Journal of African Earth Sciences 165 (2020) 103809

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Journal of African Earth Sciences

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Gravity investigation of the Cameroon Volcanic Line in Adamawa region: T

Geothermal features and structural control
Kasi Njeudjanga,b, Jean Marcel Abate Essic,∗, Janvier Domra Kanaa,d, William Assatse Teikeue,
Philippe Njandjock Noucke, Noël Djongyanga, Rene Tchindaf
a
Department of Renewable Energy, National Advanced School of Engineering of Maroua, University of Maroua, PO. Box: 46, Maroua, Cameroon
b
Department of Quality Industrial Safety and Environment, Faculty of Mines and Petroleum Industries, University of Maroua, PO. Box: 46, Maroua, Cameroon
c
Ore Processing Laboratory, Institute for Geological and Mining Research, PO. Box: 4110, Nlongkak, Yaoundé, Cameroon
d
Department of Mines, Petroleum and Water Ressource Exploration, Faculty of Mines and Petroleum Industries, University of Maroua, PO. Box: 46, Maroua, Cameroon
e
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, PO. Box: 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
f
Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Industriels et de l’Environnement(LISIE), Fotso Victor University Institute of Technology, University of Dschang, PO. Box: 134,
Bandjoun, Cameroon

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The study area is located at the Adamawa region that belongs to the continental part of the Cameroon Volcanic
Cameroon Volcanic Line Line (CVL). The active volcanic activities are represented by various thermal springs with temperatures reaching
Thermal springs 74 °C notably in Woulndé locality. The region is investigated through 647 gravity data collected during the main
Gravity data geophysical surveys of Central Africa. The geophysical filtering applied in this study includes horizontal gra-
Fissural volcanism
dient, analytical signal, Euler deconvolution and modeling techniques. Bouguer anomaly values of the region
Geophysical lineaments
range from −126 to −56 mGal. Faults and geological contacts highlighted through the density contrast of
geological formations, extend up to 12 km depth. Moreover, this work reveals faults covered by lava flows
suggesting a fissural volcanism in the region. The statistical analysis of geophysical lineaments shows that its
major orientation is similar to the Central Cameroon shear zone as well as the N70° direction of the CVL in
Adamawa region. The amplitude of analytic signal from the thermal springs zone is maximal. The findings of this
work suggest that the geothermal gradient identified in the Adamawa region attests to the effectiveness of the
influence of mantle convection in the nearby subsurface.

1. Introduction
The Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) belongs to the African plate and
extends over 1600 km distance from the volcanic islands of the Gulf of
Guinea to the Lake Chad (Fig. 1A and B). It is situated at the northern
edge of Congo craton and consists of plutonic complexes and volcanos
following a general alignment N30° (Marcel et al., 2018a). The recent
volcanic activities of the CVL are recorded by the volcanic eruptions of
mount (Mt) Cameroon volcano (in 2000 and 1999, Ateba et al., 2009),
the gas emission of Monoun (in 1984) and Nyos (in 1986) maar lakes
and the thermal springs in Adamawa region. Geothermal manifestations
are mostly identified along the CVL especially at eruption centres (e.g.
Mt Cameroon) and Adamawa region (Kamgang et al., 2008, 2010;
Milelli et al., 2012; Marcel et al., 2018b; Dedzo et al., 2019). The in-
vestigation of the internal structure of the Earth beneath the CVL has
been carried out by several authors (e.g. Poudjom-Djomani, 1993;
Noutchogwe et al., 2006; Milelli et al., 2012; Ojo et al., 2019). Thus,
Noutchogwe (2010) finds that there is a significant correlation between
lineaments deduced from gravity anomalies, thermo-mineral springs
and hydrographical network in the Adamawa region. Then, the Ada-
mawa region is a special domain where this paper will be focused on.
This region is characterized by particular geological features that make
it interesting. The volcanic formations outcropping in the Adamawa
range from felsic (Nkouandou et al., 2008) to basaltic (Feudjio Tiabou
et al., 2018) lava composition describing bimodal magma series. Be-
sides, this part of the CVL has a special orientation N70° unlike the
general direction of the entire volcanic edifices. Structurally, the major
Central African shear zone crosscuts this region under the appellation
Central Cameroon shear zone (CCSZ) and extends to Sudan (Ngako
et al., 1991). Geophysical methods are useful to investigate such areas.
Moreover, gravimetric and magnetic methods have been used success-
fully to investigate geothermal fields in volcanic areas in the world

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: abatemarcel@yahoo.fr (J.M. Abate Essi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103809
Received 6 December 2019; Received in revised form 3 February 2020; Accepted 27 February 2020
Available online 03 March 2020
1464-343X/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
K. Njeudjang, et al. Journal of African Earth Sciences 165 (2020) 103809

Fig. 1. A: Location of the Cameroon Volcanic Line in the Africa continent, a: Cameroon Volcanic Line, b: Pan African belt, c: Congo craton, d: Adamawa region. B:
Location of the study area. C: Geological map of the Adamawa region (northern Cameroon) (modified after Le Maréchal, 1976). CCSZ represents the Central
Cameroon Shear Zone. 1: Early to late Cretaceous sedimentary formations; 2: Neogene-Paleogene volcanic formations from the Cameroon Volcanic Line; 3:Cambrian-
Ordovician and early Paleozoic plutonic formations; 4: Neoproterozoic epimetamorphic formations; 5: Neoproterozoic plutonic and metamorphic formations; 6:
Neoproterozoic to Cambrian plutonic and metamorphic formations; 7: Paleoproterozoic (Early Eburnean) plutonic and anatectic formations.(modified from Le
Maréchal, 1976; Ngako et al., 2006; Toteu et al., 2008; Marcel et al., 2018).

(Salem et al., 2005; Abderbi and Khattach, 2012; Moghaddam et al.,
2016; Nishijima and Naritomi, 2017; Uwiduhaye et al., 2018). Results
provide information on geological features, such as the shape and depth
of the geothermal reservoir as well as their sources. Represas et al.
(2013) show the importance of the gravimetric method and its analysis
to better understand the relationship between hydrothermal systems
and fractured rocks. From geophysical data, Abiye and Haile (2008)
reveal the geometry of aquifers and flow paths of the fluids in a geo-
thermal system. Ebrahimi et al. (2019) use the presence of hydro-
thermal alteration to identify the geothermal potential. This study aims
to investigate the structure of the Adamawa region for a better under-
standing of the geothermal gradient linked to the CVL activities using
gravity data. This work will be focused on the relationship between
geophysical anomalies, geological structures and thermal springs and
will help to understand the geometry of the subsurface.
2. Geologic and tectonics backgrounds
The Adamawa region belongs to the northern part of the continental
CVL and trends N70°E (Fig. 1 A and B). Basement and cover formations
form the two major geological assemblages in the region (Menard et al.,
1998; Toteu et al., 2001; Nzenti et al., 2006; Temdjim, 2006; Ngako
et al., 2008; Kamgang et al., 2010). Basement rocks are composed of
Neoproterozoic granites, metamorphic rocks (ortho and para-gneisses,
and metamorphic pyroxenites) which are covered by Cenozoic volcanic
rocks and Cretaceous sedimentary sediments (Fig. 1C, Le Maréchal,
1976; Njanko, 1999). The volcanic formations are linked to the CVL.
They are largely represented by basalts and crop out at some locations
in form of dykes (Temdjim and Tchoua, 1999).
The Adamawa region of Cameroon is considered as a volcanic horst
that belongs to a series of major tectonic structures of post-Cretaceous
age. Three major structures are associated with the Adamawa region:
Cameroon Central Shear Zone (CCSZ), the southern basin of Adamawa,
and the CVL (volcano-sedimentary formations). The CCSZ is the
Cameroon part of the Central African Shear Zone (Ngako et al., 1991).
This shear zone is a major crustal structure with a general N70°or-
ientation crossing Central Africa, from Sudan through, Chad and the
Central African Republic. It disappears under the Tertiary volcanic
series of western Cameroon and continues until the Gulf of Guinea
(Cornacchia and Dars, 1983; Moreau et al., 1987). This megastructure is
punctuated by numerous outcrops of mylonites and granitoids (Ngako
et al., 2008; Menard et al., 1998; Le Maréchal and Vincent, 1971;
Nzenti et al., 1999; Njonfang et al., 2008). Two escarpments of almost
rectilinear faults, reaching locally 600 m height, border the southern
part of Adamawa (Fig. 2). Actually, the CVL is a chain of Y-shaped
intraplate volcanoes stretching from the island of Pagalu in the Atlantic
Ocean to West Africa, for about 2000 km (Fig. 1A). The anorogenic
complexes are present in the continental sector and include the major
volcanic centres extending from the Gulf of Guinea to Lake Chad with
an average direction of N30°E (Fig. 1B, Moreau et al., 1987; Tchoua,
1974; Kamdem et al., 2002). The activities of the CVL are notable in its
different parts. In the coastal side, Mt Cameroon is the main active
volcano illustrated by the latest volcanic eruption in June 2000. The
maar lakes Nyos and Monoum, located in the west region, emitted

2
K. Njeudjang, et al.
Fig. 2. A: Africa map with a special focus Cameroon. B: Cameroon map showing the Adamawa region. C: Topography map of Adamawa region inferred from the
SRTM data (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) overlaying with the temperatures of thermal springs.
deadly CO2 gas in 1984 and 1986 respectively (Ngwa et al., 2017;
Marcel et al., 2018a, 2018b). Besides, the Adamawa region notably in
the study area, the geothermal potential is indicated by some hot
springs with a temperature reaching 74 °C (Fig. 1 C).
3. Data and methodology
This section presents terrestrial gravity data of the Adamawa region.
These data (Fig. 3) were collected from the gravity reconnaissance
campaigns of Central Africa. They are analyzed by using different
methods presented in section 3.2.
3.1. Data
The gravity data used in this study were collected by the ORSTOM
(Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique d’Outre Mer) from
1960 to 1967, the University of Princeton (in 1968), the University of
Leeds (1982–1988), and the Institute for Geological and Mining
Research (1984–1988) (Legeley-Padovani et al., 1996). The total
number of gravity stations is 647 for the study area. The base station
was located in Ngaoundéré city tied to the network of ORSTOM. Sta-
tions were spaced of 3–5 km and collected mainly along existing roads
and tracks. Station locations were determined on topographic maps and
by compass tracking. Worden (n°69, 135, 313, 1153), Lacoste and
Romberg model G (n°471 and 823), Scintrex n°305G, World Wide n°36
and North-American gravimeters were used. Station elevation was ob-
tained with barometric readings, using the Wallace and Tiernan or
Thomnen altimeters (type 3B4). The uncertainty of the station position
is about 200 m. The altitude uncertainty of the stations is 10 m on the
profiles furthest away from the geodesic landmarks. In general, it is less
than 5 m. The value of gravity at each station has been corrected by the
lunisolar tide, instrumental drift, free air and Bouguer corrections. A
crustal density of 2.67 g.cm-3 was used for Bouguer corrections. The
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Journal of African Earth Sciences 165 (2020) 103809
data were tied to the IGSN71 reference system.
3.2. Methodology
In order to highlight the effects of structures in the upper crust, it is
necessary to identify and separate the different sources that contribute
to the anomalies observed in this study. In particular, regional-scaled
sources should be distinguished from sources that are more localized. A
regional anomaly map is obtained by using the least-squares method of
analysis (Radhakrishna and Krishnamacharyulu, 1990). In this study
area, we use a second-order polynomial surface to separate regional
field from Bouguer anomaly. The local field is obtained by subtracting
the regional field from the measured values. We apply different filtering
methods such as the horizontal gradient, Euler deconvolution and the
analytical signal to determine geological formations signal, faults and
their extensions. These filters are calculated using Geosoft Oasis
Montaj® software and are considered as one of the most useful for de-
lineating gravity anomalies and trends in terrestrial discontinuities
(Pavlis et al., 1996; Ngatchou et al., 2014). The gravity modeling is
useful to appreciate underground structures responsible for the ob-
served anomalies.
In the spatial domain, the horizontal gradient method of a field g (x,
y) defined at different points (x, y) of the horizontal plane of mea-
surement, is given by the relation (Blakely and Simpson, 1986):
HGM (x , y ) = [(∂g / ∂x )2 + (∂g / ∂y )2]1/2 (1)
The analytic signal (AS) of a given field is formed by the combi-
nation of vertical and horizontal gradients (Blakely, 1995). AS appli-
cations in geophysics were introduced by Nabighian (1972, 1974) to
magnetic interpretations for determining the depth and position of the
anomaly source in the 2D case.
AS is a symmetrical function whose maximum is located at the
source. The half width of the maximum is used to estimate the depth of
K. Njeudjang, et al. Journal of African Earth Sciences 165 (2020) 103809

Fig. 3. Bouguer anomaly map of the study area. Dots represent gravity stations and the base station is located in Ngaoundéré. P1, P2 and P3 are profiles for gravity
modeling.

the source. The amplitude of the AS is defined by the following ex- 4. Results and discussion
pression (Keating and Sailhac, 2004):
4.1. Results
2 2 2 1/2

AS (x , y ) = ⎡ ⎛ ∂g ⎞ ⎛ ∂g ⎞ ⎛ ∂g ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ∂x + ∂y + ∂z ⎥
⎜ ⎟
4.1.1. Bouguer anomaly map
⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦ (2)
The Bouguer anomaly map of the study area (Fig. 3) is obtained by
converting the irregular network of measuring points into a regular grid
Finally, the Euler deconvolution method estimates the depth of
of size 3 km × 3 km by the minimum curvature method. This inter-
gravimetric sources (Keating, 1998). Thompson (1982) and Reid et al.
polation method allows good control of the smoothing by the choice of
(1990) report that the choice of the structural index is very important;
two physical parameters: the tension and the roughness, but also de-
for a certain number of geological structures, they have established a
pends on the number of divisions in x and y directions of the considered
structural index (N) which can take values ranging from 0 to 2. In this
domain. Taking into account the shape, the orientation and the am-
method, the structural index is chosen according to the needed in-
plitude of the anomalies, some features of the Bouguer anomaly map of
formation. Theoretically, N equals to zero is used for sills or dykes,
the study area can be correlated with the geological formations (Fig. 1).
N = 1 for pipes and N = 2 for spheres. Depth estimation depends
The Bouguer anomaly values range from −126 to −56 mGal. The
mainly on the choice of the appropriate structural index, which is a
map shows areas of negative anomalies of high amplitude in the eastern
function of the causative body geometry and characterizes the rate of
and central areas, notably around Djohong, Meiganga, Ngaoundéré and
variation of the anomaly intensity with the distance. The N value must
Tignere localities while highest wavelength anomalies are detected
be appropriately defined and the use of least-squares inversion to solve
around Tibati, Ngaoundal, Mayo Baleo and in the NW of Nganha. Their
the homogeneity equation of an optimum xo, yo, zo and the gravity
confrontation with geological data enables to make the following ob-
field (B). In addition to the choice of the structural index, several factors
servations: In the southern part, there are sandstones. The variation of
affect the quality of Euler solutions assessments; these factors include
anomaly amplitude results from density contrast within the crust and
window size (WxW) and tolerance (T). The square window size must be
the effects from different sources at various depths.
specified, which is the number of cells in the mesh dataset to be used in
the inversion at each selected solution location. The window is centred
on each solution location. All the points of the window are used to solve 4.1.2. Residual anomaly map
the homogeneity equation. The window must be large enough to in- The map of residual anomalies (Fig. 4) is obtained by subtracting
clude each anomaly. The equation of homogeneity is defined by: the second-order polynomial regional from Bouguer anomalies using
the separation technique presented by Radhakisna and
∂F ∂F ∂F
(x − x 0) ∂x + (y − y0 ) ∂y + (z − z 0) ∂z = N (B − F ) Krishnamacharyulu (1990). The choice of the regional surface of
(3) second-order was made taking into account terrestrial gravity data to
separate the effects of anomalies from deep and shallow seated struc-
tures of the Adamawa region.
In Fig. 4, residual anomalies range from −28.8 to 23.5 mGal. This
variation illustrates the density contrast from lithologies within the
upper part of the crust. Based on the known geological features, it is,

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K. Njeudjang, et al. Journal of African Earth Sciences 165 (2020) 103809

Fig. 4. Residual anomaly map of the study area. (p) symbol is for positive anomaly while (n) is for negative anomaly.

Table 1
Interpretation of the residual anomalies from the study area.
Anomaly Direction Location Interpretation

n1 SW-NE NE of Galim-Tignere Presence of mylonitic rocks and Pan-African granitoids.

n2 NE-SSW SSE of Meiganga Network of faults, a possible zone of overlap between the Pan-African Fold Belt and the craton of Congo.
n3 N–S Ngaoundéré Volcanic rocks.
n4 circular Tignere Contact zone or a fault filled with low density volcano-sedimentary formations
p1 E-W Tibati Cameroon Central Shear Zone (CCSZ).
p2 circular Ngaoundal Geological contact of volcanic, sedimentary, plutonic and metamorphic rocks
p3 NW-SE Belel/Nganha Cameroon Central Shear Zone (CCSZ) covered by volcanic formations
p4 W-E Mayo-Baleo High density volcano-sedimentary and metamorphic formations.
p5 NNE-SSW Djohong Granitic rock

therefore, possible to identify discontinuities related to the different
underground structures in the map. The anomalies are categorized in
(p) for positive and negative (n) values respectively and presented in
Table 1.
The n1 anomaly coincides with a band of mylonitic rocks and Pan-
African granitoids belonging to the CCSZ (Poudjom-Djomani et al.,
1995). Likewise, the negative anomaly n2 near Meiganga locality brings
out a fractured zone probably filled by low-density formations such as
conglomerates (Toteu et al., 2001). Both anomalies n3 and n4 show the
signals of gneissic and granitic formations, which, sometimes are cov-
ered with volcanic lavas.
4.1.3. Horizontal gradient map
The horizontal gradient map of the study area is presented in Fig. 5.
Previous works have demonstrated the efficiency of the technique to
delineate faults or geological contacts through the maxima of magni-
tude (Jaffal et al., 2010; Abate Essi et al., 2017; Marcel et al., 2018a).
Lineaments (L1, L2 L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8) plotted in Fig. 5 have been
described in Table 2. At the east of Galim-Tignere (L1) and in the north
of Djohong locality (L5), the gradient is oriented SW-NE similar to the
direction of the fault identified on the geological map. At the south of
Ngaoundéré (L7), the contact negative-positive gradients show the
Ngaoundéré fault linked to CVL activities. This fault is covered by
volcanic lavas in Ngaoundéré locality. It may correspond to the gravi-
metric expression of a contact or deep fault belt. The zones of faults and
fractures are characterized by more or less strong anomalies according
to their depth, alteration type and the geothermal gradient.
4.1.4. Euler deconvolution map
Thompson (1982) developed an interpretation method based on the
criteria of Euler's homogeneity equation. Later, Reid et al. (1990) made
it possible to determine the choice of the structural index. The choice of
the structural index depends on the geological features to be high-
lighted. In this study, the structural index N = 0.8 is used and is the
most suitable for determining the boundaries of low-rejection or geo-
logical contacts. This method allows determining the location of the
sources of anomalies in the horizontal plane as well as the estimation of
their depth (Keating, 1998). Euler solutions are shown in Fig. 6. On this
map, the tolerance T is 15% and Nyquist Window W = 10 km × 10 km.
The solutions indicate depths up to 12 km.
Lineaments are more concentrated the centre of the study area,
especially where hot springs were detected (around Ngaoundéré lo-
cality). In the west, some large lineaments appear around Ngaoundal
and Tibati while in the east, lineaments are found around Djohong and
Meiganga localities. It summarizes the main boundaries between areas
with a high density. These lineaments highlight major faults and

5
K. Njeudjang, et al.
Fig. 5. Map of the horizontal gradient of the study area.
Table 2
Geological structures deduced from Fig. 9.
Geological structures Lineaments identified from
horizontal gradient
Mayo Darlé fault L1
Contact granitic – metamorphic, volcano L2, L3, L4, L6, L8
sedimentary or volcanic formations
CVL L5
Meiganga fault L7
CCSZ L9
contacts as presented in the geological map. The most important
structures trend mainly in N–S directions (Meiganga, Mt Wale and
Tignère). The sector of Nganha shows the deepest structures of the
study area. Actually, Nono et al. (1994), Nkouandou et al. (2008) and
Feudjio Tiabou et al. (2018) described bimodal lava series. The high
depth of Euler solution in this zone may justify the presence of mantle
rock origin such as olivine basalts extruded through vents (Abate Essi
et al., 2019).
4.1.5. Analytic signal map
The analytical signal of Adamawa region exposes edges of extended
bodies by highlighting the peak of gradient amplitude while peaks are
rather centred for narrow gravity bodies. The amplitude of the analy-
tical signal of the study area is presented in Fig. 7. In the northern part
of the study area, the amplitude of the analytical signal is maximal,
especially where hot springs were identified chiefly around Mayo Baleo,
Tignere, Nganha localities. This high magnitude shows the effect of the
hot spring source. Moreover, there is a maxima peak around Djohong
and older granite around Ngaoundal and Dir localities describe a
maximum of the amplitude of the signal crosscut by the CCSZ.
4.1.6. Modeling
Gravity modeling is performed in this work to propose quantita-
tively the subsurface of the study area. Three profiles are chosen for this
operation (Figs. 1 and 3) namely P1, P2 and P3. In order to propose a
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Journal of African Earth Sciences 165 (2020) 103809
reliable underground of the study area and give a coherent inter-
pretation of the geothermal potential, each gravity profile is drawn in
the place where there is enough terrestrial gravity data and hot springs
were identified. The depth of investigation is taken at 12 km according
to the results of Euler deconvolution. The computer program GM-SYS
(NGA, 2004), which is based on the works of Rasmussen and Pedersen
(1979) and the algorithm of Won and Bevis (1987), is used for gravity
modeling (Abate Essi et al., 2019). The densities for geological forma-
tions are presented in Table 3.
The first model P1 (Fig. 8) is established along a NNW-SSE profile,
with a total length of 134 km. It is located where the hottest springs are
found in the study area (Fig. 1). It presents a basement chiefly made of
granite and gneiss as described by previous works (Nono et al., 1994;
Ngako et al., 2006; Feudjio Tiabou et al., 2018). Volcanic formations
situated at depth may outcrop at the surface through vents as illustrated
in this model, around Mayo Baleo. Moreover, structural features like
faults are suitable conduits for the ascent of magma and geothermal
fluids. This implies a fissural volcanism in the region manifested by lava
flow and hot spring through fractures or faults.
The model P2 (Fig. 9) corresponds to a 123 km profile length, or-
iented NW-SE. It is carried out on a very extensive volcanic cover as-
sociated with a significant number of hot and mineralized springs. Nono
et al. (1994) and Marzoli et al. (1999) described two different types of
volcanic formations namely felsic and basic compositions as presented
in the gravity model (Fig. 9), that illustrates a bimodal magma series in
this region. This volcanic cover buries the CCSZ which is the main
structural feature in the region. This brings out the importance of faults
in this part of the CVL and highlights the second orientation (N70°E) of
the volcanic edifices and massifs in the region, orientation given by the
said faults. Consequently, the location of the thermal springs en-
countered in that area are reflecting the above described pattern. The
granitic basement is present under the cover and crops out at some
places (Fig. 1).
The model P3 (Fig. 10) is performed through a SW- NE profile,
extended on 144 km length. The basement formations consist of
granitic and gneissic rocks and constitute the main geological forma-
tions cropping out at the surface. Moreover, volcanic rocks are found in
K. Njeudjang, et al. Journal of African Earth Sciences 165 (2020) 103809

Fig. 6. Euler deconvolution overlaying Bouguer anomaly map of the study area (calculated with the following parameters N = 0.8; T = 15%;
W × W = 10 km × 10 km). On the Bouguer anomaly map, blue colour represents low amplitude anomalies while brown colour shows for higher amplitude
anomalies. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Djohong locality. This profile is located between two parallel faults near
Meiganga and at the north of Djohong localities (Fig. 1). The presence
of thermal springs (Le Maréchal, 1976) and volcanic rocks in the area
enables to propose volcanic formations inferred from a fissural vol-
canism that crop out at the SW of the profile.
4.2. Discussion
4.2.1. Structural implication for fissure volcanism
The main results of this study combined with structural features and
the sites of the hot springs by previous studies (Le Maréchal, 1976;

Fig. 7. The map of amplitude of analytic signal of the study area (AS).

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K. Njeudjang, et al. Journal of African Earth Sciences 165 (2020) 103809

Table 3 and coastal (consisting of Mt Cameroon and the western mountainous

Densities of geological formations (modified from Telford et al., 1990). region) areas, and N70° (including Adamawa plateau region). This work
Geological formations Density contrast demonstrates that faults are covered by volcanic flows. Moreover,
geophysical lineaments are in conformity with faults and shear zones
Intrusive material Enclosing material such as CCSZ known from previous geological studies (Ngako et al.,
−3 1991; Njonfang et al., 2008). Then, the statistical main direction of
Sedimentary rock (2.50 g cm ) Basement (2.67 g cm−3) −0.17
Basic volcanic rocks (2.79 g cm−3) +0.12 these lineaments is given by the rose diagram (Fig. 12) in SW-NE ac-
Felsic volcanic rock (2.61 g cm−3) −0.06 cordingly to the CVL. Besides, the rose diagram of satellite lineaments
Granite (2.64 g cm−3) −0.03 (Fig. 13) brings out this same CVL direction in the study area. It is well
Gneiss (2.80 g cm−3) +0.13 known that rivers flow along those topographic lineaments. This illus-
trates the presence of fissures at the subsurface. Some geophysical
(gravity and seismic) studies underline geodynamic events susceptible
Ngako et al., 2006; Marcel et al., 2018a) are presented in Fig. 11. Also,
to influence the settlements of fissure in the study area. From gravity
seismological and satellite data have been added. Seismological data
data, Poudjom-Djomani (1993) and Poudjom-Djomani et al. (1997)
were recorded by the Cameroon Broadband Seismic Experiment (CBSE)
suggested a general lithospheric and crustal thinning for the Adamawa
between January 2005 and February 2007 consisting of 32 portable
region. The study of a teleseismic profile in the Adamawa region
broad bands with 6 seismometers in Adamawa region (Ojo et al., 2019).
(Plomerová et al., 1993) has revealed a link between the lithosphere
Satellite lineaments data were extracted from SRTM (Shuttle Radar
and the CCSZ which could be an asthenospheric upwelling. Recently,
Topography Mission) 30m (Fig. 2) downloaded from https://
Ojo et al. (2018) proposed a small scale mantle convection model be-
earthexplorer.usgs.gov. These lineaments present the superficial fea-
neath the CVL.
tures from the topography. Fig. 11 shows that the thermal springs are
linked to faults or geological contacts brought out by this work through
4.2.2. Geothermal contribution of the CVL
density contrast and previous studies.
The major actual activities of the CVL are the volcanic eruptions of
The filtering of gravity data brings out lineaments, interpreted as
Mt Cameroon (the latest in 1999 and 2000, Ateba et al., 2009) and the
faults and geological contacts. Faults are associated with the CVL cross
gas emission (Ngwa et al., 2017; Marcel et al., 2018a, 2018b) from
various localities such as Tignere, Mayo-Baleo, Djohong, Tibati,
Monoum (in 1984) and Nyos (in 1986). These volcanic phenomena are
Meiganga and Banyo. Volcanic activity of the CVL is generally attrib-
manifested essentially at the coastal and the western mountainous re-
uted to the reactivation of the major faults that affect the Earth's crust
gions, that belong to the sector of the CVL oriented N30°. However, the
(Marcel et al., 2018a). Mayo Baleo is located in a valley and on the
thermal springs from Adamawa region are the volcanic activities of the
main faults bordering the rift basin. In this area, the highest tempera-
CVL in the second continental part with an N70° orientation. In this
ture (74 °C) among springs was recorded, precisely at Woulndé (Le
work, qualitative interpretation of gravity data illustrates the geophy-
Maréchal, 1976). Nkouamen et al. (2018) consider this zone as the
sical influence of geological structures. Geothermal zones are char-
intersection between the Adamawa shear zone and the CVL. Actually,
acterized by a peak of analytic signal notably around Mayo Baleo,
two main directions are defined in the CVL notably N30° in the oceanic
Tignere, Nganha localities (Fig. 7). Moreover, modeling points out that

Fig. 8. Model built from P1. 1: volcanic lava, 2: granite, 3: metamorphic rocks, 4: fault, 5: thermal spring.

8
K. Njeudjang, et al. Journal of African Earth Sciences 165 (2020) 103809

Fig. 9. Model built from P2. 1: basic volcanic lava, 2: felsic volcanic rock, 3: granite, 4: fault, 5: thermal spring.

faults buried by lava flows as well as their relation to volcanic activities
in the region. The bimodal lava series in Adamawa (Nkouandou et al.,
2008) reflects the crustal and mantle origin of volcanic rocks. Thus, Ojo
et al. (2019) study the constraints on the shear wave velocity structure
of Cameroon and deduce a various types of materials, from felsic to
mafic, within the crust of the CVL. They localize high velocity layer in
the upper crust in the study area at 2–8 km depth and suggest the
presence of mafic rock composition emplaced during Gondwana for-
mation. The proximity of the mantle convection (Plomerová et al.,
1993; Ojo et al., 2018, 2019) beneath the Adamawa region should

Fig. 10. Model built from P3. 1: basic volcanic lava, 2: felsic volcanic rock, 3: metamorphic rocks, 4: granite, 5: thermal spring.

9
K. Njeudjang, et al. Journal of African Earth Sciences 165 (2020) 103809

Fig. 11. An integrated map of the main lineaments from this study inferred from horizontal gradient (HG). Seismic epicenters (CM stand for seismic station) and
temperature of thermal springs and known geological faults or shear zone were added (Le Maréchal, 1976; Ngako et al., 1991; Toteu et al., 2008; Ojo et al., 2019).
Lineaments are extracted from satellite topographic data of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM).

Fig. 13. Rose diagram of lineaments extracted from SRTM satellite image.
Fig. 12. Rose diagram of geophysical lineaments extracted from horizontal
gradient.

10
K. Njeudjang, et al.
increase the geothermal gradient as proposed by Macgregor (2019).
The solutions of Euler deconvolution revealed fractures reaching 12 km
depth. Therefore, fractures provide suitable conduits for ascending
geothermal fluids and magma in the CVL and indicate geothermal ac-
tivity in Adamawa region.
5. Conclusion
The gravity investigation of Adamawa region contributes to the
understanding of volcanic activities along the CVL. Gravity signature
from geological features is brought out through qualitative and quan-
titative analyses of data. Bouguer and residual anomalies maps show
density heterogeneity due to various geological formations within the
lithosphere. Lineaments inferred from this study highlight the structural
network representing lithological discontinuities (faults, fissured zones,
and geological contacts), and are linked to thermal springs. These
overall lineaments of the study area give statistically the general or-
ientation of CCSZ as well as the N70° direction of the CVL in Adamawa
region. Besides, faults are associated with the CVL cross various lo-
calities such as Tignere, Mayo-Baleo, Djohong, Tibati, Meiganga and
Banyo. Depths of fractures may reach 12 km. This work suggests a
fissural volcanism in Adamawa region. Moreover, the geothermal ac-
tivity in the CVL is indicated by the presence of hot springs which might
be related to the mantle convection beneath the study area.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ-
ence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
Authors thanks Professor Bernard Giroux and Professor Lyal B.
Harris (Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de la
Recherche Scientifique, Québec, Canada) for interesting discussions.
We greatly appreciate constructive and thoughtful comments of
Professor Hermann Zeyen (Department of Earth Sciences, GEOPS
Laboratory, Paris-Saclay University, Paris-Sud University, CNRS, Orsay,
France).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103809.
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