الكميات المنفذة

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬
‫א‬ 
5 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 6  E1 J1F
8  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J1F
 12  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3 J1F
 15  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J1F
 16  ‫א‬‫א‬E5 J1F
 28 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 29  ‫א‬‫א‬E1 J2F
 30  ‫א‬‫א‬E1 J1 J2F
 35  ‫א‬‫א‬E2 J2F
 45  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 46  E1 J3F
 46  ‫א‬‫א‬E2 J3F
 52  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3 J3F
 56  ‫א‬‫א‬E4 J3F
 69  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 70  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J4F
 71  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J4F
 74  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3 J4F
 75  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J4F
 76  ‫א‬E5 J4F
 82  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 84  ‫א‬‫א‬E1 J5F
 95  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J5F
 106  ‫א‬E3 J5F
2
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 108  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J5F

 109  ‫א‬E5 J5F
 110  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6 J5F
 110  ‫א‬E7 J5F
 119  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 120  ‫א‬‫א‬E1 J6F
 121  ‫א‬‫א‬E2 J6F
 126  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3 J6F
 135  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 136  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 136  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J7F
 138  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J7F
 140  E3 J7F
 141  γα‫א‬E4 J7F
 143  –‫א‬‫א‬E5 J7F
 144  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6 J7F
 146  ‫א‬E7 J7F
 149  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 149  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8 J7F
 149  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9 J7F
 151  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10 J7F
 151  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11 J7F
 152  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E12 J7F
 153  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 153  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E13 J7F
 157  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E14 J7F
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3
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 W
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ?  ?‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
4
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
5
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
E1 J1F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
33-6.6kV‫א‬(primary distribution system)‫א‬‫א‬
 J 13.8kV ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (secondary distribution system) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K380/220V220/110V
 
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      E 1F‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F
 
‫א‬  40%    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
6
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1)‫א‬
7
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2)
 
Primary Distribution and its types‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J1F

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Radial distribution system J1
Loop or Ring distribution system J2
 Network distribution system J3
 Primary selective distribution system‫א‬ J4
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8
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Radial distribution systemE1 J2 J1F
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K    E3F ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 E3F
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 
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9
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Loop or Ring distribution systemE2 J2 J1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E4F  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬     
K‫א‬‫א‬E5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
E5F E4F
   ‫א‬
 Network distribution systemE3 J2 J1F
10
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K  E6F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 .34.5kV12.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 Primary selective distribution system‫א‬E4 J2 J1F

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E7F‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E6F‫א‬
11
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ﻣﺤﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﻻت‬
‫ﻗﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫رﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻐﺬي أوﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺘﺎح‬
‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬
‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬
  ‫أﺣﻤﺎل‬
 ‫א‬E7F
Secondary Distribution Systems‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3 J1F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬   ‫א‬
480Y/277 V‫א‬208/120V‫א‬240/120V
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  K 
‫א‬70%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Radial secondary distribution system J1
 Secondary banking J2
 Network secondary distribution system J3
 
 
 
12
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Radial secondary distribution systemE1 J3 J1F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE8F
 
 Secondary bankingE2 J3 J1F
‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 30% ‫א‬‫א‬K
E9FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K   
 E8F‫א‬
13
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E9F
 
 Network secondary distribution systemE3 J3 J1F

K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E10FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮل ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬
120V/208V Y
‫أو‬
277V/480V Y
‫إﻟﻲ اﻻﺣﻤﺎل‬
‫ﻣﻐﺬﻳﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﻐﺬي‬
‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬
 E10F‫א‬
 
14
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
compact ring main unit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J1F

    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (T-off) T    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 (disconnectors) ‫א‬  
E11F   K     ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬
  E12FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11F‫א‬
 
 
 E12F‫א‬
 
15
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Secondary distribution Substation‫א‬‫א‬E5 J1F

(metal-clad     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬36kVdrawout type)
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
KL‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ (interlocking)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E1F
A‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
MVA kV
400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000, 3000, 250, 350, 500, 750 12
3500
400, 600, 800, 1200, 1600, 2400, 3200 250, 350, 500 7.2
400, 800, 1600, 2000, 2400 150, 250 3.6
400, 600, 800, 1200, 2400 15.6, 26, 31 0.440

 
16
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Distribution Transformer‫א‬E1 J5 J1F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫( א‬pad-mounted)    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E13F ‫א‬ (pole type)
(vault or network ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E14F
KE16F‫( א‬submersible type) ‫ واﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬E15F‫ א‬type)
 
  
‫א‬‫א‬E14F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E13F‫א‬
   
 
 
 
 
17
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E15F‫א‬
 
 
 ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬E16F‫א‬
18
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Distribution Transformers Ratings‫א‬E1 J1 J5 J1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   kVA
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2FK‫א‬‫א‬
(kVA)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬
75 25 15 5
112.5 37.5 30 10
150 50 45 15
225 75 75 25
300 100 112.5 37.5
500 167 150 50
750 225 75
1000 300 100
1500 500 167
2000 250
2500 333
500
Distribution Transformers  ‫א‬   E2 J1 J5 J1F

 Connections
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  17K‫א‬
‫א‬  
120V 2400V      ‫א‬   ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫ و‬7200V  4800V ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
K34400V‫ و‬13200V
20
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E18F
‫א‬ 120/240V 2400V
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 120V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K240V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
120V‫א‬‫א‬E17F
120/240V‫א‬‫א‬E18F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬       
  E19F  
4160Y/2400V ‫א‬      ‫א‬
21
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 4160V‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ 120/240V
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬   2400V ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫ و‬8320Y/4800   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫ و‬22860Y/13200 ‫ و‬13800Y/7970 ‫ و‬13200Y/7620 ‫ و‬12470Y/7200
.34500Y/19920 ‫ و‬24940Y/14400
120/240V‫א‬‫א‬E19F
‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﺨﻂ اﻟﺘﻌﺎدل أو اﻷرﺿﻲ‬
240V‫ أو‬120/240V ‫ أو‬120V‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     K‫א‬ 
  J   J       
 K J J
 K‫א‬E20F
 
22
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬E20F
 
 ‫א‬E2 J5 J1F

 WE1000V‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 Miniature circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
Moulded case circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
Air circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SF6 circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬ J1
Vacuum circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
23
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 Miniature circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K415V   100A      ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J‫א‬  J  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
bimetallic tripping mechanism‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
(BS 3871 part1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 5, 6, 10, 15, 16, 20, 25, 30, 32, 40, 50, 80, 100 A
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ 16kA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E21F K9kA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
  
 EF  EF  EF  ‫א‬EF
‫א‬E21F
24
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Moulded case circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬ 3000A
 K   current limiters  ‫א‬  undervoltage trips
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  E22FK‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E22F
 
 Air circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
25
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 SF6 circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬       ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Puffer type circuit breaker)‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬  K ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E23F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J5   ‫א‬‫א‬ J1 

 ‫א‬ J6   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J7   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J4 
 
 
26
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Vacuum circuit breaker ‫ اﻟﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﻲ‬-2
  ‫א‬   10-4     ‫א‬‫א‬   
 ‫א‬  1   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬        
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
(‫)أ‬
(‫)ب‬
‫( اﻟﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﻲ‬24) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫)ب( ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻐﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻼﻣﺴﺎت‬ ‫)أ( ﻏﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻼﻣﺴﺎت‬
27
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
28
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
DC Distributors ‫א‬‫א‬E1 J2F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  KE1F    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E1F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  2V ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬   
 V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E2FK‫א‬
 
 E2F
 
29
 
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E1 J1 J2F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J
 ‫א‬ J
  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W J
K‫א‬EFDECDAC‫א‬‫א‬r4r3r2r1
‫א‬ AF AE AD AC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R4 R3 R2 R1
KE3F
 
 
E3F
 
  JW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V = I1r1 + I2r2 + I3r3 + I4r4 (1)

 
 
 WFEDC‫א‬‫א‬
 
I1 = i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 I2 = i2 + i3 + i4 
I3 = i3 + i4 I4 = i4   
V = r1( i1 + i2 + i3 + i4) + r2(i2 + i3 + i4) + r3(i3 + i4) + r4(i4)

= i1r1 + i2(r1+r2) + i3(r1+r2+r3) + i4(r1+r2+r3+r4)
= i1R1 + i2R2 + i3R3 + i4R4 (2)
 
30
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 D‫א‬‫א‬
VAE = i1R1+i2R2+R2 (i3+i4)
= D ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻌﺰوم ﺣﻮل‬+ D ‫ ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺿﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ‬D ‫( ﻋﺰم اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ‬3)
 
‫א‬‫א‬  300mW1
 150m 100m 40m  50A 100A 40A 30A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬250m
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  10V
 K1.78x10-8Ω.m‫א‬
220 190 150 50

A B C D E
30 40 100 50
 
E4F
 
 W‫א‬
V = i1R1 + i2R2 + i3R3 + i4R4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V =2(i1R1 + i2R2 + i3R3 + i4R4)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L
 R   
A

  V  2 (i1 L1  i2 L2  i3 L3  i4 L4 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A
1.78 x10 8
 10  2 x (30 x 40  40 x100  100 x150  50 x 250) 
A
 
  A  1.163x10 4 m 2 
 
 
 
 
31
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬ J
  K‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 0.1Ω/km  W2

 K200V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
(5F
r = 0.1 ÷ 1000 = 10-4 Ω/m‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ix10 x500 + (i-50)x10 x700 + (i-150)x10-4x300 + (i-300)x10-
-4 -4
4
x250 = 0
i = 88.6 A
i-50 = 88.6 - 50 = 38.6 A
i-150 = 88.6-150 = -61.4 A
i-300 = 88.6-300 = -211.4 A
 88.6= A‫א‬‫א‬
 211.4= B‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
  J
    800m     AB    W3 
 W
32
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
700 600 500 250 100A‫א‬
40 70 50 80 20‫א‬
 W0.05Ω‫א‬245VB‫א‬248 VA‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFBA‫א‬‫א‬EF
W‫א‬
R = 2 x 0.05 = 0.1 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x A‫א‬‫א‬
 K
VAB = 248 -245 = 3 VAB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E6F
0.1 1
r    / m ‫א‬‫א‬
800 8000
 
1
[100 x  150( x  20)  250( x  100)  100( x  150)  100( x  220)  100( x  260)]  3
8000
 
  800 x  115000   x  143.75 A 
iA = x = 143.75 A A‫א‬‫א‬

iA = x-260 = 143.75-260 = -146.25 AB‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
E7F
33
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 P [143.752 x100 123.752 x150 43.752 x250 6.252 x100 76.252 x100116.252 x100]
8000
  P  847.3 W 
 
Ring Distributor‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1500m400V‫א‬A‫א‬W4
A  500m   B ‫א‬  150A ‫א‬   0.03Ω/km  
CB‫א‬‫א‬B300mC‫א‬200A‫א‬
 KBC‫א‬‫א‬
 0Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
∆V = (ρ/A)[500I + 300(I-150) +700(I-350)] = 0
I=193.3 A
 iAB = I = 193.3 A ‫א‬AB‫א‬‫א‬
VAB=2(193.3x500x0.03/1000)=5.8 VAB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VAB=2(43.3x300x0.03/1000)=0.78 VBC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VB = 400-5.8 = 394.2 V B‫א‬‫א‬

VC = 394.2-0.78 = 393.42 V C‫א‬‫א‬
   
34
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
70
A
193.3
0m
15
500m
6.7
A
 
 
   
E8F
AC Distributors ‫א‬‫א‬E2 J2F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  J1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J3
‫א‬       1km       W5
  ‫א‬   200V ‫א‬   0.8    100A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 0.9 60A‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬0.08Ω0.06Ω‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
E9F
35
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Vc = 200 + VC‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
j0
Ic = 100(0.8-j0.6) = 80 – j60 C‫א‬‫א‬
A
ZBC = (0.06+j0.08)/2 = ‫א‬ BC ‫א‬
0.03+j0.04 Ω
VBC = ICZBC = (80-j60)(0.03+j0.04) =           BC ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
4.8+j1.4 V
VB = 200+j0+4.8+j1.4 =    B‫א‬‫א‬
204.8+j1.4 V
IB = 60(0.9-j0.4357) = 54- B‫א‬‫א‬
 j26.14 A
IAB = IC + IB = (80-j60) + (54-j26.14) = 134- ‫א‬ AB‫א‬‫א‬
j86.14 A
VAB = IABZAB = (134-j86.14)(0.03+j0.04) =     AB ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
7.46+j2.78 V
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VAC = VAB+VBC = (7.46+j2.78) + (4.8+j1.4) = 
12.26+j4.18 V
 
 (0.02+j0.04)Ω  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 500m  ‫א‬     W6 
50A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬250V
 0.8 100A‫א‬K‫א‬ 200m  1.0
 0.6 50A‫א‬K‫א‬ 300m
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
36
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
E10F
I1 = 50(1+j0) + 100(0.8-j0.6) + 50(0.6-j0.8) = 160-j100 AW‫א‬
I2 = 100(0.8-j0.6) + 50(0.6-j0.8) = 110-j100 
A
I3 = 50(0.6-j0.8) = 30-j40 
A

200
  Z AC  (0.02  j 0.04) x  0.008  j 0.016 
500

100
  Z CD  (0.02  j 0.04) x  0.004  j 0.008 
500

200
  Z DB  (0.02  j 0.04) x  0.008  j 0.016 
500
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VAB = I1ZAC + I2ZCD + I3ZDB 
 =(160-j100)(0.008+j0.016)+(110-j100)(0.04+j0.008)+(30-j40)(0.008+j0.016)
 = 5 + j2.4 V
VB = VA – VAB = 250(1+j0) – (5+j2.4) = 245 –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 j2.4
0.2Ω‫א‬1km‫א‬W7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬240V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.3Ω‫א‬‫א‬
37
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
0.6 100A‫א‬‫א‬K0.8100A
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z = 2(0.2+j0.3) = 0.4+j0.6 Ω‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
I2 = 100(0.8-j0.6) = 80-j60 A
I1=100(0.8-j0.6) + 100(0.6-j0.8) = 140-j140 A
 
 E11F
Z 0.4  j 0.6
  VCB  I 2  (80  j 60)  34  j12 V 
2 2
Z 0.4  j 0.6
V AC  I1  (140  j140)  70  j14 V 
2 2
VAB = VAC + VCB = (34+j12) + (70+j14) = 104+j26 V
VA = VB + VAB = (240+j0) + (104+j26) =344+j26
 
 20A  B   ‫א‬ KA    ‫א‬    W8 
‫א‬K 0.6 15A C‫א‬  0.8
‫א‬(1+j3)CA(1+j2)BC(1+j2)‫א‬AB‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬
iB = 20(0.8-j0.6) = 16-j12 W‫א‬
iC = 15(0.6-j0.8) = 9-j12
 
38
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1+
j3
1+j1
1+
j2
 
 E12F
0Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
i1(1+j1) + (i1-(16-j12))(1+j2) – i2(1+j3) = 0 
i1(2+j3) – i2(1+j3) = (16-j12)(1+j2) (4) 
iA = i1 + i2 = (16-j12) + (9-j12) = 25 – j24 (5) 
 (4)(5)
i1(2+j3) – ((25-j24)-i1)(1+j3) = (16-j12)(1+j2)
i1(3+j6) = (16-j12)(1+j2) + (25-j24)(1+j3)
i1 = 18.6 – j13.53
 iAB = i1=18.6-j13.53 A ‫א‬AB‫א‬‫א‬
 i2 (5)
i2 = (25-j24)-i1 =(25-j24) – (18.6-j13.53) = 6.4 – j10.47 A
iAC = i2=6.4-j10.47 A ‫א‬AC‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬BC‫א‬‫א‬
iBC= i1 – iB = (18.6-j13.53) – (16-j12) = 2.6-j1.53 A
 A‫א‬‫א‬
 iA = i1 + i2 = (18.6-j13.53) + (6.4-j10.47) = 25 –j 24 A
 
39
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  400V ‫א‬   A        W9 
15A‫א‬ B 0.8 20A‫א‬
 BC AB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KC  0.6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1+j3)(2+j3)(1+j2)CA
 KCB‫א‬
 
 E13F
iB = 20(0.8-j0.6) = 16-j12  W‫א‬
iC = 30(0.6-j0.8) = 18-j24  
0Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
i1(1+j2) + (i1-(16-j12))(2+j3) – i2(1+j3) = 0 
i1(3+j5) – i2(1+j3) = (16-j12)(2+j3) (6) 
iA = i1 + i2 = (16-j12) + (18-j24) = 34 – j36(7) 
 (6)(7)
i1(3+j5) – ((34-j36)-i1)(1+j3) = (16-j12)(2+j3)
i1(4+j8) = (16-j12)(2+j3) + (34-j36)(1+j3)
i1 = 19.5 – j16.5A 
iAB = i1=19.5-j16.5 A ‫א‬AB‫א‬‫א‬
 i2 (7)
i2 = (34-j36)-i1 =(34-j36) – (19.5-j16.5) = 14.5 – j19.5 A
iAC = i2=14.5-j19.5 A‫א‬AC‫א‬‫א‬
40
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬BC‫א‬‫א‬
 iBC = i1 – iB = (19.5-j16.5) – (16-j12) = 3.5-j4.5 A 
 B‫א‬
 VB = VA – i1ZAB = 400∟0o – (19.5-j16.5)(1+j2)
 = 347.5 –j22.5V
 C‫א‬
 VC = VA – i2ZAC = 400∟0o – (14.5-j19.5)(1+j3)
 = 327 – j24V
50A‫א‬KA‫א‬W10
‫א‬ 1.0 120A‫א‬ B 0.8
‫א‬ AB‫א‬‫א‬KD 0.866 70A
‫א‬ (3+j2) DA (0.8+j0.5) CD (1.2+j0.9) BC (1+j0.6)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
iB = 50(0.8-j0.6) = 40-j30  W‫א‬
iC = 120+j0 

iD = 70(0.866-j0.5) = 60.62-j35  
 
 E14F
 
 
 
 
41
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
0Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 i1(1+j0.6) + (i1-(40-j30))(1.2+j0.9) + (i1-(40-j30)-(120+j0))(0.8+j0.5) – i2(3+j2) = 0
i1(3+j2) – i2(3+j2) = (40-j30)(1.2+j0.9) + (160-j30)(0.8+j0.5) 
i1(3+j2) – i2(3+j2) = 218+j56 (8)
iA = i1 + i2 = (40-j30) + 120 + (60.62-j35) = 220.62 – j65 (9) 
 (8)(9)
i1(3+j2) – ((220.62-j65)-i1)(3+j2) = 218+j56
i1(6+j4) = (220.62-j65)(3+j2) + (218+j56)
i1(6+j4) = 1009.86 + j302.24
i1 = 139.77 – j42.813
iAB = i1=139.77-42.813 A‫א‬AB‫א‬‫א‬
 i2 (9)
i2 = (220.62-j65)-i1 =(220.62-j65) – (139.77-j42.813) = 80.85 – j22.187 A
iAD = i2= 80.85-j22.187 A ‫א‬AD‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬BC‫א‬‫א‬
iBC= i1 – iB = (139.77-j42.813) – (40-j30) = 99.77-j12.813 A
 ‫א‬CD‫א‬‫א‬
iCD= iBC – iC = (99.77-j12.813) – (120+j0) = -20.23-j12.813 A
 
 
 
 
 
 
42
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  500mE1F

 350m 200m 80m  60A 120A 50A 40A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬500m
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  8V‫א‬
 K1.78x10-8Ω.m‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1km ABE2F
 800m 600m 250m  20A 40A  70A 80A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A‫א‬‫א‬920m
.220V‫א‬
 W400mAB (3)
300 200 150 100A‫א‬
50 60 70 30‫א‬
0.5Ω/km‫א‬ 240V B‫א‬ 245 V A‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFBA‫א‬‫א‬EF
 A‫א‬‫א‬E4F
 
E15F
43
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   (0.04+j0.08)Ω‫א‬‫א‬ 1km‫א‬E5F
   80A ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  250V    
  120A ‫א‬   K‫א‬   400m    0.866
 60A‫א‬K‫א‬ 600m 0.8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 0.6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 80A ‫א‬    KA    ‫א‬    E6F
 0.6 100A‫א‬ B 0.866
AB‫א‬‫א‬KD 0.8 60A‫א‬
 DA(1+j0.6)CD(1.1+j0.8)BC(1+j0.4)‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫(א‬2+j1.6)
44
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
45
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 E1 J3F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
Electrical Conductors‫א‬‫א‬E2 J3F
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
         ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K E
 K E

 K E

 K E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
46
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K (Corona) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬(tensile strength)‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K2%
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 
2
n = 3X – 3X + 1 (1)
 ‫א‬–X،‫א‬‫א‬–n W
 n=7‫א‬‫א‬X=2‫א‬‫א‬
 n=19‫א‬‫א‬X=3 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ACSR‫א‬E1F
24،‫א‬‫א‬7، E1F
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
 61  37  19 7 3 ‫א‬‫א‬

 9d  7d  5d 3d 2.15d  ‫א‬‫א‬
47
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
AAC (BS215, IEC207) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

ACSR (BS215, IEC209)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
AAAC  (BS3242, IEC208)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
AACSR  (IEC210)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
ACAR  ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Optical ground ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ wires, OPGW)
    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    E2F 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ACSR 6 AL/1 STEEL AAAC 7 STRAND
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F
 
48
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ACSR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬1)
Resistance Reactance/conductor,
1-ft spacing 60 Hz
Code Strand Layers Outside AC, 60 Hz GMR

word Alumin. Al/St of Al. diameter Ds,ft Inductive,
area, cmil o o
Xa, Ω/mi Capaciti
Dc, 20oC, 20 C 50 C ve,
Ω/1000 ft Ω/mi Ω/mi X´a,M
Ω.mi
Warming 266.8 18/1 2 0.609 0.0646 0.3488 0.3831 0.0198 0.476 0.1090
Partridge 266.8 26/7 2 0.642 0.0640 0.3452 0.3792 0.0217 0.465 0.1074
Ostrich 300.0 26/7 2 0.680 0.0569 0.3070 0.3372 0.0229 0.458 0.1057
Merlin 336.4 18/1 2 0.684 0.0512 0.2767 0.3037 0.0222 0.462 0.1055
Linnet 336.4 26/7 2 0.721 0.0507 0.2737 0.3006 0.0243 0.451 0.1040
Oriole 336.4 30/7 2 0.741 0.0504 0.2719 0.2987 0.0255 0.445 0.1032
Chickadee 397.5 18/1 2 0.743 0.0433 0.2342 0.2572 0.0241 0.452 0.1031
Ibis 397.5 26/7 2 0.783 0.0430 0.2323 0.2551 0.0264 0.441 0.1015
Pelican 477.0 18/1 2 0.814 0.0361 0.1957 0.2148 0.0264 0.441 0.1004
Flicker 477.0 24/7 2 0.846 0.0359 0.1943 0.2134 0.0284 0.432 0.0992
Hawk 477.0 26/7 2 0.858 0.0357 0.1931 0.2120 0.0289 0.430 0.0988
Hen 477.0 30/7 2 0.883 0.0355 0.1919 0.2107 0.0304 0.424 0.0980
Osprey 556.5 18/1 2 0.879 0.0309 0.1679 0.1843 0.0284 0.432 0.0981
Parakeet 556.5 24/7 2 0.914 0.0308 0.1669 0.1832 0.0306 0.423 0.0969
Dove 556.5 26/7 2 0.927 0.0307 0.1663 0.1826 0.0314 0.420 0.0965
Rook 636.0 24/7 2 0.977 0.0269 0.1461 0.1603 0.0327 0.415 0.0950
Grsebeak 636.0 26/7 2 0.990 0.0268 0.1454 0.1596 0.0335 0.412 0.0946
Drake 795.0 26/7 2 1.108 0.0215 0.1172 0.1284 0.0373 0.399 0.0912
Tern 795.0 45/7 3 1.063 0.0217 0.1188 0.1302 0.0352 0.406 0.0925
Rail 954.0 45/7 3 1.165 0.0181 0.0997 0.1092 0.0386 0.395 0.0897
Cardinal 954.0 54/7 3 1.196 0.0180 0.0988 0.1082 0.0402 0.390 0.0890
Ortolan 1033.5 45/7 3 1.213 0.0167 0.0924 0.1011 0.0402 0.390 0.0885
Bluejay 1113.0 45/7 3 1.259 0.0155 0.0861 0.0941 0.0415 0.386 0.0874
Finch 1113.0 54/19 3 1.293 0.0155 0.0856 0.0937 0.0436 0.380 0.0866
Bittern 1.272.0 45/7 3 1.345 0.0136 0.0762 0.0832 0.0444 0.378 0.0855
Pheasant 1272.0 54/19 3 1.382 0.0135 0.0751 0.0821 0.0466 0.372 0.0847
Bobolink 1431.0 45/7 3 1.427 0.0121 0.0684 0.0746 0.0470 0.371 0.0837
Plover 1431.0 54/19 3 1.465 0.0120 0.0673 0.0735 0.0494 0.365 0.0829
Lapwing 1590.0 45/7 3 1.502 0.0109 0.0623 0.0678 0.0498 0.364 0.0822
Falcon 1590.0 54/19 3 1.545 0.0108 0.0612 0.0667 0.0523 0.358 0.0814
bluebird 2156.0 84/19 4 1.762 0.0080 0.0476 0.0515 0.0586 0.344 0.0776
 
Conductors Arrangement‫א‬E1 J2 J3F

‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
49
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   - ‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫ א‬- ‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
‫א‬ - ‫א‬
 ‫א‬       - ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
Bundle conductor‫א‬E2 J2 J3F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K  
  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  W ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ W‫א‬     K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KE3F ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 subconductor‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬spacers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
50
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺛﻼث ﻣﻮﺻﻼت ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ‬
‫أرﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺻﻼت ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻤﺲ ﻣﻮﺻﻼت ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ‬
 
 ‫א‬E3F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬     -
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  -
Wsurge impedance
L
Ω zs    (2)
C
(surge ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ impedance loading, SIL)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V2
SIL  kW (3)
Zs
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬V
51
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Overhead Transmission Line Towers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3 J3F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 3.02.5‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ -
 -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wooden Towers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J3 J3F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  (bracket wooden tower) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4F
52
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Hollow Metallic Towers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J3 J3F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5F
Concrete Reinforced Towers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3 J3 J3F
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   K ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6F
53
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Steel Towers‫א‬‫א‬E4 J3 J3F
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬       ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬E7F
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Suspension tower ‫א‬K

    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬E8F
54
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 Tension tower‫א‬ J
   E‫א‬  ‫א‬  F  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬E9F
 
 Angle tower‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬   J ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬E10F
55
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
End tower‫א‬ J
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬E11F
Transmission Lines Modeling‫א‬‫א‬E4 J3F
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  (50miles) 80km    
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  (150 miles)  240km
 K‫א‬
Short Transmission Lines‫א‬‫א‬E1 J4 J3F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E12FK‫א‬
IR VR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IsVs
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
56
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E12F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z = (r + j ω L) l 
= R + j XL (4) 
 K‫א‬l‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Lr
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Vs = VR + Z IR (5) 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Is = IR (6)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S R*
I R  *  (7)
3VR
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SR
 
‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
VR , NL  VR , FL
%regulation  x100% (8)  
VR , FL
  IVR,FLI  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   IVR,NLI  
KVs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬EFEF
 E13F
57
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬       E13F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (6) (5)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E14F
ABCD‫א‬
 
Vs = A VR + B IR (9)
Is = C VR + D IR (10)
 ‫א‬
Vs   A B  VR 
 I   C (11)
 s  D   I R 
:‫( ﻓﺈن اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﻮن‬6) ‫( و‬5) ‫وﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬
A=1 B=Z C=0 D=1
Is IR
+
+
Vs ABCD VR
- -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E14F
 
0.15Ω‫א‬ 40km 220 kV‫א‬ E1F

‫א‬  ‫א‬ K  1.3263mH    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K220 kV0.8381MVA‫א‬EF
 K220 kV0.8381MVA‫א‬EF
58
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬W‫א‬
 
-3
Z=(r + jωL) l =(0.15+j2π x 60 x 1.3263 x 10 ) 40 = 6 + j20 Ω  
kV                                          W  ‫א‬ 

2200 o
  VR   1270 o
3
MVA         ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF
  S R  381 cos 1 0.8  38136.87  304.8  j 228.6
A                      ‫א‬
S R* 381  36.87 x10 3
IR    1000  36.87
3VR 3x1270
‫א‬   ‫א‬
Vs  VR  ZI R  1270  (6  j 20)(1000  36.87)(10 3 )
kV 
Vs  144.334.93o
kV                         W ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
Vs ( L  L )  3x144.33  250
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S s  3Vs I s*  3x144.334.93x100036.87 x10 3

S s  322.8MW  j 288.6 M var  43341.8 o MVA
‫א‬
250  220
  %regulation  x100%  13.6%
220
‫א‬
PR 304.8
    x100  94.4%
Ps 322.8
 
A                                 ‫א‬ EF

S R* 38136.87 x10 3
IR    100036.87
3VR 3 x1270
59
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
Vs  VR  ZI R  1270  (6  j 20)(100036.87)(10 3 )
kV 
Vs  121.399.29 o
kV                    W ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
Vs ( L  L )  3x121.39  210.26
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S s  3Vs I s*  3x121.399.29 x1000  36.87 x10 3

S s  322.8MW  j168.6 M var  364.18  27.58 o MVA
‫א‬
210.26  220
  %regulation  x100%  4.43%
220
‫א‬
PR 304.8
    x100  94.4%
Ps 322.8
 
 
 
Medium Transmission Line‫א‬‫א‬E2 J4 J3F

‫א‬‫א‬80km‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬250km‫א‬80km ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬π‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬      Y ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E15FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬π‫א‬
60
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬π‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15
 
‫א‬‫א‬  VRY / 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W ( I R  VRY / 2) ‫א‬‫א‬
  Vs  VR 
Y
 I R  Z  VR  
 2 
 ZY 
Vs    1VR  ZI R  (12)
 2 
 
Y Y
  I s  Vs  VR  I R Is
2 2
 WIs(12)‫א‬Vs
 
  I s  VRY 1 
ZY   ZY 
  1 I R (13)
 4   2 
 
:‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻜﻮن‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ZY  ZY 
AD  1 ,  , B  Z  C  Y 1   
2  4 
 W‫א‬(11)‫א‬
V  D  B  Vs 
  R   (14)
 I R   C A   I s 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Vs / A  VR , FL
  %regulation  x100  (15)
VR , FL
 
‫א‬ 130km 60Hz ‫ وﺗﺮدد‬345 kV‫א‬ WE2F

K 0.8mH‫א‬ 0.036Ω
61
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 270MVA ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K  0.0112μF ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K325 kV    0.8  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬

3250
VR , ph   187.6390
3
 
3 1
270 x10   cos 0.8
  IR   479.645  36.87 
3x187.6390
Z = (r + jωL) l = (0.036 + j2xπx60x0.8x10-3) x130 = 4.68 + j39.207
  Y = ωCl = 2xπx60x0.0112x10-6x130 = 5.489x10-4 mho
ZY (4.68  j 39.207) xj5.489 x10 4

  A  D  1  1  0.989  j1.284 x10 3 
2 2
B = Z = 4.68 + j39.207 
 ZY  4  (4.68  j 39.207)( j 5.489 x10 4 ) 

C  Y 1    j 5.489 x10 1   
 4   4 
C = 3.525x10-7 + j5.459x10-4

  Vs  AVR  BI R
3 3
Vs  (0.989  j1.284 x10 ) x187.6390 x10  ( 4.68  j 39.207) x 479.645  36.87
Vs  198699.67  j13937.83  199187.9084 V  1.99.19 kV 


Vs , L  L  3Vs  3x199.19  345 kV

  I s  CVR  DI R
62
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
I s  (3.525 x10 7  j 5.459 x10 4 ) x187.6390 x10 3  (0.989  j1.28 x10 3 ) x 479.645  36.87

I s  380  j181.785  421.243  25.56 A

S s  3Vs I s* x10 3  3 x199.1884 x 421.24425.56 x10 3  251.7229.56
S s  218.93  j124.22 

Vs / A  V R (345 / 0.989)  325
%reg.  x100  x100  7.3%
VR 325
 
‫א‬ 130km 60Hz ‫وﺗﺮدد‬ 345 kV‫א‬ W E3F

‫א‬ Y=j4.22x10-6 mho/km‫א‬‫א‬ Z=0.036+j0.3 Ω/km
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K 400A ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 345kV
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3450
Vs , ph   199.1860   W‫א‬
3
  IS  400  cos 1 0.95  400  18.2 
 
6 2
ZY (0.036  j 0.3) xj 4.22 x10 x(130)
  A  D 1 1  0.989  j1.2 
2 2
  A  D  0.9890.07 

 B = Z = (0.036+j0.3) x 130 = 4.68 + j39 
 
 ZY  6  (4.68  j 39)( j 4.22 x10 x130)  6

C  Y 1    j 4.22 x10 x1301   
 4   4 
C  3.521x107  j 5.457 x104  5.457 x104 90.04 

 
V  D  B  Vs 
  R    
 I R  C  A   I s 
 
VR  DVs  BI s  0.9890.07 x199.1860  39.27983.16 x103 x 400  18.19 

63
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 VR  197.0550.07  15.712  64.97  190.407  j13.995  190.921  4.2 

 
  VR ,L L  3VR  3x190.921  330.685 kV 

 
 I R  CVs  AIs  5.457x10 90.04x199.186x10 0  0.9890.07x400  18.19

4 3
  I R  108.68990.04  395.72  18.12  376.171 j 231.761 441.834  31.64

SR  3VR I R* x103  3x190.921  4.2x441.83431.64x103  253.06627.44 MVA

S R  224.594  j116.618
 
Vs / A  VR (345 / 0.989)  330.685

  %reg.  x100  x100  5.46% 
VR 330.685
  
 

Long Transmission Lines‫א‬‫א‬E3 J4 J3F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 250km‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E16FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E16F
 
 ‫א‬   x    ∆X  ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
  V ( x  x)  V ( x)  zxI ( x) (16)
64
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
V ( x  x)  V ( x)
   zI ( x) (17)
x
  ∆x→0
dV ( x)
   zI ( x) (18)
dx
 ‫א‬
  I ( x  x)  I ( x)  yxV ( x  x) (19)
 
I ( x  x)  I ( x)
   yV ( x  x) (20) 
x
  ∆x→0
dI ( x)
   yV ( x) (21) 
dx
 W‫א‬(21)‫א‬(18)
d 2V ( x) dI ( x)
  2
z  zyV ( x) (22)
dx dx
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  2  zy 
 
d 2V ( x)
  2
  2V ( x)  0 (23)
dx
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  V ( x)  A1ex  A2ex (24) 
 W‫א‬(18)‫א‬
1 dV ( x) 
  I ( x)   ( A1ex  A2e x ) 
z dx z
 
y
  I ( x)  ( A1ex  A2e x ) (25) 
z
 
1
  I ( x)  ( A1ex  A2e x ) (26) 
Zc
(surge impedance)‫א‬‫א‬Zc
65
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  I(x)=IR  V(x)=VR ‫א‬  x=0   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 WA2A1(26)(24)‫א‬
 
VR  Z c I R V Z I
  A1   A2  R c R (27)
2 2
 
 W(26)(24)‫א‬
 
VR  Z c I R x VR  Z c I R x
 V ( x)  e  e (28)
2 2
 
VR VR
 IR  IR
Zc x Zc
  I ( x)  e  e x (29)
2 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
ex  e x ex  e x
  V ( x)  VR  Z c I R (30)
2 2
 
1 ex  e x ex  e x
  I ( x)  VR  I R (31)
Zc 2 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 V ( x)  cosh(x)VR  Z c sinh(x) I R (32)
 
1
  I ( x)  sinh(x)VR  cosh(x) I R (33)
Zc
 W‫א‬‫א‬I(l)=IsV(l)=Vsx=l
 
  Vs  cosh(l )VR  Z c sinh(l ) I R (34) 
 
1
  Is  sinh(l )VR  cosh(l ) I R (35) 
Zc
66
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ABCD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vs   A B  VR 
 I   C (36)
 s  D   I R 
 
  A  cosh(l )  B  Z c sinh(l ) 
1
 C  sinh(l )  D  cosh(l ) 
Zc
 
 
67
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4F
‫א‬10MW‫א‬20km‫א‬E5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬0.70711kV
‫א‬K‫א‬0.07Ω0.02Ω
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5.31Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6F
‫א‬‫א‬0.83.6MW‫א‬0.0176H
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K50Hz33kV‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬75MW‫א‬100km‫א‬E7F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬0.8132kV
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.63Ω0.28Ω
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4x10-6S
‫א‬20MW‫א‬100km‫א‬E8F
K‫א‬‫א‬0.950Hz66kV
0.5Ω0.1Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K10x10-6S‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
68
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
69
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KEF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬(puncture)‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K(flashover)
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J4F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬ 
70
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L60‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K2L‫א‬5002L‫א‬70,000‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L140‫א‬ E1F
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E2F
 K‫א‬ E3F
‫א‬ E4F
 K
 K‫א‬ E5F
 K‫א‬ E6F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J4F
  Pin type insulator ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J2 J4F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1a, 1b and 1c)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
71
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K
11E1aF
 25E1bF
 33E1cF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Suspension Insulators‫א‬‫א‬E2 J2 J4F
 
72
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،11‫א‬‫א‬ E1F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E2F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E3F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E4F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E5F
 K
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬E2F
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  flashover distance‫א‬
73
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   2 K‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Stress Insulators‫א‬‫א‬E3 J2 J4F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3 J4F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J4
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
74
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J6
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J7
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J4F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m
‫א‬mCZ‫א‬ ECL‫א‬FZm
Vph
C V1
i1
I1
C
Vph i2 V2
I2
C
V3
I3
  V3 V2 V1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3) 
 
V3‫א‬V2‫א‬,V1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E3F
75
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 I1 = [V1/(1/C)] = V1C(1)
 I2 = [V2/(1/C)] = V2C(2)
 I3 = [V3/(1/C)] = V3C(3)
 i1 = [V1/(1/mC)] = V1mC (4) 
 i2 = [(V1+V2) /(1/mC)] = (V1+V2) mC(5)
 W
 I2 = I1 + i1 (6)
 E6F‫א‬(4)E2FE1F‫א‬i1I2I1 
 V2C = V1C + mV1C = V1C(1+m) (7)
 WC‫א‬
 V2 = V1 (1+m) (8)
 W
I3 = I2 + i2 (9)
 E9F‫א‬(5)E3FE2F‫א‬
 V3C=V2C+(V1+V2)mC
= V1C + V2 C (1+m)
 WC‫א‬
 V3 = V1 + V2 (1+m) 
 W(8)‫א‬V2
V3 = V1+V1(1+m)(1+m) 
2
 V3 = V1 (1 + 3m + m ) (10) 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(n)‫א‬‫א‬Vph‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V ph
   x100%  (11)
nVn
‫א‬E5 J4F
mE10FE8F‫א‬Wm E1F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
76
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ E2F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W(guard ring)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E3F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬        
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E4F
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬‫א‬W1
‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 K‫א‬
77
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬ E
F
I1 = V1 C‫א‬
 i1 = 0.25 V1C
 ix = 0.1(V2+V3)C
 I2 = V2 C
 i2 = 0.25(V1+V2)C
 iy = 0.1 V3C
 I3 = V3C 
 A‫א‬
I2 + ix = I1 + 
 i1
 5A‫א‬
 I2 + ix = I1 + i1
I2 = 
 0.1C(V2+V3)=V1C+0.25V1C

 V2C+0.1C(V2+V3)=V1C+0.25V1C

V2+0.1V2+0.1V3=1.25V1
 1.25V1-1.1V2-0.1V3=0 (12)
 B‫א‬
 I3 + iy =I2 + i2
 V3C+0.1V3C=V2C+0.25(V1+V2)C

 1.1V3=0.25V1+1.25V2
 0.25V1+1.25V2-1.1V3=0 (13)
 W11E12F‫א‬
 13.75V1-12.1V2-1.1V3=0(14)
 WE13F‫א‬E14F‫א‬
 13.5V1-31.35V2=0
 V1=31.35V2/13.5 = 0.988V2
 5E13F‫א‬
 1.25V1+6.25V2-5.5V3=0(15) 
 WE12F‫א‬E15F‫א‬
 -7.35V2+5.4V3=0
78
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 V3=7.35V2/5.4 = 1.362V2
 V=V1+V2+V3
 = 0.988V2+V2+1.362V2
 = 3.35V2
 V2 =0.2985V
 V1= 0.2985x0.988V =0.295V
 V3=1.362x0.2985V=0.4065V
 V1=29.5%
 V2=29.85%
 V3=40.65%
 WZ‫א‬
V ph V
 x100%  x100%  82.1% 
3V3 3 x0.4065V
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
‫א‬20%‫א‬‫א‬K17‫א‬
 ‫א‬EFEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 m = 20% = 0.2‫א‬
V2=V1(1+m)EF
17 = V1(1+0.2)
V1 = 17 /1.2 = 14.17 kV C
i1 mC
V1
Vph = V1 + V2 = 14.17 + 17 kV I1
=31.17 Vph
C
 V = 17/0.5454 = 31.16 kV i2 mC V2
I2
79
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
V3 = V2(1+3m+m2) EF
17=V2(1+3x0.2+(0.2)2) C V1
V2 = 17 / 1.64 = 10.366 kV i1 mC
V2 = V1 (1+m) I1
10.366 = V1(1+0.2) C
V1 = 10.366 / 1.2 = 8.638 kV Vph i2 mC V2
I2
Vph = V1 + V2 + V3
Vph = 8.638 + 10.366 + 17 = 36.004 kV C
V3
I3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 W‫א‬K‫א‬118‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 ‫א‬ E
F
 ‫א‬ E
F
 W‫א‬
 V2=(1+m)V1 EF  
   11= (1+m) 8 C V1
 (1+m) = 11/8 = 1.375 I1
i1 mC
 m = 0.375
V
 V3 = (1+3m+m2)V1EF C V2
i2 mC
 = (1+1.125+0.14)x8 I2
 = 18.12 kV C
I3
V3  
 
 V‫א‬
 V=V1+V2+V3
 = 8 + 11 + 18.12
  = 37.12 kV
 kV64.28= 37.12x3Z‫א‬x3Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬ E
F
  = [V/(3xV3)]x100
  = [37.12/(3x18.12)]x100
 = 68.28%
80
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J5
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬      J6
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 20kV ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.1‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  J7
‫א‬ 35kV‫א‬ ‫א‬ 0.17‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 8kV‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J8
 W‫א‬‫א‬11kV
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
،‫א‬ J9
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬24kV‫א‬‫א‬21.6kV‫א‬
 K‫א‬
81
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
82
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
  J‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
83
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E1 J5F
 
 LV ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 EHV ‫א‬  ‫א‬  HV ‫א‬ ‫א‬  MV ‫א‬ ‫א‬
     ‫א‬    KUHV ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     K 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Vo (Vo/V) ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  V  E‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
 K(multicore cables)        (single core) ‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
84
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬
  0.6/1kV  ‫א‬   J1

 
   J
XLPE‫א‬‫א‬  J
 PVC‫א‬‫א‬  J
(1) 
 
 0.6/1kV ‫א‬ J2
  J
 XLPE‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ PVC‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
PVC ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E2F
 
 
 
85
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W18/30kV‫א‬ J3
  J
       ‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 XLPE‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 0.1mm‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 E3F
Conductor resistance‫א‬‫א‬E1F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ρt = ρo [1 + γ (T-To)] (1)

 W
 K(T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–ρt
 K20oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–ρo
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–γ
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K      ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
86
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE………،F‫א‬K
 K‫א‬ K

K‫א‬ K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
R = ρ ( L / A ) (2) 
 W
 (Ω)‫א‬–R
 (Ω.m)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–ρ
 (m)‫א‬–L
(m2)‫א‬–A
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 (20oC)
0.00380  
0.00393  
0.00377  
0.00370  
0.006-0.0037  
0.006-0.0045  
0.0042  
0.0025  
0.0042  
0.0001 ‫א‬
87
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Ambient Temperature‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K Unloaded‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 30oC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K20oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Conductor Temperature‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬  ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KR ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
:‫א‬‫א‬Inferred temperature for zero resistance
IZR  T2
R 2  R1  (3)
IZR  T1
 W
K(Ω)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–R1
 K(Ω)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–R2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–T1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–T2
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JIZR
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
-243  
-243.5  
-236  
-202  
-147  
 
-108

-6250
 
88
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ American Wire Gauge  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬    AWG  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 1/0‫א‬ 0‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   12 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 4/0  ‫א‬‫א‬   14  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  K(0000)   
‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬   KCircular mil
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ekcmil‫א‬‫א‬FThousand Circular mil
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
kcmil = mill ÷1000 =

d2÷1000
 ‫א‬d W
1 mill = inch÷1000 :‫א‬
1000 mill = inch = 25.3 mm
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 mm = 39.526 mill
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wkcmil
mill d2 [39.526 d (mm)]2
  kcmil    (4)
1000 1000 1000
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W1

 K53.5mm2
 W‫א‬
(π /4) d2Z‫א‬ 
 
53.5 = (π / 4 ) d2
 
d= 8.253 mm
89
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 Wkcmil ‫א‬‫א‬
 
2
(39.526 x 8.253)
 A  106 kcmil  
1000
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
mm = mill÷1973.5
2
 
 mill  53.5 mm2  ‫א‬‫א‬

W
 
 
A = 1973.5 x 53.5 = 105582 mill = 106 kcmil

 
 
 
Insulation Resistance‫א‬E2F
dx
D2
D1

4
‫א‬xdx‫א‬
L
 

  dR   
2 x L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ρ
90
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
D1 / 2
 dx  D
 R    Log e 1 W‫א‬
D2 / 2 2 xL 2L D2
 
2.3 D
 R  Log10 1  (5)
2L D2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F
 W‫א‬‫א‬،(Gauss Law)
q
 D   
2x
 W‫א‬‫א‬
dv q
E   
dx 2x
 
D1 / 2
q q D1
 V   dx  Log e   
D2 / 2 2x 2 D2
q 2
C   (6)
V D1
Log e
D2
 
r
     o r   
4x 9 * 10 9
 
9
2 r 0.024 x10  r
C  F/m 
D1 D1
4x9 x10 x 2.3Log10
9
Log10
D2 D2
 
0.024 r
  C  μF/km (7)
D1
Log10
D2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
q 1 2
 E   V  
2x 2x D1
Log e
D2
 
91
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
V
E   (8)
D
xLog e 1
D2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(8)‫א‬
 (x=D2/2)
2V
  E max   (9)
D
D2 Log e 1
D2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
LogeD1/D2=1 
D1/D2=2.718(10)
Three Phase Cables Capacitances‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4F

 E5F
‫א‬CnCC‫א‬،‫א‬
 CC‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  Cn‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
   
 C c\ 3 C c
  C c\  3C c 

 
 
92
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
(5)
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
C=3Cc + Cn(11)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.111  r
 C  μF/km(12)
a 2 (3R 2  a 2 ) 3
ln
ro2 (27 R 6  a 6 )
 (mm)‫א‬roW
 (mm)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R
 (mm)‫א‬‫א‬a
 
 
 
Charging Current‫א‬E5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬90o‫א‬
 
-6
Ic = V ω C 10 A/km (13)
 W
93
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V
 ‫ א‬f2πf‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ω
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C
Inductance‫א‬E6F
‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2S
  L  K  0.2 Log e mH/km(14)
d
 ‫א‬K W
 (mm)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x1.26F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E3F
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.0778 3
0.0642 7
0.0554 19
0.528 37
0.514 ‫ ﻓﺄﻋﻠﻲ‬61
0.500 ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
94
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J5F
 
power Loss‫א‬E1 J2 J5F
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 
2
Pc =I RWatt/m(15)
 
 ‫א‬R،‫א‬I
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 
2
Pi = V ω C tanδ watt/m(16)
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬Tanδ،‫א‬C،‫א‬‫א‬V
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 
 
 
95
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫ﻓﺮق درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎزل‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻜﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫اﻻرض‬
‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺸﻮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎزل‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6F
 
(oK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
Δθ = (I2R+0.5Wd)T1 + [I2R(1+λ1)+Wd]nT2 + [I2R(1+λ1+ λ2)+Wd] n(T3+T4)
، ‫א‬‫א‬ R ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I 

T2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ T1‫א‬‫א‬ Wd
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ T3  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 n  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ T4  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬λ1‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬λ2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
 1  2
   Wd [ T1  n(T2  T3  T4 )] 
 I   2 (17)

 RT1  nR(1  1 )T2  nR(1  1   2 )(T3  T4 ) 
 
 
 
96
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J2 J5F
 (BS 6346:1989)600/1000V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
4 ‫ أو‬3 ‫ﻗﻠﺒﺎن‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺐ واﺣﺪ‬ 4 ‫ أو‬3 ‫ﻗﻠﺒﺎن‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺐ واﺣﺪ‬ (mm2)‫א‬
‫ﻗﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ‬
O O
O O O  OO O O O  OO
‫أوﻻ ﻣﻮﺻﻼت اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬

105 120 91 105 16
135 160 120 145 25
165 195 150 175 35
195 230 230 220 180 210 235 215 50
240 285 280 270 230 265 300 275 70
290 345 335 320 280 325 370 335 95
 335  395  380  365 325 380 430 390  120
 375  445  430  410 375 430 490 445  150
425 500 485 460 430 495 570 520 185
490 580 560 530 510 590 710 620 240
550 650 620 600 590 670 810 710 300
620 740 700 680 680 780 930 820 400
770 760 1040 940 500
860 850 1170 1080 630
930 940 1300 1220 800
980 1010 1410 1350 1000
 ‫א‬W
80 94 70 81 16
105 125 93 110 25
125 150 115 135 35
150 180 175 170 140 165 180 165 50
185 220 220 210 175 205 230 210 70
225 270 260 250 220 255 285 260 95
 255  305  300  285 255 295 335 305  120
290 345 335 320 290 335 385 350  150
330 395 380 360 335 390 445 405 185
380 455 440 420 400 460 560 485 240
430 520 495 475 460 530 640 560 300
500 590 560 540 540 620 740 650 400
     630  610     840 760 500
710 690 970 880 630
780 780 1090 1020 800
850 860 1220 1150 1000
 
 
 
 
 
 
97
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J2 J2 J5F

IEC287‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XLPE‫א‬25oCW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XLPEPVC30oC1.9/3.3kV
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.9/3.3kV
K20mm‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K150cmW‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
98
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(BS 6724:1990)600/1000V‫א‬XLPE‫א‬‫א‬E5F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
4 ‫ أو‬3 ‫ﻗﻠﺒﺎن‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺐ واﺣﺪ‬ 4 ‫ أو‬3 ‫ﻗﻠﺒﺎن‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺐ واﺣﺪ‬ (mm2)‫א‬
‫ﻗﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ‬
O O O O  O O O O 
 OO  OO 
‫أوﻻ ﻣﻮﺻﻼت اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬

119 141 99 115 16
152 183 131 152 25
182 219 162 188 35
217 259 242 231 197 228 288 222 50
266 317 295 284 251 291 358 285 70
319 381 350 340 304 354 425 346 95
 363  433  395  386  353 410 485 402  120
 406  485  434  431  406 472 549 463  150
458 547 482 485 463 539 618 529 185
529 632 545 558 546 636 715 625 240
592 708 597 623 628 732 810 720 300
667 799 637 691 728 847 848 815 400
688 765 923 918 500
737 841 992 1027 630
760 888 1042 1119 800
797 942 1110 1214 1000
 ‫א‬W
91 108 74 85 16
116 138 98 112 25
139 165 120 138 35
165 196 185 177 145 166 215 162 50
203 241 227 218 185 211 270 207 70
244 288 270 260 224 254 324 252 95
 278    306  296  264   372 292  120
311 339 331 305 424 337  150
353 380 374 350 477 391 185
409 435 433 418 554 465 240
461 483 486 488 626 540 300
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
99
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6F
(oC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
55 50 45 40 35 30 25 
(oC)
0.47 0.58 0.68 0.77 0.85 0.93 1.00 65  
0.55 0.64 0.72 0.80 0.87 0.93 1.00 70 ‫ورق‬
0.65 0.72 0.77 0.84 0.89 0.94 1.00 80 ‫ورق‬
0.61 0.71 0.79 0.87 0.94 1.00 1.06 70 PVC
0.69 0.75 0.80 0.86 0.91 0.95 1.00 90 XLPE*
0.76 0.82 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00 1.04 90 XLPE**
1.9/3.3 kV**1.9/3.3 kV*
 
600/1000V‫א‬‫א‬W2
 70oC‫א‬  240mm2
 K40oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬240mm24W‫א‬
 510Z‫א‬‫א‬
 
40 C‫א‬70 C6
o o
 0.8Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 408Z0.8x510Z40 C‫א‬‫א‬
o
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 600/1000V XLPE ‫א‬‫א‬ W3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 240mm2 
 K45oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
XLPE240mm25W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 529Z‫א‬‫א‬
 45oC‫א‬1.9/3.3kVXLPE6
 0.87Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 460.2Z0.87x529Z45oC‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E2 J2 J2 J5F

100
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 15oC‫א‬‫א‬ JW‫א‬‫א‬
 1.2 oKm/W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 1.8m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
1kV0.5m‫א‬ J
1kV0.8m
33kV
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E7F
(oC) ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (oC)
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10  ‫א‬
0.63 0.71 0.77 0.84 0.89 0.95 1.00 1.05 65  
0.67 0.74 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.04 70 ‫ورق‬
0.73 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00 1.04 75 ‫ورق‬
0.67 0.74 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.04 70 PVC
0.77 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.03 90 XLPE
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8F
(oKm/W)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
(mm2)
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.9 0.8
‫آﻴﺒﻞ ذو ﻗﻠﺐ واﺣﺪ‬
0.67 0.73 0.81 0.91 1.07 1.11 1.16 150 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬-
0.66 0.72 0.80 0.90 1.07 1.12 1.17 400 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬185 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬-
0.65 0.71 0.79 0.90 1.08 1.13 1.18 1200 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬500 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬-
‫آﻴﺒﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻘﻠﻮب‬
0.74 0.79 0.86 0.95 1.04 1.06 1.09 16 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬-
0.70 0.76 0.84 0.93 1.07 1.10 1.14 150 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬25 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬-
0.68 0.74 0.82 0.92 1.07 1.11 1.16 400 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬185 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬-
 
 
 
101
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9F
 (m)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 0.60  0.45  0.30 0.15  ‫א‬ (kV)
 0.94  0.93 0.91  0.87 0.81 2
 0.90  0.87 0.84  0.78 0.70 3
 0.89  0.86 0.81  0.74 0.63 4 0.6/1 kV
 0.87  0.83 0.78  0.70 0.59 5
 0.86  0.82 0.76  0.67 0.55 6
 0.92  0.90 0.89  0.85 0.80 2 1.9/3.3kV
 0.86  0.84 0.80  0.75 0.69 3
 0.84  0.80 0.77  0.70 0.63 4 12.7/22kV
 0.81  0.78 0.73  0.66 0.57 5
 0.80  0.76 0.71  0.63 0.55 6
 0.91  0.89 0.87  0.83 0.80 2
 0.85  0.82 0.78  0.73 0.70 3
19/33kV
 0.82  0.78 0.74  0.68 0.64 4
 0.79  0.75 0.70  0.63 0.59 5
 0.78  0.74 0.68  0.60 0.56 6
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E10F
19/33kV1.9/3.3kV 0.6/1.0 kV ‫א‬
‫أﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ إﻟﻰ‬70 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ 50mm ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬2
 (m)
300mm2 300mm2 300mm2 300mm2
-- -- 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50
-- -- 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.60
1.00 1.00 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.80
0.97 0.98 0.92 0.94 0.95 1.00
0.95 0.96 0.90 0.92 0.94 1.25
0.94 0.95 0.89 0.91 0.93 1.50
0.92 0.94 0.87 0.89 0.92 1.75
0.90 0.92 0.86 0.88 0.91 2.00
0.89 0.91 0.85 0.87 0.90 2.50
0.88 0.90 0.83 0.86 0.89 ‫ أو أآﺜﺮ‬3.0
 
 
‫א‬ 600/1000V XLPE W 4
‫א‬‫א‬ 1.0m‫א‬ 240 mm2
‫א‬ 30oC ‫א‬ ‫א‬  60cm ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.0 oK.m/W ‫א‬‫א‬
 
102
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬240mm2E5F J
 E
 529Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 30oCXLPEE7F J
 0.89Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬400mm2185E8F J
 0.82Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.0oK.m/W
 60cm0.6/1.0kVE9F J
 0.90Z‫א‬‫א‬
0.6/1.0kV1.0mE10F J
0.94Z‫א‬300mm270
 326.6Z0.94x0.90x0.82x0.89x529Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬E3 J2 J2 J5F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 15oC‫א‬‫א‬ J
 1.2oK.m/W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 1.8m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
1kV0.5m‫א‬ J
33kV1kV0.8m
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
103
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11F
(Km/W)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.9 0.8 (mm2)‫א‬
‫آﻴﺒﻞ ذو ﻗﻠﺐ واﺣﺪ‬
0.75 0.81 0.87 0.94 1.04 1.07 1.10 150 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬-
0.73 0.79 0.86 0.94 1.05 1.08 1.11 400 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬185 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬-
0.70 0.77 0.84 0.93 1.06 1.09 1.13 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬500 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬-
1200
‫آﻴﺒﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﻘﻠﻮب‬
0.83 0.87 0.92 0.97 1.03 1.04 1.05 16 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬-
0.78 0.85 0.90 0.96 1.03 1.05 1.07 150 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬25 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬-
0.76 0.82 0.87 0.95 1.04 1.06 1.09 400 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬185 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬-
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E12F
 (m)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 0.60  0.45 0.30   ‫א‬ (kV)
 0.96  0.95  0.93 0.90 2
 0.93  0.90  0.87 0.82 3
 0.91  0.89  0.85 0.78 4 0.6/1 kV
 0.90  0.87  0.82 0.75 5
 0.90  0.86  0.81 0.72 6
 0.94  0.93  0.91 0.88 2 1.9/3.3kV
 0.89  0.87  0.84 0.80 3
 0.87  0.84  0.81 0.75 4 12.7/22kV
 0.85  0.82  0.77 0.71 5
 0.84  0.80  0.75 0.69 6
 0.93  0.92  0.89 0.87 2
 0.87  0.85  0.82 0.78 3
 0.85  0.82  0.78 0.73 4 19/33kV
 0.83  0.79  0.75 0.69 5
 0.82  0.78  0.73 0.67 6
 
 
 
 
 
 
104
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬E13F
1.9/3.3kV 0.6/1.0 kV ‫א‬
19/33kV  (m)
‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻘﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺐ واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻘﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺐ واﺣﺪ‬
1.00 1.00 0.50
0.99 0.98 0.60
1.00 1.0 0.97 0.95 0.80
0.99 0.98 0.96 0.93 1.00
0.97 0.95 0.95 0.90 1.25
0.96 0.93 0.94 0.89 1.50
0.95 0.92 0.94 0.88 1.75
0.94 0.90 0.93 0.87 2.00
0.93 0.89 0.3 0.86 2.50
0.92 0.88 0.2 0.85 ‫ أو أآﺜﺮ‬3.0
‫א‬   0.6/1.0kV  XLPE      W 5 
‫א‬ ‫א‬   6 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    1500A
‫א‬45cm‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ 30oC ‫א‬  1.0oK.m/W   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 1.25m
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 250Z6 ÷1500Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 30oCXLPEE7F J
 0.89Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 250A‫א‬XLPEE5F J
 70mm250‫א‬266217
 120mm295‫א‬278244
‫א‬150mm225E11F J
 1.0oK.m/W
 1.03Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬45cm0.6/1.0kVE12F J
 0.86Z‫א‬‫א‬
 0.6/1.0kV1.25mE13F J
0.95Z‫א‬
 0.749Z0.95x0.86x1.03x0.89Z‫א‬‫א‬
105
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
0.749x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z250
 333.78Z0.749÷250Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 334A‫א‬XLPEE6F J
120mm295‫א‬363319
120mm2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
185mm2150‫א‬353311
185mm2‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E3 J5F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
self-contained   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬Kfluid-filled cables
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
106
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  J
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬  J‫א‬ J ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K
   K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬K‫א‬
self-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(stop joint)‫א‬
 Kcontained fluid-filled cable
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
107
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J5F
 
 2000V‫א‬‫א‬E1 J4 J5F

 (107mm2) 4/0‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KE7F
 
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7
‫اﻻﺗﺴﺎع اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺮي‬

 
 E7F
 
 (107mm2)‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   457mm   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     107mm2
 K13545mm2
 
‫א‬ 107mm2‫א‬   J

 107mm2       ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  107mm2 ‫א‬
‫א‬107mm2‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬107mm2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2000V‫א‬‫א‬E2 J4 J5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
108
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
 
 2000V‫א‬‫א‬E3 J4 J5F

 2000V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 d1+d2+d3+d4+d5+d6+d7 ‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 KE8F‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 
E8F
Voltage Drop ‫א‬E5 J5F
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬       
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (IZ) ‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
1000V‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬mV/A/m‫א‬EBS7671F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 mV/A/m = 2Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 mV/A/m = √3 Z‫א‬‫א‬
Z‫א‬1‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K240/415V‫א‬ 240V Vo‫א‬‫א‬
109
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  415V   V ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬
 K240/415V
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6 J5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬ F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  J2
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J6
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬E7 J5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬      J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 Thumping method‫א‬ J1
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬     
110
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬E9F
 
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
111
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Extremely Low Frequency Method ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬         ‫א‬    K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬      0.1Hz     ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
Time Domain Reflection Method‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3
  ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
112
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (coaxial cable)‫א‬ ‫א‬ (twisted pair cable)
 K
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
،‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  
‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 4000،2000،1000 ،100،10،2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬–
‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
113
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(open circuit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -1
K11
 
 
E11F
   (short circuit)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J2
 KE12F
114
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
E12F
‫א‬‫א‬   J3

 KE13F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E13F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4
 KE14F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 E14F
 A-Frame J4
  K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
115
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KE15F   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬    K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E15F
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬   A-Frame  ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   KE16F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ‫א‬        ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E16F
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E2F
116
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E3F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E4F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E6F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E7F
‫א‬A-Frame‫ א‬E8F
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E9F
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EFE10F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 EFK‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J5
 EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J6
 EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J7
 EF
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬66kV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E11F
K40kV/cm‫א‬
7km 50Hz 66kV‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬E12F
K2.8‫א‬7.8cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3.5cm
  5cm ‫א‬  1.5cm    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬E13F
K1820MΩ3km
117
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ 0.6/1kV ‫א‬‫א‬   XLPE  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬E14F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬120mm2EF
 K30oC
  EF    ‫א‬ 0.6/1kV  XLPE   E15F
‫א‬‫א‬ 1m ‫א‬ 240mm2
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 20oC ‫א‬ ‫א‬  45cm  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.5oKm/W
‫א‬   0.6/1kV   XLPE      E16F
‫א‬  4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 1200A
‫א‬K100cm‫א‬60cm
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 25oC‫א‬‫א‬ 1.5oKm/W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
118
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
  
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
119
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Skin Effect ‫א‬‫( א‬1 J6)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RA.C. = K RD.C. (1)

 
K‫א‬‫א‬ RDC‫א‬‫א‬  RAC 

 P‫א‬
f
  P  0.52  (2) 
R DC
 
 ‫א‬f‫א‬‫א‬RDC
 
 KP‫א‬‫א‬E1F
P 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.8
K 1.005 1.020 1.052 1.111 1.152 1.200 1.256 1.318 1.385 1.600
 
 
120
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Corona Phenomena ‫א‬‫א‬E2 J6F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬       ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Disruptive Critical Voltage‫א‬‫א‬E1 J2 J6F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬      
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K30kVpeak/cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
r     D    ‫א‬ B  A    
E1F
 W‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬(Gauss)
121
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
q
 E    (3)
2x
 
V 2
  q  VC   
Log e ( D / r )
 
V
 E   (4)
xLog e ( D / r )
A B
r
x
D
 
 E1F
 
 E‫א‬ C‫א‬‫א‬ V‫א‬ q 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wx = r ‫א‬
V
  E max   (5)
rLog e ( D / R)
 
 W25 C1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
o
 
VC
  EC   (6)
rLog e ( D / r )
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VC
 W‫א‬‫א‬
VC = EC r Loge(D/r) (7)
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WPToC‫א‬‫א‬δ
 
p 293
    (8)
760 273  T
 
 
122
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
VC = EC δ r Loge(D/r) (9)
30   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 21.2 kV(rms)/cm kV(peak)/cm
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
VC = 21.2 δ r Loge(D/r) (10)

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
VC = 21.2 m δ r Loge(D/r)
 
 VC = 48.5 m δ r Log10(D/r)(11) 

 
m   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   m 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬1m
 K‫א‬0.98 to 0.93
 K‫א‬7‫א‬‫א‬0.90
 K‫א‬7‫א‬‫א‬0.87 to 0.83
Visual Corona Phenomena‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J2 J6F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
W‫א‬
 0.3  D
  Vv  48.5mvr 1  log     (12) 
r 
10
 r
123
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬mv
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬1mv
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.72
 KE‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.82
 KE
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3 J2 J6F
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
( f  25) r
  P  240 (V  VC ) 2 x10 5 kw / km / phase (13)  
 D
 KHz‫א‬f‫א‬‫א‬V
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(bundle conductor)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬
 
124
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 W‫א‬‫א‬132kV
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1cm‫א‬‫א‬ J
 4m
 0.9‫א‬‫א‬ J15oC‫א‬‫א‬ J
 0.8‫א‬ J
 :‫א‬
r=1cm
D1=D2=D3=4m=400cm

4m
4m   D  3 D1 D2 D3  3 4 x 4 x 4  4m
760 293
    1.017 
4m 760 273  15
 ‫א‬x‫א‬Zm
2 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
mZ0.8x0.9Z0.72
VC= 48.5 m δ r Log10(D/r)
VC=48.5 x 0.72 x 1.017 x Log10(400/1) = 92.4 kV (r.m.s)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.3   0. 3 
Vv  1  Vc  1   x92.4  119.88kV (r.m.s ) 
 r   1.017 x1 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ W2
100km  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
1.04cm50Hz132kV
 F 750torr ‫א‬ 40oC ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    3m ‫א‬
 Em=0.85 , mv=0.72‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
P 273  20 750 293
   .  .  0.925 ‫א‬
760 273  t 760 273  40
VC = 48.5 m δ r Log10(D/r) ‫א‬‫א‬
125
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 = 48.5x0.85x0.925x0.52xLog10(3/0.0052)=55.1kV
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.3  D  0.3   3 
Vv  48.5mv r 1   log 10  r   48.5 x0.72 x0.925 x0.521   Log 10  0.0052   67.2kV
 r     0.925 x0.52   
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
  Pc  243 50  25. 0.0052 . 132  55.1 .10 5.100  365kW / phase 
0.925 3  3 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
  Pc  243 50  25. 0.0052 . 132  55.1x0.8  .10 5.100  847kW / phase 
0.925 3  3 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3 J6F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Lightning Strokes‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬1-3-6)

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
       ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
       ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
126
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
20  5‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ EL 10 5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
2500 F    ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  EL
 KE4F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E3F
100
80
Percent kA
60
40
20
0
Time, Us
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4F
127
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 400K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K101‫א‬K‫א‬ -
 50%    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬   -
 K10010‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J3 J6F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬(expulsion gaps)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Earthing Lines‫א‬‫א‬E1 J2–3 J6F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
128
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
  K (capacitances) ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬30o‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K30‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
G
G
s
p p p
h
G
‫ﻗﻨﺎة‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﺎﻋﻘﺔ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zh‫א‬‫א‬ZG
 30oZ‫א‬‫א‬Zs‫א‬ZP
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J2 J3 J6F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
129
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I o ZT
  VT   (14)
ZT
(1  )
Zs
‫א‬Zs(surge impedance)‫א‬ZT
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
32.5‫א‬15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬50‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(counter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬1.00.5‫א‬‫א‬poise wires)
10050‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K25‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬E3 J2 J3 J6F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
130
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E1 J3 J2 J3 J6F
‫א‬‫א‬spark gaps‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E6bFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫ﺛﻐﺮة‬


‫א‬ ‫أﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺮاغ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫א‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫א‬ ‫أرﺿﻲ‬
‫א‬ (6bF ‫א‬E6aF 

 ‫א‬E2 J3 J2 J3-6)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(nonlinear element)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
131
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(flashover voltage)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Lightning Arresters‫א‬‫א‬E3 J3 J2 J3 J6F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2010‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
250100‫א‬‫א‬(8/20 s)‫א‬‫א‬
 K(1/5 s)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  -‫أ‬
 K35‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  -‫ب‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
Silicon-Carbide Arresters J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(silicon carbide) J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
I = k (15)
Va
‫א‬ak‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬I
 K‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Vd‫א‬id
 KVp
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
5,000‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬300100‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
132
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
Vd V(kV)
V V Id
d
Vs
Vp Vd
id
T (s)
Id  
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬E7bF ‫א‬‫א‬E7aF
 
Zinc-Oxide Arresters J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
200100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F10
 
 10،200 J100‫א‬E1F
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
(1.2/50 s) J1
2.2 – 2.8  ‫א‬
2.9 – 3.1  J2
2.3 – 3  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J3
(Vd) J4
2 –2.7
 (8/20s)
2.2 – 3  5
2.5 – 3.3  10
 20
133
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     50Hz   220kV      J10
  ‫א‬ 1.2cm     ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2m‫א‬
K72cmHg‫א‬20oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.96‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ J11
      60Hz  280kV  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      3.64cm
78cmHg‫א‬25oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.2m
K0.82‫א‬‫א‬
150km50Hz166kV  J12
EF‫א‬K0.950MW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬  J13
1.04cm‫א‬244cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬74cmHg21oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.85‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
134
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
135
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Gas Insulation Breakdown ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬         
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Electric Field Intensity  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J7F
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?α‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬αF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
d    ‫א‬      ‫א‬   KE‫א‬
‫א‬p
136
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
   E    e   ‫א‬    K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬eE‫א‬
 
2
K.E. = e E x = 0.5 m v (1)
 
 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x

 K‫א‬v‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Avalanche)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Breakdown
‫اﻻﻧﻮد‬
dx E
nx
d
‫اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮد‬ no
 ‫א‬E1F
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬n‫א‬
‫א‬dx‫א‬dn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
137
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
dn = α n dx (2)
n d
   dn  n  dx 
no 0
 
αd
n = no e (3)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬no
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I = Io e αd (4)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Io
(electron ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬eαd‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬avalanche)
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J7F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Photoionization‫א‬‫ א‬E1F
‫א‬eV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
A + e + k energy → A* + e (5)
A* → A + hv (6)
 
  ‫א‬   K‫א‬  hv     A  ‫א‬     A*
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 10-10 10-7‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬ (hv) ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
138
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬Khv≥evi‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
+
A + hv → A + e (7)  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E2F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(metastable ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Am‫א‬atoms)
‫א‬‫א‬،Vm‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬،B‫א‬،Vi، 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Am + B → A + B+ + e (8) 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬B‫א‬
Am + B → A + B* (9) 
 
2Vm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬AVi‫א‬Am ‫א‬
 W
Am + Am → A+ + A + e + K.E.(10) 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
139
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Thermal Ionization‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E3F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E1 J2 J7F

‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?   γ 
 ‫א‬   γ   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K    ،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
γ= γ1 + γ2 + γ3+... (11)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
I o e d
 I   (12) 
1   (ed  1)
 
 E3 J7F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
1 – γ [exp (αd) – 1] = 0 (13)
γ [exp (αd) –1] = 1 (14)

 
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬eαd
 
γ exp (αd) = 1 (15)
 
 γ ‫ و‬α‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
140
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬E4 J7F
‫א‬K‫א‬
  KE  10  2  ‫א‬F      ‫א‬
‫א‬ ، (guard electrode) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K 1012  109
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K 10-8  10-14    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 10-6  10-4  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (no)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ To‫א‬KE3F‫א‬
‫א‬ T1‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬T2‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬T2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
141
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 d‫א‬‫א‬ Log(I/Io)‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬KE4FE‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K(E/P)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E3F
 
 
 ‫א‬Log(I/Io)‫א‬E4F
 
 
8kV 5.5x10-8 A (steady state)‫א‬‫א‬ W1
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  0.4cm  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5.5x10-9 A‫א‬0.1cm‫א‬
 K
I = Io exp(d)   ‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬
I2 = Io exp(d2) , I1 = Io exp(d1)
142
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
I1 I o exp(d1 )
  exp (d1  d 2 )
I 2 I o exp(d 2 )
5.5 x10 8
 exp (0.4  0.1)
5.5 x10 9
 
10 = exp (0.3)
0.3 = ln(10)
 = 7.676 /cm
Paschen,s Law–‫א‬‫א‬E5 J7F
 d ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Breakdown  ‫א‬ P*d‫א‬‫א‬ P ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E5F‫א‬ Vb=f(P*d)  ‫א‬ Voltage
 Vbmin‫א‬‫א‬ E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V
N W
Vb
Vb
p
(pd)m
 in
 E‫א‬X ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E5F
 
 
 
 
143
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E1F
Vb min (pd)min ‫א‬
 EF Torr.cm
352 0.55  ‫א‬‫א‬
240 0.65  ‫א‬
230 1.05  ‫א‬
450 0.7  ‫א‬
507 0.26  ‫א‬
420 0.57  ‫א‬
245 4.0  ‫א‬
155 4.0  ‫א‬
 
 
 Electronegative gases ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6 J7F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (Electron attachment)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 
-
AB + e  AB (16)  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K

   ‫א‬
AB +e  A + B- (17)
144
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ B‫א‬‫א‬ A‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  () ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
[ exp(  )d ]  [ ]
 
I  Io (18)

1  { [{exp(  )d}  1]}

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 [exp(  )d  1]  1 (19)

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 [ / ( - )] = 1 ; or  =  / (1 -) (20)

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬E10-4 F‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K=
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (E/P) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
145
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Sulfur hexafluride (SF6) ‫א‬E7 J7F
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬  K‫א‬K…‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬E1 J7 J7F

 ‫א‬‫א‬E1 J1 J7 J7F
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  J2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 K‫א‬‫א‬20‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J5
‫א‬ 2L 15K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 10oC
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2L 15
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    15  K  
  ‫א‬         10oC
 K‫א‬‫א‬16oC‫א‬‫א‬
2.52‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
6000oK   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J7
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J8
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
146
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E2 J1 J7 J7F  J9
  ‫ آﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬500oC K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K K

‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬
K‫א‬
 K(Electronegative gas) ‫א‬ K

K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K (Al2O3) ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E3 J1 J7 J7F

2.35‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬30%‫א‬‫א‬
 2L 3    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
،‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬……‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K‫א‬   K5
‫א‬  
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
K‫א‬
147
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K6
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ K8
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J1 J7 J7F

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

 K‫א‬ K

 K‫א‬ K

 K‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬       K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
148
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Liquid Insulation Breakdown‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8 J7F
109W1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9 J7F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
149
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F
    ‫א‬
  
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
20oC‫א‬ J
30-40 20-25 20 30 15 2.5mm
2.- 73.0 4.8 2.1 2.3 – 2.6 2.2 – 2.3 (kV/mm)
10-3 0.60x10-3 0.25x10-3 0.002 0.001  (50 Hz)‫א‬‫א‬ J
 50HzTan δ  J
10-4 0.50x10-3 0.10x10-3 0.0001 0.0005
 1 kHz
3x1014 2x1013 1013 – 1014 1012 - 1013 1012-1013  EKF‫א‬‫א‬ J
1.0 – 1.1 1.4 0.88–0.89 0.93 0.89 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
10 – 1000 100 – 150 30 30 30  20oC
 20oC‫א‬ J
Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
‫א‬‫א‬ J
1.50–1.60 1.6000 1.4740 1.4700 1.4820
 (mg/gm of KOH)
< 0.01 < 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01  ‫א‬ J
< 30 < 30 50 50 50 (mg of ‫א‬ J
negligible negligible KOH/gm of oil)
 J
(ppm)
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬
‫ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬
‫ﺑﺮج‬
‫اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫إﻟﻲ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮد‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ‬
  ‫إﻟﻲ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬
 
‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
  ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬
  ‫إﻟﻲ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬
  ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺰان‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E6F
150
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10 J7F
K‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
200  100  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  1.0  0.5  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬K10050‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11 J7F
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    E3F   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ﺗﻴﺎر‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺎر أﻳﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬E7F
151
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F
‫أﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﺸﺪة اﻟﻌﺰل‬  ‫א‬
(MV/cm)
1.1 – 1.3  
1.1  
1.0  ‫א‬
1.0 – 1.2  
2.4  ‫א‬‫א‬
1.6 – 1.9  ‫א‬‫א‬
1.0  ‫א‬‫א‬
0.7 ‫א‬‫א‬
1.1 – 1.42  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E12 J7)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ EF  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        K(Particles) ‫א‬  K1
 (Particles Permitivity) ε1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ε2‫א‬‫א‬
r‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  F  12 r 3  
2 1
 E 2  ‫א‬‫א‬
2  
1 2
152
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
KBreakdown‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   W  K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    E=V/d (Kv/cm)     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
Solid Insulation Breakdown‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 EE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E13 J7F
 
‫א‬‫א‬    Polymers ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬
KTreeing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Tracking‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
153
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Tracking‫א‬‫א‬E1 J13 J7F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Leakage Current  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Dry Bands‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ C-H‫א‬‫א‬
H2O ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ Erosion
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KFlashover‫א‬
 
 TreeingE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E2 J13 J7F

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Plain Electrode  ‫א‬ Point Electrode     
 E ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬
154
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ Partial Discharge
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Trees‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
     KTreeing  ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  
  K    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Water  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬    
KTreeing
 W‫א‬‫א‬E3 J13 J7F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ddo‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V
V2 d
 o  r 2  Y ln[ o ] (21)
2d d
 W‫א‬Y
2Y d
V 2  d 2[ ] ln[ o ] (22)
or d
 
 d/do=0.6 or do/d=1.67   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
V Y
E max   0.6 (23)
do or
155
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Thermal Breakdown‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J13 J7F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E 2 f r tan 
W (24)
1.8x1012
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬f
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dT
  WT  C v  div( K .gradT ) (25)
dt
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cv
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬t
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5 J13 J7F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
156
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E14 J7F
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  (Paper ) ‫א‬ J1
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
(Mica)‫א‬ J2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 (Glass)‫א‬ J3
6 g/cm3  2.2 ‫א‬10 3.7‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KK 1020  1012  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.020.004 ‫א‬
    L  5000  3000   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K100‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
157
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
(Ceramics)‫א‬‫א‬ J4
K‫א‬   ‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ (εr<12)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  (εr>12) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
(Polyethylene) ‫א‬ J5
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬70oC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ XLPE  ‫א‬        ‫א‬ 
 K90oC
 
Polyvinyle Chloride (PVC) ‫א‬‫א‬ J5
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 3.3kV  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K20oC 70oC
K0oC70oC‫א‬‫א‬
158
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫؟‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K7
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K8
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.11
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K12
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K13
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K14
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K15
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K16
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K17
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K18
159
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
(Name of the reference)‫א‬‫א‬  (Author)‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺪﻧﺎن ﺳﺮاج‬.‫( د‬1)
 K1996،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.‫ هﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺒﻴﺪ ود‬.‫( د‬2)
K1992،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫ أﺣﻤﺪ ﺣﻠﻤﻲ راﺷﺪ‬.‫ أﺳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ذآﻲ و د‬.‫( د‬3)
1984،
The Electrical Power Engineering
Handbook, Marcel Dekker, New Leo L. Grigsby (4)
York, 1994.
Power Distribution Planning
Reference Book, ABB Inc., North H. Lee Willis (5)
Carolina, 2004.
Electrical Power istribution and
L. M. Faulkenberry and W. Coffer (6)
Transmission, Prentice Hall, 1996.
Electric Power Systems, Taylor and
Syed Nasar and F. C. Trutt (7)
Francis, 2001.
Electrical power distribution system
Turan Gonen (8)
engineering , McGraw-Hill 1986.
Electrical Power Cable Engineering,
William A. Thu (9)
2nd Edition, Taylor and Francis, 2003.
Electric Power Systems, McGraw
J. A. Harrison (10)
Hill, 1996.
Power System Analysis, John Willy
C. A. Gross (11)
and Sons Ltd, 1997.
Elements of Power System Analysis,
W. D. Stevenson (12)
McGraw Hill.
Electrical Distribution in Buildings,
2nd Edition, Blackwell Science Ltd, C. Denis Poole and Trevor E. Marks (13)
Oxford, 1994.
Electrical Power System Technology,
Stephen W. Fardo and Dale R. Patrick (14)
Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.
 
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 

 108  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J5F

Primary Distribution and its types‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J1F

 Primary selective distribution system‫א‬E4 J2 J1F

 Network secondary distribution systemE3 J3 J1F

compact ring main unit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J1F

Secondary distribution Substation‫א‬‫א‬E5 J1F

400, 800, 1600, 2000, 2400 150, 250 3.6

400, 600, 800, 1200, 2400 15.6, 26, 31 0.440

Distribution Transformers  ‫א‬   E2 J1 J5 J1F

 ‫א‬E2 J5 J1F

(BS 3871 part1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Air circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J5   ‫א‬‫א‬ J1 

DC Distributors ‫א‬‫א‬E1 J2F

V = I1r1 + I2r2 + I3r3 + I4r4 (1)

V = r1( i1 + i2 + i3 + i4) + r2(i2 + i3 + i4) + r3(i3 + i4) + r4(i4)

220 190 150 50

‫א‬ 0.1Ω/km  W2

r = 0.1 ÷ 1000 = 10-4 Ω/m‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

iA = x = 143.75 A A‫א‬‫א‬

VB = 400-5.8 = 394.2 V B‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  500mE1F

 61  37  19 7 3 ‫א‬‫א‬

AAC (BS215, IEC207) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

ACSR 12 AL/7 STEEL AAAC 19 STRAND

ACSR 30 AL/7 STEEL AAAC 37 STRAND

ACSR 54 AL/7 STEEL AAAC 61 STRAND

Code Strand Layers Outside AC, 60 Hz GMR

Conductors Arrangement‫א‬E1 J2 J3F

‫ﻣﻮﺻﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺛﻼث ﻣﻮﺻﻼت ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ‬

Overhead Transmission Line Towers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3 J3F

Wooden Towers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J3 J3F

 Suspension tower ‫א‬K

‫א‬       E13F

0.15Ω‫א‬ 40km 220 kV‫א‬ E1F

kV                                          W  ‫א‬ 

A                                 ‫א‬ EF

Medium Transmission Line‫א‬‫א‬E2 J4 J3F

‫א‬‫א‬  VRY / 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻜﻮن‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 130km 60Hz ‫ وﺗﺮدد‬345 kV‫א‬ WE2F

  Y = ωCl = 2xπx60x0.0112x10-6x130 = 5.489x10-4 mho

ZY (4.68  j 39.207) xj5.489 x10 4

 ZY  4  (4.68  j 39.207)( j 5.489 x10 4 ) 

Vs  198699.67  j13937.83  199187.9084 V  1.99.19 kV 

‫א‬ 130km 60Hz ‫وﺗﺮدد‬ 345 kV‫א‬ W E3F

 ZY  6  (4.68  j 39)( j 4.22 x10 x130)  6

C  3.521x107  j 5.457 x104  5.457 x104 90.04 

VR  DVs  BI s  0.9890.07 x199.1860  39.27983.16 x103 x 400  18.19 

 VR  197.0550.07  15.712  64.97  190.407  j13.995  190.921  4.2 

  VR ,L L  3VR  3x190.921  330.685 kV 

 I R  CVs  AIs  5.457x10 90.04x199.186x10 0  0.9890.07x400  18.19

  I R  108.68990.04  395.72  18.12  376.171 j 231.761 441.834  31.64

Vs / A  VR (345 / 0.989)  330.685

Long Transmission Lines‫א‬‫א‬E3 J4 J3F

Stress Insulators‫א‬‫א‬E3 J2 J4F

 W(guard ring)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E3F

  0.6/1kV  ‫א‬   J1

 ρt = ρo [1 + γ (T-To)] (1)

kcmil = mill ÷1000 =

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W1

 mill  53.5 mm2  ‫א‬‫א‬