for Testing
Before any person enters the space, the internal atmosphere shall be tested, with a calibrated
direct-reading instrument, for the following conditions in the order given below as per the
requirement mentioned in ADNOC Permit to Work Standard [Ref. 12].
(i) Oxygen content;
(ii) Flammable gases and vapors;
(iii) Potential toxic air contaminants.
(c) Response Time
When performing gas testing before entry, it is important to establish the equipment type to be
used. It is important to pre-inspect the accessories to ensure that they are of the right material and
are functioning properly. It is always essential to conduct leak tests on the sampling hose and clean
it by purging it with fresh air before each gas test.
Depending on the make or models from the gas detection equipment manufacturers, it is critical
for the measurement values for each atmospheric hazard monitored to be in accordance to the
response time of the gas testing instruments.
The response time normally used by gas detection equipment manufacturers is referred to as t90.
This is the time it will take for the sensor to read 90% of the target gas concentration in the
atmosphere. This means that the time it takes for the sensor to read the full concentration will be
much longer than the t90 time. It is therefore extremely important to build in a safety margin to
ensure that the reading of the gas concentration is correct. For example, if the gas detection
instrument is used in the diffusion mode for horizontal entry, it is recommended to time the entry in
accordance to the response time with the safety factor so that the device has sufficient time to react
to 100% of the gases in that space before the entrant proceeds to the next location.
Confined Space
(d) Different Depths

It is important that the AGT understands and takes into account the geometry of the Confined
Space and the physical properties of the gases to be monitored. These gases could be found
stratified at different levels or locations of the confined space (Refer Figure 7.6.1).
Figure 7.6.1: Gas Test at Different Depths - Image Courtesy WSH Council
7.6.2. CONTINUOUS MONITORING WITHIN THE CONFINED SPACE
Even when the confined space is tested and certified safe for any person to enter, at least one person in
a group working in the same vicinity shall be equipped with suitable instrument for measuring oxygen,
combustible and the identified toxic contaminants. The monitoring of gas shall consider the following
criteria:
(i) Oxygen content is between 19.5 percent and 23.5 percent [Ref. 6].
(ii) Flammable gases and vapors are below 5 percent of the LEL of the material involved [Ref.
6].
(iii) Potential toxic air contaminants are at or below one-half the OEL - typically the action level
- as determined by the written confined space entry certificate [Ref. 1].
7.7. PURGING
When a Confined Space is known to contain hazardous contaminants, it is crucial to purge the space
adequately before any entry.
Purging of a Confined Space shall be conducted before any entry and the purpose to remove any existing
contaminants by displacing the hazardous atmosphere with another medium such as:
(i) Air;
(ii) Water;
(iii) Steam; or
(iv) Inert Gases.
The choice of a suitable medium will depend on factors such as nature of the contaminants and their
concentrations. The amount of time that is required to remove the contaminants is dependent on the
concentration of the contaminants and the capacity of the air moving devices used.
Responsibility shall be delegated to a specific individual if a constant purge of fresh air is required. Before
removing access devices (manhole covers, plates, etc.)
(i) All conditions making removal hazardous shall be eliminated;
Confined Space
(ii) Openings shall be guarded to prevent both accidental falls and foreign objects entering the
Confined Space.
7.7.1. PURGING APPLICATIONS AND DESIGN
(i) The purging method and time shall be determined by the assigned competent person based
contaminant characteristics, configuration of the confined space, specifications of the
ventilation equipment and the entry of work objective;
(ii) When purging is required to safely enter a Confined Space (e.g. Storage Tank) that
previously contained a flammable liquid, it is important to reduce the potential for fire or
explosion. The Competent person shall purge the confined space with an inert gas to reduce
the oxygen level. The Job Performer shall ensure the inert gas valve is secured to prevent
tampering with the gas flow during entry operations. A sign warning of the hazards arising
due inert atmospheres shall be posted as per ADNOC Hazard Communication Standard
[Ref. 19];
(iii) When an inert gas purge is used to displace flammable vapors that are within or exceed the
flammable range, the inert gas shall be introduced by the Competent person into the space
and maintained until the flammable vapor concentration has been reduced to approximately
20 percent of the LEL value for the gas or vapor present within the space [Ref. 1];
(iv) Once the flammable vapor concentration has been lowered to a safe level, the Competent
person can then introduce fresh air to displace the remaining flammable vapors and to
increase the oxygen content within the confined space to ambient fresh-air levels;
(v) While monitoring atmospheric conditions during the inerting process, the AGT shall be aware
that the flammable vapor concentrations in the inerted atmosphere cannot be detected by
catalytic bead–type sensors, and the testing equipment manufacturer shall be consulted to
determine any necessary steps to collect accurate measurements;
(vi) The Competent person shall purge the confined space with an inert gas wherever hot work
will be performed in or adjacent to a confined space that has not been thoroughly cleaned
and freed of flammable gases, vapors, and residues in accordance with the safe work
practices specified in NFPA 51B [Ref. 2];
(vii) The Performing Authority shall warn all personnel performing work near confined spaces
that have been inerted that the inert gas might displace the oxygen in localized areas near
the space and create unsafe levels of oxygen. The warning shall take the form of a barricade
or similar visual notification that identifies the inerting location and the hazards presented by
the operation. The warning signs shall be as per ADNOC Hazard Communication Standard
[Ref. 19].
7.8. USE OF DIRECT READING PORTABLE GAS MONITORS (DRPGM)
Although continuous monitoring of the atmosphere within a Confined Space has always been considered
a best practice; it is difficult and often impractical to implement. These detectors are ideal for use in small,
confined or moving areas where a fixed instrument is impossible to install. It shall be used in places where
ventilation is highly limited, compact and movable gas detectors have sensitive sensors that can detect
gas leaks, lack of oxygen, and toxic gases. It is thereby mandated to calibrate and carry out proper
maintenance of the instruments.
A bump test and the status of calibration shall be checked before every use of portable gas monitors in
accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation. Records of device testing and maintenance shall
be kept for verification and audit purposes.
Confined Space
7.8.1. BUMP TESTING
Bump testing is the only way to ensure proper sensor and alarm functionality. A bump test is defined as
the process of briefly exposing sensors in a gas detector to an expected concentration of gas that is
greater than the alarm set points. The purpose of the bump test is to check for sensor and alarm
functionality. However, it does not check for accuracy. It is important to note that accuracy is ensured
through calibration, which is a completely different process than bump testing.
The bump test shall be done before each day of use and according to manufacturer’s recommendation.
Any gas monitor that fails to respond properly during a functional bump test shall be sent for
troubleshooting or further maintenance as required.
7.8.2. CALIBRATION
Calibration is a quantitative test utilizing a known traceable concentration of test gas to demonstrate that
the sensor(s) and alarms respond to the gas within manufacturer’s acceptable limits. It is the adjustment
of the baseline and sensitivity of the sensor/electronics circuit, that is, it is based on an exposure to a
known gas in which the sensor/instrument is adjusted to that concentration.
Calibrations are required on a periodic basis. All sensors regardless of the operational principle, will drift
over a period of time and require adjustments. Sensors may also experience drift after an over-exposure
to the targeted gas, or after exposure to extreme environmental conditions, after a severe physical jolt,
or if a Function Test produces a less than satisfactory result. It is important to observe the response times
of the sensors, the stability of the sensor signal, and the recovery times of the sensors during this period.
The calibration interval for each of these sensors from the different makers of the instruments may be
different. The frequency of calibration shall be governed as per the manufacturer’s recommendation as
indicated in the instruction manual for the routine test and re-calibration interval.
7.9. PPE AND RPE
The requirements (type, use etc.) for PPE, RPE shall be identified during the preparation of Risk
Assessment. All personnel accessing to H2S classified area (Red, Amber, Yellow) shall have personal
gas monitor and shall carry PPE as required. [Ref. 18]
When selecting PPE / RPE and Breathing Apparatus consideration shall be given to potential effects on
communication and on emergency evacuation while working inside the Confined Space.
The wearing of PPE and / or RPE and breathing apparatus can contribute to heat stress. Cooling air shall
be required for protective suits. Where relevant, the effect of elevated temperature on the PPE / RPE and
breathing apparatus performance shall be considered, particularly the risk of distortion of components
such as visors, air hoses and crimped connections.
Where it is not practicable to provide a safe oxygen level, or atmospheric contaminants cannot be reduced
to safe levels, the Authorized Person shall ensure that no person enters the Confined Space, unless they
are equipped with suitable PPE, including air supplied RPE.
PPE should only be used as a last resort when all of the other control measures (singly or in combination)
have failed to adequately control the risk.
Confined Space
7.10. PREPARATION AND ISSUING OF PERMIT TO WORK
7.10.1. ISSUING WORK PERMIT
After the review of the risk assessment, and confirmation of the availability of the required supporting
certificates which are a proof of the creation of safe working conditions, the PTW Issuer shall provide
written approval, in the form of Permit to Work, prior to work in a Confined Space being performed.
(a) Responsibility for Permit to Work Issuer

The PTW Issuer shall ensure that no person enters the Confined Space without a work permit and
that the:
(i) Work permit and supporting certificates which include any precautions or instructions
necessary for safe entry and execution of the work are issued and the required precautions
are implemented;
(ii) Work permit and supplementary documentation are provided to the person responsible for
the direct control of the work in the Confined Space;
(iii) A CSE Observer is appointed who understand their responsibility through an adequate
training and will record the entry /exit of the personnel from the Confined Space using
Confined Space entry/exit log sheet;
(iv) If required person responsible for the control of ventilation equipment is appointed who is
competent to perform the task; and
(v) Persons involved in the work are advised of, understand and comply with the contents of the
Permit to Work and supporting documentation.
(b) Completing the Work Permit
The PTW Issuer should be responsible for ensuring the work permit and supplementary
documentation is completed.
The following areas and actions should be considered as a basis for a work permit:
(i) Location and description of the work to be done;
(ii) Hazards that may be encounter;
(iii) Atmospheric conditions;
(iv) Working conditions;
(v) Clothing and equipment;
(vi) Personnel;
(vii) Other precautions; and
(viii) Emergency precautions
The points mentioned above are elaborated below:
(i) Atmospheric conditions
1. Oxygen level;
2. Flammability or explosive levels;
3. Atmospheric contaminant levels;
4. Temperature and humidity;
5. Radiation levels; and
6. Continuing review of ventilation and atmospheric conditions.
Confined Space
(ii) Working conditions

1. Awareness that conditions (physical or chemical) may change and may need
continuous review;
2. The possibility of heat stress from task-generated heat, ambient temperature or the
effect of wearing protective clothing; and
3. The likely levels of noise within the Confined Space.
(iii) Working equipment
1. Types of equipment and clothing required for the task;
2. Need for respiratory protective device;
3. Need for safety harness and line;
4. Need for emergency lighting, such as a torch; and
5. Means of communication.
(iv) Personnel
The number of persons to enter the Confined Space and operation of essential equipment
1. Rescue Personnel Responsibility; and

2. Adequacy of personnel training requirements and understanding of the hazards.
(v) Other precautions
1. Defining and signposting the Confined Space or barricading;
2. Prohibition of smoking or naked flame within the Confined Space or surrounding areas;
and
3. Communication between standby personnel and backup personnel.
(vi) Emergency precautions
1. Emergency procedures established;
2. Provision and location of rescue equipment, including emergency services;
3. Location of first aid equipment; and
4. Provision of firefighting equipment.
(vii) No entry without CSE Observer
It shall be ensured that where the risk assessment indicates a risk to health and safety, no
person enters the Confined Space unless the CSE Observer is present outside the Confined
Space. They shall ensure that any CSE Observer understands the actions to be taken in an
emergency.
(viii) CSE Observer Replacement

Any change/replacement of the CSE Observer shall be authorized by the PTW Issuer.
(ix) Constant Communication and Observation
Communication, and where practicable, observation between those in the Confined Space
and the CSE Observer should be constantly maintained.
Communication can be achieved, dependent on the conditions existing in the Confined
Space, in a number of ways, including:
1. Voice;
Confined Space
2. Radio;
3. Hand signals; and
4. Other appropriate means, for example, where visual or oral communication is not
possible, a system of rope signals could be devised.
Microwave, long wave or low frequency radio equipment can be used in some Confined
Spaces where normal radio is unsuitable.
(x) Prevention of Entry through Signs and Barricades
The Permit Issuer, prior to any person entering a Confined Space, and during any occupancy
of the Confined Space, shall ensure appropriate signs and protective barriers are erected to
prevent entry of persons not involved in the work.
(xi) Appropriate Work Equipment
All equipment used shall be suitable for the work being performed, and should include where
necessary, equipment for:
1. Personal protection;
2. Rescue;
3. First aid; and
4. Fire suppression.
Personal protective equipment and rescue equipment should be selected and fitted to suit
the individual performing the work.
(xii) Respiratory Protective Devices
Suitable air supplied respiratory protective devices complying with ADNOC PPE Standard
[Ref. 18] shall be worn where the:
1. Results of the assessment or monitoring indicate that a safe atmosphere cannot be
established or may not be maintained; and
2. Nature of the work procedure within the Confined Space is likely to degrade or
contaminate the atmosphere in the Confined Space, such as hot work, painting or
removal of sludge.
(xiii) Rescue of Unconscious Worker
Removal of unconscious person from a Confined Space is extremely difficult. The use of
hand-operated lifting equipment should be considered, and where appropriate, be onsite
before entry to the Confined Space is permitted.
(xiv) Portable electrical equipment
All portable electrical equipment shall be:
1. Connected individually or collectively, to an earth-free, extra low voltage supply from

an isolating transformer. The transformer shall be located outside of the Confined
Space;
2. Protected through a residual current device. The device shall be located outside of
the Confined Space; and
(xv) Supply cable and tools

All electrical equipment shall be fitted with a flexible supply cable, not inferior to a heavy duty
type. The cables shall be located, suspended or guarded to minimize accidental damage.
Confined Space
Where available, it is recommended that double-insulated electrical tools be used.

(xvi) Flammable Hazards - Ignition Sources
Where a flammable atmosphere is likely to exist, precautions shall be taken to eliminate all
sources of ignition.
(xvii) Gas Cylinders

No cylinders of compressed or liquified gas, other than those used for self-contained
breathing apparatus, shall be taken into Confined Space.
The compressed or liquified gas supply to equipment in the Confined Space shall be turned
off at the cylinder valve when not in use. These gas cylinders shall be secured.
Hoses supplying gas-operated equipment used in a Confined Space shall be:
1. Tested for leaks prior to installation; and
2. Located, suspended or otherwise guarded to avoid accidental damage.
7.10.2. MONITORING OF CONFINED SPACE
The monitoring of Confined Space activity shall be conducted by the CSE Observer, Job Performer and
PTW Issuer who issued supporting certificate of Confined Space in the following time frame:
(a) CSE Observer

Continuously monitoring the Confined Space activity with constant communication with Confined
Space Authorized Entrants and closely watching for any emergency scenario that can occur inside
or outside the Confined Space.
(b) PTW Issuer
Regularly monitoring the Confined Space activities and the conditions / controls required to execute
the work activities inside the Confined Space as agreed and mentioned in the valid PTW form.
(c) Job Performer
Continuously monitoring the Confined Space activity and the status of control measures applied to
execute the Confined Space activities in safe manner.
7.11. EMERGENCY AND RESCUE REQUIREMENTS
Emergency Response arrangements shall be considered in the activity Risk Assessment.
The emergency procedure shall cover:
(i) Rescue and Resuscitation equipment;

(ii) Raising the alarm and rescue;
(iii) Safeguarding the rescuer;
(iv) Fire Safety;
(v) Control of Plant;
(vi) First Aid; and
Confined Space
(vii) Training.
7.11.1. RESCUE TEAM
Based on risk assessment, a suitably trained rescue team with adequate equipment may be required to
be available for Confined Space work. As a minimum, rescue teams shall be available when hazards
which are likely to result in fatal or very serious injury cannot be removed or eliminated, e.g.:
(i) Lines containing fluid or gas entering a Confined Space cannot be completely isolated with
at least the safety integrity of double block and bleed or blinds;
(ii) Full-volume gas testing cannot take place from outside the Confined Space and the tester
needs to enter the space; or
(iii) Breathing apparatus is required by those working in the Confined Space.
Note: The decision on whether the rescue team and their equipment are permanently present during the
work in the Confined Space or just on stand-by (so they can attend in a suitable time if needed) shall be
based on the risk assessment of the work.
The Rescue team shall respond immediately to rescue calls from the Fire and CSE Observer or any other
person recognizing a need for rescue from Confined Space. The Rescue team shall be trained to perform
the assigned rescue functions, in particular the proper use of rescue equipment and precautions
necessary to project the rescuers themselves. The rescue equipment will often include lifelines, lifting
equipment, additional sets of Breathing Apparatus and First aid equipment. Sufficient personnel trained
in first aid shall be readily available until professional medical team arrives to the location.
The emergency in the Confined Space can be communicated in a number of ways such as tug of a rope,
audible alarm, and high intensity flashing lights and by radio.
7.11.2. RESCUE PLAN
Rescue plans are identified as an outcome of risk assessments. Rescue plans shall cover the following:
(i) Whether a rescue team is permanently present whilst the Confined Space work is being
performed, or just on stand-by;
(ii) Which rescue team personnel need to be readily available, and what PPE they require;
(iii) What emergency and rescue equipment is required and where it is located, for example
respirators, fire extinguishers, first aid, back-up lighting/torches, rescue lines and retrieval
tripods.
Note: Members of rescue teams shall be involved in risk assessments and developing rescue plans.
Types of Rescue Plan are explained below:
(a) Self-Rescue
(i) Is prohibited if the Confined Space entry requires an Attendant; and
(ii) Is prohibited if the Performing Authority determines that Authorized Entrants would be
impaired from exiting the space without aid.
(b) Entry Rescue
(i) Rescuers shall be positioned at the job site for various operations until the Post-Cleaning
Certification has been issued;
(ii) The treatment of an injury shall begin within 3-4 minutes of the accident. [Ref. 7]. The entry
rescuer shall be capable of reaching the victim within the stipulated time;
Confined Space
(iii) Rescue services shall be provided with information sufficient for the development of a rescue
plan that includes at a minimum: Confined Space configuration, atmospheric and physical
hazards, and a list of hazardous materials / products involved;
(iv) Rescue personnel shall be invited to the site prior to the start of Confined Space work as
part of their development of the rescue plan;
(v) Rescue services shall provide documentation to the Performing Authority verifying that they
have met regulatory required rescue training;
(vi) Public emergency services, e.g. fire departments, are not required to provide training
documentation;
(vii) Rescue personnel using respiratory protection while performing rescue operations are
exempted from the Toxic substance exposure permitting process.
(c) Non-Entry Rescue
Non-entry Rescue shall be allowed when the Stand-by, CSE Observer, or trained rescuer could
successfully remove the authorized entrant from the space without entering the space.
(i) For non-entry rescue involving a vertical entry greater than 5 feet in depth into a Confined
Space, a retrieval line shall be attached to a full-body harness and a retrieval system set up
at the time of entry using a mechanical lifting device or a fixed point with a mechanical lifting
device outside the Confined Space. The use of a mechanical lifting device for rescue is
exempt from the lifting and rigging policy requirements;
(ii) For non-entry horizontal rescue, a retrieval line shall be attached to a full-body harness. The
end of the retrieval line shall be outside the Confined Space but is not required to be
connected to a mechanical retrieval device;
(iii) If the retrieval line increases the overall risk of entry, the retrieval line can be detached
temporarily. The rescue plan shall document the reasons for detachment of the retrieval line
and the procedure for re-attaching the retrieval line to the authorized entrant;
1. Detaching the retrieval line(s) of a single authorized entrant in a Confined Space shall
not be allowed for non-entry rescue.
(iv) Whenever non-entry rescue is selected, the Performing Authority shall ensure that retrieval
systems or methods are used whenever an authorized entrant enters a permit space, and
shall confirm, prior to entry, that emergency assistance would be available in the event that
non-entry rescue fails.
7.11.3. RESCUE PERSONNEL AWARENESS
All persons who may be involved in any way with rescues from a Confined Space shall be made aware
that:
(i) Well-planned and well-rehearsed rescue procedures are essential and are to be followed at
all times;
(ii) In any emergency, the spontaneous reaction to immediately enter and attempt a rescue from
a Confined Space may lead to the deaths or serious injury of those attempting the rescue.
7.12. TRAINING & COMPETENCE
7.12.1. TRAINING [REF. 3]
It shall be ensured that all relevant personnel involved in Confined Space related activities are properly
trained to safely perform all work associated with those activities.
A training program shall be developed and implemented to ensure that all concerned personnel do
acquire the required understanding, knowledge and skills that are necessary for safely performing
assigned duties/tasks.
Confined Space
(i) The training program shall cover, as a minimum, the following:

1. Hazard Identification;
2. Equipment selection and testing;
3. Permits to work;
4. Safe working procedures - general and specific to the entry;
5. Hygiene;
6. Gas detection and monitoring;
7. Use of breathing apparatus (if required through risk assessment);
8. Type, selection and use of PPE;
9. Fire watch; and
10. Incident and emergency procedures.
(ii) It shall be ensured that training is provided to each affected personnel:
1. Before the personnel is first assigned duties involving Confined Space entry;
2. Before there is a change in assigned duties;
3. Whenever there is a change in Confined Space operations that presents a hazard
about which personnel has not previously been trained; and
4. Whenever there are reasons to believe that there are deviations from the Confined
Space entry procedure or that there are inadequacies in the personnel’s knowledge
or use of the procedures.
(iii) A training record shall be maintained by the ADNOC Group which shall contain the following
information as a minimum:
1. Name of the personnel trained;
2. Date of the training; and
3. Signature of the trainer.
7.12.2. COMPETENCE [REF. 1]
Personnel engaged in Confined Space activities shall be competent and qualified as per below roles:
(a) Area Authority/Permit Issuer

(i) Shall understand and be able to apply the confined space standard requirements and be
able to explain them to assigned personnel.
(ii) Shall terminate the entry and cancel the permit if permit requirements are no longer met;
(iii) Shall cancel the permit and/or take appropriate action in the following situations:
 To effect the removal of any unauthorized individuals who enter or attempt to
enter a permit space during entry operations;
 When unauthorized equipment is brought into a space.
(iv) Shall cancel and reissue the permit with the new entry and control requirements if the
confined space conditions change.
(b) CSE Observer
(i) Shall understand and comply with applicable requirements of Confined Space Entry
standard that pertain to the planned Confined Space entry and work as explained by the
Performing Authority/Job Performer or included in the entry permit/certificate;
Confined Space
(ii) Shall understand and be able to communicate before entry how to interpret and respond to
gas monitor displays and alarms;
(iii) Shall understand and be able to communicate before entry personal warning signs and
overexposure symptoms, including actions that must be taken in the event of exposure;
(iv) Shall understand and be able to verbally explain before entry applicable emergency
procedures to be taken within or around the confined space;
(v) Shall be able to perform their assigned tasks safely in accordance with the requirements of
the applicable confined space certificate and/or entry permit.
(c) Authorized Entrant
(i) Shall understand and be able to communicate the use, limitations, and hazards of materials,
substances, and equipment approved for use within the specific confined space (e.g., tools,
PPE, energy isolation devices, gas monitors, and chemicals) before entry and in the event
of emergency;
(ii) Shall understand and be able to communicate before entry how to interpret and respond to
gas monitor displays and alarms;
(iii) Shall understand and be able to communicate before entry personal warning signs and
overexposure symptoms, including actions that must be taken in the event of exposure;
(iv) Shall understand and be able to verbally explain before entry applicable emergency
procedures to be taken within or around the confined space;
(v) Shall be able to communicate when evacuation is desired.
(d) Authorized Gas Tester
(i) Shall be familiar with and be able to apply the Confined Space certification and entry permit
requirements and governmental regulations that pertain to the planned confined space work;
(ii) Shall be trained and qualified in the appropriate selection and use of gas monitors;
(iii) Shall understand and be able to communicate to the Job Performer how to assess, interpret,
and apply SDS information and limitations pertinent to the hazards associated with the
confined space and surrounding area and operations;
(iv) Shall understand and be able to communicate to the Performing Authority the monitoring of
atmospheres in and around confined spaces and should know how to apply the appropriate
testing procedures associated with monitoring;
(v) Shall be trained to meet the qualifications for an Authorized Entrant in order to test within
confined spaces;
(vi) Shall know how to use required and approved PPE based on the hazards associated with
the confined space activities in accordance with the confined space permit;
(vii) Shall know and be able to communicate to the Performing Authority how to monitor, analyze,
and interpret results of the atmospheric hazards test readings.
8. COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE
ADNOC shall conduct compliance audit of this Standard at approximately three-year intervals, these
Audits shall be in addition to Group Company’s internal audits and where required, ADNOC shall take
steps to minimize overlap and duplication between ADNOC Corporate and Group Companies internal
audits.
Compliance with this Standard shall be monitored regularly and the number of near misses, incidents and
accidents associated with Confined Space entry shall be recorded and all efforts made to eliminate,
prevent and control further occurrence of such incidents. A culture of no blame reporting of near misses
Confined Space
incidents and accidents shall be implemented, root causes identified and weaknesses in the system shall
be reviewed and revised to eliminate further incidents.
All near misses, incidents and accidents shall be subject to ADNOC Incident Notification, Reporting &
Investigation Standard [Ref. 11].
8.1. PERFORMANCE KPIS
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for this standard shall include as minimum the following:
Table 8.1.1: Key Performance Indicator
No. KPI Targets

1. Confined Space work shall be carried out 100% compliance with requirements of this
as per requirements of this Standard Standard.
Confined Space
9. REFERENCES
1. NFPA 350, Guide for Safe Confined Space Entry and Work, 2019, National Fire Protection
Association
2. NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting and other Hot Work, 2009,
National Fire Protection Association
3. OSHAD SF Codes of Practice CoP 27.0 - Confined Spaces - Version 3.1 - March 2019
4. Safe work in Confined Space, Confined Space Regulations, 1997, Approved Code of Practice,
Regulations and guidance, - Health and Safety Executive UK
5. OSHA 3138-01R, Permit-required Confined Space
6. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146, Permit-required Confined Spaces
7. OSHA 3088, How to Plan for Workplace Emergencies and Evacuations
8. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134, Respiratory Protection Standard
9. Confined Space Entry, An AIHA Protocol Guide, 2nd Edition, 2001
10. CGA G-7.1, Commodity Specification for Air, 2011, The Compressed Gas Association
11. ADNOC Incident Notification, Reporting & Investigation Standard, HSE-GA-ST04
12. ADNOC Permit To Work Standard, HSE-OS-ST02
13. ADNOC Job Safety Analysis Standard, HSE-OS-ST03
14. ADNOC Energy Isolation Standard, HSE-OS-ST04
15. ADNOC Control of Temporary Equipment in Classified Hazardous Areas, HSE-OS-ST11
16. ADNOC Excavation Standard, HSE-OS-ST15
17. ADNOC Abrasive Blasting and Spray Painting Standard, HSE-OS-ST18
18. ADNOC PPE Standard, HSE-OS-ST20
19. ADNOC Hazard Communication, HSE-OS-ST27
20. ADNOC Group Medical Fitness Guidelines, ADNOC/MSU/QRM/MFG/1.0/2017 - Version 1.0
Confined Space
10. APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 DECISION MAKING FOR CONFINED SPACE ENTRY CERTIFICATE FOR

EXCAVATION IN UNRESTRICTED AREAS
Confined Space
Decision Making for Confined Space Entry Certificate For Excavation In Unrestricted Areas
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 1 DECISION MAKING FOR CONFINED SPACE ENTRY CERTIFICATE FOR EXCAVATION IN
UNRESTRICTED AREAS

HSE-OS-ST08 Confined Space

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ADNOC Classification: Internal

THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE [PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL].

HEALTH SAFETY ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

STANDARD NO.: HSE-OS-ST08

HSE Management System

HSE Management System

7.12.2. Competence [Ref. 1] ........................................................................................................................39

HSE Management System

The purpose of this Standard is to:

4. LAWS AND REGULATIONS

HSE Management System

5. DEFINITIONS & ABBREVIATIONS

HSE Management System

HSE Management System

6. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

HSE Management System

HSE Management System

HSE Management System

(i) A hazardous atmosphere;

HSE Management System

1. A fall from an elevation;

7.1.1. TYPES OF CONFINED SPACES

HSE Management System

7.2. HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

HSE Management System

7.3. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROCESS

Figure 7.3.1: Process Flow for Confined Space

7.4. RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS

7.4.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

7.4.2. RISK ASSESSMENT

(a) Conducting Risk Assessment

The assessment shall be in writing and consider as a minimum the following:

(b) Reviewing of Risk Assessment

(c) Risk Factors

7.4.3. HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS

Figure 7.4.1: Hierarchy of Controls

(g) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

7.5. CONTROL MEASURES

7.5.1. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY DECISION MAKING

Oxygen content (%) 19.5% - 23.5% Less than 19.5 % [Ref. 8]

For reading greater than TLV

7.5.2. WORKING TIME AND NUMBER OF PEOPLE INSIDE CONFINED SPACE

(i) Breathing Apparatus are in use;

7.5.3. VENTILATION [REF. 1]

(i) Whether to use purging, inerting, or ventilation;

7.5.4. STATIC ELECTRICITY

7.5.5. PORTABLE TOOLS AND LIGHTING

(i) Lighting (low voltage and/or approved);

7.5.6. ACCESS AND EGRESS

(a) Size of Confined Space Openings

7.5.7. PYROPHORIC SUBSTANCES

The symbol for pyrophoric hazard is depicted below in Figure 7.5.1.

Figure 7.5.1: Pyrophoric Hazard Symbol - Image Courtesy Princeton University

heat treatment of equipment and inert the inside atmosphere.

7.5.8. NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS (NORMS)

The following measures shall be considered as a minimum:

7.5.9. INERT GAS CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

7.5.10. POSITIVE (MECHANICAL) ISOLATION REQUIREMENT

Figure 7.5.2: Positive (Mechanical) Isolation Method

7.6. ATMOSPHERIC TESTING FOR CONFINED SPACES

(i) Pre-entry testing

7.6.1. PRE-ENTRY TESTING

(a) Testing Procedures and Considerations