EF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

EDIFFERENTIALS and DRIVE AXLESF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 

 ٪٩٥٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 H
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٦ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EDIFFERENTIALS and DRIVE AXLESF
 
EIntroductionF
،(differential)‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(drive axles)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(curves)E
 F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(skidding)‫א‬،‫א‬(rigidly connected)‫א‬
K(tires)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(during a turn)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(crossbar)(axle)‫א‬ 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(drive axles)‫א‬‫א‬
،E١ J٥FE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٥F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
(DIFFERENTIALS)
  
EImportance and Purpose of DifferentialsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(geared mechanism)‫א‬(differential)‫א‬‫א‬ 
K? ‫א‬‫א‬? ،‫א‬(drive axles)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬°٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(rear-drive axles)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬F(rear-wheel drive)‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(front-drive axles)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F(front-wheel drive)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(rear-drive axles)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬WE ‫א‬‫א‬F(rear-wheel drive)E‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(rear-drive axles)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(front-drive axles)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F(four-wheel drive)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(transfer case)‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 K(four-wheel drive)E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

(rear-wheel drive)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (differential)‫א‬‫א‬.E٢ J٥FE‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(rear-drive axle housing)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢ J٥F
 
(front-wheel drive)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،E٣ J٥FE‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬(transaxle)
 

 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

‫א‬F(four-wheel drive)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬(front axle)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(differentials)E‫א‬
(transfer case)K(rear axle)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤ J٥FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٥F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

،(full-time four-wheel drive)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬K(inter-axle differential)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥ J٥FF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E90°F‫א‬‫א‬KE٦ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬(inner rear wheel)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،E9.5FE31F‫א‬E6.1FE20F‫א‬
 7.5FE24⅔F‫א‬‫א‬(outer rear wheel)‫א‬‫א‬
E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE12FE39F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 EDifferential FunctionsF‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬°٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EDifferential ComponentsF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٥F 
‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٥F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٧ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

  
 EF‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٥F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 (drive pinion gear)‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
(crown gear)‫א‬‫א‬(ring gear)‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 (differential side gears)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ 
 (differential pinion gears)‫א‬‫א‬ J٤ 
 (differential case)‫א‬‫א‬ J٥ 
 (bearings)‫א‬ J٦ 
 (oil seals)‫א‬ J٧ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬(drive pinion gear)‫א‬‫א‬KE٩ J٥F
 (ring gear)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(propeller shaft)‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬(two bearings)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K(differential case)‫א‬‫א‬(bolts)،(threaded holes)
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(differential side gears)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(differential pinion gears)‫א‬‫א‬(differential side gears)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩ J٥F
 
‫א‬‫א‬F(differential side gears)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٥F 
‫א‬‫א‬E٥‫א‬‫א‬F(differential pinion gears)‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 ‫א‬E٦٣‫א‬‫א‬F(side washers)،E١‫א‬F
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬KE١١ J٥F(axle housing)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١ J٥F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W(overhung-mounted pinion gear)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J١
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J٥F(rear tapered bearing)‫א‬(front tapered bearing)
 KE١٢
W(straddle-mounted pinion gear)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،(front and rear tapered bearings)‫א‬E
 
 KE١٣ J٥F(roller bearing)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢ J٥F
 
 

 
F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣ J٥F
 E‫א‬‫א‬E

- ١٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 EDifferential Gears TypesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(straight bevel gears)‫א‬ J١
 KE‫א‬١٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(spiral bevel gears)‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬١٥ J٥F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 ‫א‬ J٢ 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٥ J٥F
 
‫א‬‫א‬(hypoid gears)E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،E١٦ J٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬°٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(ring gear)‫א‬‫א‬(smaller driving gear)‫א‬‫א‬(drive pinion gear)
 K(larger driven gear)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ERear Axle HousingF‫א‬‫א‬
(final drive gears)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(differential)‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(rear axle housing or carrier)‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬K(rear-drive vehicles)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(two drive axle shafts)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(removable housing or carrier)‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
(integral housing or carrier)‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 J٥F(removable housing or carrier)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،(banjo)‫א‬‫א‬(front side)‫א‬‫א‬E١٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(rear side)‫א‬‫א‬K(banjo housing)?
 ‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،(removable housing or carrier)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬(differential case)‫א‬(differential)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(rear axle housing)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(removable housing or carrier)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬(integral housing or carrier)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬(carrier)
  KE١٨ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(cast iron)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(steel axle tubes)‫א‬
K
،‫א‬‫א‬(removable rear cover)
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، E
(integral housing or carrier)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬(suspension system components)‫א‬(brackets)
 K(coil springs)‫א‬‫א‬(leaf springs)‫א‬‫א‬(control arms)‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

،‫א‬(ABS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(speed sensors)‫א‬
 KE١٩ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩ J٥F
 ‫א‬
 
 EDifferential OperationF‫א‬‫א‬
EDifferential Power FlowF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EA J٢٠ J٥F 
‫א‬(ring gear)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(drive pinion gear)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K(differential case)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(differential pinion gears)‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(differential side gears)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(axle)
 K،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬٪١٠٠‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬KEC J٢٠ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
،E
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١١٠‫א‬‫א‬
 KE ‫א‬‫א‬FEB J٢٠ J٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 
‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬WEF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEFWE٢٠ J٥F
 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
EDifferential in Different PositionsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬ J١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢١ J٥F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬WE٢١ J٥F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٢ J٥FE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 
  ‫א‬WE٢٢ J٥F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٣ J٥F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٣ J٥FE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٤ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٢٤ J٥F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J٥ J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٦ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٢٥ J٥F
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٦ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J٦ J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٧ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٧ J٥F
 
 EDifferentials TypesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W،
(normal (standard) differentials)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
(limited-slip differentials)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
(multiple-disc (plate) clutches (clutch plate))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  
(cone clutches) (brake cone)E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  
(Torsen differentials)‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ 
(planetary gearset differentials)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
ENeed of Limited-Slip DifferentialsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬،‫א‬(driving (traction) force)E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،E٢٨ J٥FE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬KE  ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(faster acceleration)‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(spin)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K(worm and wheel gears)EF
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،(equal-lock)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(no-spin)‫א‬‫א‬،(sure-grip)‫א‬
 K(positive-traction)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٨ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 EMultiple-Disc Clutches (Clutch Plate) Limited-Slip DifferentialF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ J٢
 EMultiple-Disc Clutches (Clutch Plate) Limited-Slip Differential ComponentsF
،E٢٩ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(friction discs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(clutch plated)‫א‬‫א‬(two sets)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(differential side gears)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE٣٠ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(groove)(tangs)‫א‬‫א‬
 K(differential case)‫א‬
  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٩ J٥F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 KE٣٢ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،E٣٠ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(S)
F‫א‬‫א‬KE٣١ J٥F(spring retainers)‫א‬‫א‬(coil springs)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٠ J٥F
(S) 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ J٢
 EMultiple-Disc Clutches (Clutch Plate) Limited-Slip Differential OperationF
‫א‬‫א‬،E٣٣ J٥F‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣١ J٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣٤ J٥FEF‫א‬ 
،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٢ J٥F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٣ J٥F
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٤ J٥F
 EF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ECone Clutch (Brake Cones) Limited-Slip DifferentialF
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
? ‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬(two cone-shaped friction components)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?
  ‫א‬‫?א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٣٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(coarse spiral thread)
‫א‬K
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٥ J٥F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٦ J٥F
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣٦ J٥F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

ETorsen DifferentialF??‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
،E٣٧ J٥F‫א‬(Torsen differential)??‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬(worm gears and wheels)E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(spur gears)‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٧ J٥F
  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬(wheels)‫א‬‫א‬(worm gears)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

EPlanetary Gearset DifferentialF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥

‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬(front-wheel drive)E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(rear-wheel drive)E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K
K(transaxle)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٨ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

(ring gear)‫א‬‫א‬(sun gear)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(planetary gears or pinions)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
 F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
ECalculating Final Gear RatioF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،(iD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E‫א‬‫א‬F(Z p)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F(N p)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F(Z r)‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F(N r)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
iD=Np/Nr=Zr/Zp
 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WiD 
(r.p.m)E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WN p 
(r.p.m) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WN r 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WZ p 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WZ r 
  
،E٢٧F‫א‬‫א‬E٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE١W٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬E٤٠F‫א‬‫א‬E١١F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١W٣{٦٤F‫א‬‫א‬،E١W٣{٦٣٦٣٦٣F‫א‬
E١W٥٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١W١٠٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١W٣{٢FE١W١{٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(i G)‫א‬ 
 W(i tot)‫א‬‫א‬، (i D)‫א‬
  
  i tot = i G . i D
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
EDifferential LubricationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(heavy viscosity oil) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(synthetic)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(petroleum-based)
SAE80‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،API GL-4 or GL-5‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬SAE90SAE80،SAE120
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WGLFSAE80W GL-5SAE75W-90 GL-5SAE80W-90 GL-5
KEAmerican Petroleum Institute)‫א‬‫א‬WAPI،(Gear Lubes)
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(special friction modifier)‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(drain plug)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٣٩ J٥F(filler plug)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K(oil seals)‫א‬‫א‬(gaskets)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٩ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
(DRIVING AXLES)
 
 EDriving Axles TypesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(driving axle shafts)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J٥F(axle housing)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬KE٤٠
(dead axles)‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 (live axles or (driving axles))E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
‫א‬ ،‫א‬(dead axles)‫א‬‫א‬ 
،(FWD)E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(trailers)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(live axles or (driving axles))E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٠ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

(driving axles)E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٤١ J٥F
(semi-floating axle)‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
(three-quarter floating axle)‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 (full-floating axle)‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ 
‫א‬(axle shafts)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K(differential side gears)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬(bearings)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٢ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤١ J٥F
 WECF،WEBF،WEAF
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٢ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

ESemi-Floating Axle ShaftsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

EA J٤١ J٥F(semi-floating axles)‫א‬‫א‬ 
K(axle housing)‫א‬‫א‬(bearings)‫א‬K‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤٣ J٥F(rotational friction)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(splines)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K??
KE٤٤ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬(stresses)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٤٤ J٥F
 K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٣ J٥F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EA J٤١ J٥F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(flange)E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( C )(washer)
‫א‬(flange)E ‫א‬F‫א‬KE٤٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K( C )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( C )‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٤ J٥F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬( C )‫א‬WE٤٥ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

EThree-Quarter Floating Axle ShaftsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬(three-quarter floating axle)‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEB J٤١
K ‫א‬٪٢٥‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
EFull-Floating Axle ShaftsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(full-floating axle shafts)‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEC J٤١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٤٦ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٦ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EIndependently Suspended AxlesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٧ J٥F
 
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٧ J٥F(Dedion axle system)?? J١ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٨ J٥F(swing axle system)‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،(ball-and-bracket system)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K(front-wheel drive)E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٨ J٥F
 
 EAxle Shafts BearingsF‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،(radial loads)E‫א‬FW ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(radial loads)‫א‬‫א‬K(thrust loads)EF
(thrust loads)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٤٩ J٥F،‫א‬‫א‬  
 EA J٤٩ J٥F((ball-type bearing)‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 EB J٤٩ J٥F(straight-roller bearing)‫א‬ J٢ 
 EC J٤٩ J٥F(tapered-roller baering)‫א‬ J٣ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٩ J٥F
 EEF‫א‬WC،‫א‬WB،WAF
 
،‫א‬‫א‬(tapered-roller bearing)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٤٦ J٥F‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬(thrust Load)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(centrifugal force)‫א‬‫א‬،(curve) ‫א‬
K(outside of the curve)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(vehicle's chassis)‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬(vehicle body)‫א‬
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(bearing retainer)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٥٠ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬WE٥٠ J٥F
 
ELubricants of Axle ShaftsF‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬(grease)‫א‬‫א‬(ball bearings)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EA J٤٩ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬(roller bearings)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬(gear oil)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

(tapered-roller bearings)EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(wheel bearing grease)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(press)
 K‫א‬
 
EFour-Wheel Drive Front Drive AxlesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E٥١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F(front drive shaft)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(transfer case)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
F‫א‬، E٥٢ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(CV joints‫א‬
 KE٥٣ J٥FE‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥١ J٥F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥٢ J٥F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥٣ J٥F
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

EFront-Wheel Drive AxlesFE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،E٥٤ J٥FFE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E F(drive shafts)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(CV joints)‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥٤ J٥F
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،E٥٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KE٥٦ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥٥ J٥F
 
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥٦ J٥F
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥٧ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WEBF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEAFWE٥٧ J٥F
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬E√FW 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E  F ‫א‬ J١
 KEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 KEF‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 W‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬‫א‬– 
 W‫؟‬‫א‬ J٢
  – 
 ‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬– 
 EFEF– 
،E٣٩F‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EFEFEF–  ٣–  ١W٣–  ٣W١– 

- ٢١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

SAE40‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WEF،‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
 EF‫א‬– 
 EF‫א‬– 
 EF‫א‬EF‫א‬– 
 EF‫א‬EF‫א‬– 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 – 
 – 
 ‫א‬‫א‬– 
 – 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 ‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬– 
 EFEFEF– 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W 
 E‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬FX J١
 √ J٢
 E‫א‬‫א‬FX J٣
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FX J٤
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FX J٥
 √ J٦
 
 W 
  J١
  J٢
  J٣
  J٤
  J٥
  J٦
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬  
 
 

 W 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ ‫א‬‫א‬ J١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٥ 
 ‫א‬ J٦ 
 ‫א‬ J٧ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  
‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  

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