History of Architecture Reviewer P2

Comprehensive Architecture Review By: Ar. Christopher P.
Luna, uap
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE
Medieval Vernacular Cruck Frame House

In Medieval Europe, everyday buildings were built
whatever materials were available. Builders used a
simple style that was influenced by the local
materials and climate rather than the largest
architectural fashion. As a result, these structures
known as vernacular buildings were built in the
same style for hundreds of years.
✓ Early medieval houses often had only two
rooms (one for the owners and one for the
animals)
✓ There were no chimneys in medieval
houses, just a hole in the roof. Heat came
from a central fire
✓ In 1666, most of London’s closely huddled
wooden houses burned down in the Great
Fire
✓ An early type of frame building was the
cruck frame. (upside down V-shaped
beam)
✓ Their roofs were thatched or covered with
tile or slates, while their walls are made of
wattle and daub
✓ London Bridge was a busy commercial
strip containing shops, apartments and
work places. (demolished in the 17th
century)
51
Comprehensive Architecture Review By: Ar. Christopher P. Luna, uap
Castles
The nobility of medieval Europe often lived in
castles, which were military stronghold as homes.
A castle was designed to withstand a siege. It was
self-sufficient with workshops, kitchens, stables and
stores. There was also a strong building called a
great tower or keep.
✓ Stone castles often had square keeps with
thick walls, often so thick that whole rooms
were built inside
✓ Some of the small rooms inside the walls
London Bridge
contain simple lavatories called garderobes
✓ Builders developed earthworks, towers and
curtain walls and different ways of
protecting their building from attacks
✓ A water filled moat or a dry ditch usually
surrounded these castles
✓ Loopholes were made for shooting down
enemies
✓ Dungeons were prison cells
✓ The gatehouse was usually well defended
and is protected by oak doors and a London Tower
portcullis. Defenders dropped missiles on

enemies below through machicolations.
✓ Battlements (crenels and merlons) adorned
the top of their perimeter walls
✓ Medieval castles were usually the homes
of knights who held their castles in return
for service to the king
✓ Castles buildings were often grouped
around a central courtyard
Bodiam Castle, England
52
Machicolation
Motte and Bailey
Crenel and Merlon
The fourteenth century residential keep, Château

de Largoët, in France
Windsor Castle, England
Portcullis
53
54
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
The Grand Buildings of Western Europe in the

early medieval period often imitated Roman
architecture and are called Romanesque. This
style used round arches, simple vaults and in some
places, Corinthian capitals. Churches were often
built to the Roman’s basilica design. New features
such as facades with rows of arches and frontages
with twin towers were added
✓ Simple timber roofs were widely used
✓ Some capitals had designs sculpted with
biblical scenes
Pisa Cathedral
✓ Bold carvings such as zigzags were used
to decorate windows, arches and doorways
✓ Pisa’s leaning tower moves 1.1mm each
year
✓ Major divisions of the Architectural
development: Italian (Pisa Cathedral),
French (St. Magdalene Cathedral),
German (Worms Cathedral)
✓ Principle of equilibrium was developed due
to the introduction of rib and panel vaulting
✓ They introduced the wheel window,
recessed plane or door jambs also called
the order
✓ Their mouldings are usually in vegetable
form
✓ Walls are ornamented with sculpture and
frescoes
✓ Semicircular barrel vault from a roof over
the nave
✓ Groin the curved arris formed by
intersecting vaulting surfaces and are later
adorned with boss
55
✓ Aix la Chapelle Cathedral was built by

Emperor Charlemagne as his royal tomb
house
✓ For every church, there is an adjacent
monastery, which consists of:
➢ Monastic Church
➢ Cloister Court
➢ Inner Court
➢ Common Court
Lisbon Cathedral
Saint Magdalene Cathedral
Angoulême Cathedral, France St. Michael’s Church, Germany
56
Worms Cathedral
Interior of Worms Cathedral
Plan of Worms Cathedral
West Altar, Worms Cathedral
57
Speyer Cathedral, Germany
Basilica of Saint Mary, Rome
Senanque Abbey, France

Facade of Speyer Cathedral
The atrium and arcaded narthex of Sant'Ambrogio, Interior, Speyer Cathedral

Milan, Italy, is a harmonious composition of similar
arches.
58
Mainz Cathedral, Germany, has rectangular piers

and possibly the earliest example of an internal
elevation of 3 stages.
The aisle of the Abbey Church at Mozac has a
groin vault supported on transverse arches.
The tympanum of Vézelay Abbey, Burgundy,

France, 1130s, has much decorative spiral detail in
the draperies
The "blind arcade" beneath this window at

Canterbury Cathedral has overlapping arches
forming points, a common decorative feature of
Romanesque architecture in England.
59
Durham Cathedral, England
Ground Plan of Durham Cathedral
Romanesque Architecture
Characteristics Sober and Dignified
Materials Stones and Bricks
System of Construction Arctuated, Rib and Panel
Fenestrations Arcaded, Rose Window, Order (jambs)
Important Structures Churches, Cathedral, Monasteries
Decorations Frescoes, Vegetable Origin Decors, Elaborate
Planning Basilican Type with Transept
60
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
The 12th century saw the emergence of the

distinctive Gothic Style. They feature pointed
arches (lancet), large windows, stone traceries,
stone vaulted ceilings and the flying buttresses.
Many of Europe’s finest churches are in this
imposing yet delicate style.
✓ Gothic stained glasses windows told Bible
stories to those who could not read
✓ Spires were built using scaffolding and
wooden cranes The structure of a typical Gothic cathedral
✓ Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris was built
over a period of 170 years
✓ Notre Dame Cathedral is the hallmark of
Gothic Architecture. Its most striking
feature is the two imposing towers and a
rose window at its west front
✓ Flying buttresses are engineering tools at
this time. The huge windows in some
Gothic cathedrals meant that the walls
were often too weak to support the vaulted
ceilings Villard de Honnecourt's drawing of a flying buttress
✓ Ballflowers (ornament) are typical of 14th at Reims, ca. AD 1320–1335 (Bibliothèque
nationale)
century Gothic
✓ Gothic cathedrals emanates the Latin cross
plan and also functions as a library,
museum, school, gallery and concert hall
besides as a religious meeting place
✓ Two types of traceries are: bar (using stone
bars) and the plate (cut from plate of
stones)
The depressed arch supported by fan vaulting at

King's College Chapel, England
61
English Gothic
✓ Anglo Saxon – use of timber in their
structures
✓ Norman – massiveness and boldness in
ornaments
✓ Decorated and Geometrical – ornateness
and elaborateness of decoration
✓ Perpendicular – verticality
✓ Tudor – similar to perpendicular used in
domestic structures
✓ Examples:
➢ Salisbury Cathedral
➢ York Cathedral
➢ Canterbury Cathedral
➢ Winchester Cathedral
➢ Westminster Abbey – a building
complex of church, monastery, palace
Salisbury Cathedral
and tombs
French Gothic
✓ Lancet Style – pointed arches and
geometric tracery windows
✓ Rayonnant Style – Circular rose windows
with cusps and foils
✓ Flamboyant Style – flame like tracery
windows
✓ Examples:
➢ Notre Dame Cathedral
➢ Chartres Cathedral
➢ Rheims Cathedral
➢ Beauvais Cathedral
➢ Chateau de Pierrefonds
➢ Carcassone
Rheims Cathedral
62
Belgian Gothic
✓ The presence of numerous spires, towers,
belfries and steep gables
✓ Example:
➢ Antwerp Cathedral – having spires of
400 feet high
German Gothic
✓ General use of bricks
✓ Absence of triforium and clerestory
✓ Presence of single western apse in place Antwerp Cathedral
of western doorways
✓ Examples:
➢ Cologne Cathedral – 4th largest Church
in Western Europe
➢ Ulm Cathedral
Italian Gothic
✓ Flatness of roofs
✓ Absence of pinnacles and flying buttresses
✓ Stripes of colored marbles instead of
mouldings
✓ Frescoes and mosaics on panels
✓ Small windows with tracery
✓ Projecting entrance porches with columns Ulm Cathedral
✓ Examples:
➢ Milan Cathedral – 3rd largest Church in
Europe
➢ Sienna Cathedral
➢ Santa Croce Florence
➢ Doge’s Palace
Spanish Gothic
✓ Influence by French and Moorish styles
✓ Single span vaulted interior
✓ Horseshoe arches, pierced stone tracery
✓ Example: Seville Cathedral
➢ Seville Cathedral – 2nd largest in
Europe
63
Notre Dame de Paris Notre Dame de Paris: exterior of the apse
Plan of Notre Dame de Paris

Stained Glass Window, Notre Dame de Paris
64
Milan Cathedral
Exeter Cathedral, England
Gloucester Cathedral, England
York Cathedral, England
Canterbury Cathedral, England
Rochester Cathedral
65
Rose Window, Strasbourg Cathedral

(Rayonnant Style)
Chartres Cathedral, France
Chartres Cathedral Plan

English Gothic Windows
66
Parts of a Gothic Cathedral
67
Window Details
Cologne Cathedral, Germany
Flamboyant Style, Limoges Cathedral
Westminster Abbey, London
Gargoyles
68
Architectural Detail of Westminster Abbey, London
Gothic Architecture
Lofty and Aspiring Quality, Structural Honesty,
Characteristics
Economy of Materials
Materials Stones and Timber
System of Construction Arctuated, Lancet Arches, Flying Buttresses, Vaults
Fenestrations Arcaded, Rose Window, Tracery w/ foils, Order
Important Structures Cathedrals
Decorations Stained Glass
Planning Latin Cross Plan
69
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
Architects in the 15th century Italy were the first to

be influenced by the Renaissance, the intellectual
movement that revived the learning and artistic
styles of classical Greece and Rome. The influence
of Italian renaissance Architecture with its
emphasis on symmetry and space spread
throughout Europe, ending in the extravagant
decoration of early 18th century Baroque
✓ Renaissance is a French word which
means “rebirth”
✓ It is the revival of all classical arts and not
just in Architecture. Renaissance Sant'Agostino, Rome, Giacomo di Pietrasanta,
Architecture is the architecture of curved 1483
lines
✓ The proportions of the human body were
considered ideal and were imitated in
renaissance buildings
✓ The 5 classical orders were reintroduced
and standardized by
➢ De Vignola
➢ Andrea Palladio
➢ Chambers
➢ Scamozzi
✓ Italian Princes at this time often lived in
elegant classical palaces while French
nobles built less formally Chateaux
✓ Characteristics are employment of the
classical order, rusticated masonry, dome The Dome of St. Peter’s Basilica
on drums and balustrades which covers
the roofs
70
✓ Three periods of development:

➢ Early Renaissance – transition stage
➢ High Renaissance – mannerist phase
➢ Baroque – curve lines, peak of interior
decoration
• Columns have twisted shafts
• Curve and broken pediments
• Huge wavy scrolls
• Rococo – extreme from the
Baroque Architecture developed St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican
in France
Italian renaissance
✓ Renaissance first appeared in the Italian
cities of Florence, Milan, Venice and Rome
✓ Florence was the first city to reflect
Renaissance Architecture
✓ Filippo Brunelleschi was a very influential
architect of the time
✓ Their doorways are often highly decorated St. Peter’s Square
and topped with triangular pediment
✓ The Italian palaces exemplify the astylar
façade – (without pilasters), boldly
projecting cornice and columnar arcades.
✓ The Palazzo Pitti is the largest palace in
Italy
✓ Took years to complete, the St. Peter’s
Basilica, is the center of the Roman
Catholic Faith where the Pope resides
The Tempietto, Rome
71
✓ Architects of the Saint Peter’s Basilica,

Vatican
1. Donato Bramante
2. Guillano de Sangallo
3. Fra Giacondo
4. Rafael
5. Baldazzare Peruzzi
6. Antonio de Sangallo
7. Michelangelo The interior of St. Peter's Basilica by Giovanni
8. Giacomo dele Porta Paolo Pannini
9. Domenico Fontana
10. Vignola
11. Carlo Maderna
12. Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini
French Renaissance
✓ Renaissance came later to France than it
did in Italy. The French Renaissance
buildings were designed in the 16th century
and often show a combination of Gothic
Florence Cathedral by Arnolfo di Cambio
and classical details. Square headed
windows, steeply sloping roofs and a
restrained trademarks of the style
✓ French monarchs and nobles still built
castles commonly called a Chateaux
✓ There are about thirty (30) Chateaux along
the River Loire alone
✓ Typical Renaissance interiors had carved
wall paneling and painted ceilings
✓ Chateau de Blois is famous for its staircase
designed by Leonardo da Vinci
The Romanesque Baptistery of Florence was the

object of Brunelleschi's studies of perspective
72
English Renaissance
✓ Buildings have large windows ornate
facades and rich in details both inside and
the outside. A stronger use of classical
details, however emerged during the 17th
century
✓ Early Period covers Elizabethan (Elizabeth
Mansion) and Jacobean
✓ Late Periods covers Stuart (Iñigo Jones
and Christopher Wren) and Georgian Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy
(Anglo Palladian and Antiquarian phase)
✓ Best example is the St. Paul’s Cathedral
✓ The US Capitol’s dome in Washington DC
was patterned after Wren’s dome
Baroque Renaissance
During the 17th century, a style emerged based on
curve forms rich in materials, complex shapes and
dramatic lighting. It came to be called Baroque,
which originally meant irregular shapes. The first
Baroque buildings were seen in Italy but the style El Escorial, Madrid
spread in many parts of Europe.

✓ They often have rich sculptural details
✓ Niches, altarpieces and facades are all
common places for such statues
✓ The spaces between the pilasters are
varied, unlike the earlier Renaissance style
which mostly used equally spaced rows of
columns
✓ Influential Architects at the time are
Borromini and Bernini
St. Paul’s Cathedral, London

English Baroque
73
Burghley House, completed 1587

(Elizabethan Architecture)
French Renaissance: Château de Chambord
Château de Chenonceau
Chateau de Blois
Hotel de Sully, Paris
Chateau de Blois famous staircase
74
Rialto Bridge, Venice, Italy
Palazzo Pitti, Florence Italy
Palazzo Venezia, Rome
Palazzo Medici Riccardi
Pazzi Chapel, Florence Italy
75
Villa Capra "La Rotonda" in Vicenza Antwerp Town Hall
The vestibule of the Laurentian Library
Harwick Hall, English Renaissance
The Rákóczi Castle in Sárospatak

Cologne City Hall
76
Renaissance Column Detail Villa Farnese
Capitoline Hill, Rome San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, Italy
Renaissance Architecture
Characteristics Dignity and Formality, Art of free Expression
System of Construction Columns, Beams and Arches
Fenestrations Arcaded, semicircular arches
Important Structures Cathedrals, Palaces, Chateaux
Decorations Frescoes, Grafittos, Carvings, Scrolls
Planning Symmetrical to the Dome
77
BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE
Baroque architecture is a term used to describe the

building style of the Baroque era, begun in late
sixteenth century Italy, that took the humanist
Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture
and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical
fashion, often to express the triumph of the Catholic
Church and the absolutist state. It was
characterized by new explorations of form, light and
shadow and dramatic intensity.
Distinctive features of Baroque architecture can
include:
✓ In churches, broader naves and sometimes
Church of the Gesu, Rome
given oval forms
✓ Fragmentary or deliberately incomplete
architectural elements
✓ dramatic use of light; either strong light-
and-shade contrasts (chiaroscuro effects)
as at the church of Weltenburg Abbey, or
uniform lighting by means of several
windows (e.g. church of Weingarten
Abbey)
Elector's Palace in Trier, Germany
✓ opulent use of colour and ornaments (putti
or figures made of wood (often gilded),
plaster or stucco, marble or faux finishing)
✓ large-scale ceiling frescoes
✓ an external facade often characterized by a
dramatic central projection
✓ the interior is a shell for painting, sculpture
and stucco (especially in the late Baroque)
✓ illusory effects like trompe l'oeil(is an art
technique involving extremely realistic
imagery in order to create the optical
illusion that the depicted objects appear in
three dimensions.) and the blending of Santa Susanna in Rome, Italy
painting and architecture
78
✓ pear-shaped domes in the Bavarian,

Czech, Polish, and Ukrainian Baroque
✓ Marian and Holy Trinity columns erected in
Catholic countries, often in thanksgiving for
ending a plague
Influences
✓ In Portugal, the first fully Baroque church
was the Church of Santa Engrácia, in
Lisbon, designed by royal architect João
Antunes, which has a Greek cross
floorplan and curved facades.
✓ The combination of the Native American
and Moorish decorative influences with an
extremely expressive interpretation of the
Churrigueresque idiom may account for the
full-bodied and varied character of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg,
Baroque in the American colonies of Spain. Russia
✓ As Italian Baroque influences penetrated
across the Pyrenees, they gradually
superseded in popularity the restrained
classicizing approach of Juan de Herrera,
which had been in vogue since the late
16th century.
✓ The centre of Baroque secular architecture
was France, where the open three-wing
layout of the palace was established as the
canonical solution as early as the 16th
century. But it was the Palais du
Luxembourg by Salomon de Brosse that
determined the sober and classicizing
direction that French Baroque architecture
was to take. Church of Saint Peter and Paul in Krakow, Poland
79
Basilica di Superga near Turin by Filippo Juvarra

During the Portuguese colonization of Goa, India
brought about many churches with baroque
architecture (Our Lady of the Immaculate
Conception Church
Sanctuary of Our Lady of Mellieħa in Malta.
Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza by Francesco Borromini
The most impressive display of Churrigueresque

spatial decoration may be found in the west façade
of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela).
80
Chapel of the Church of Santo Domingo, Puebla,

Church of St. Michel in Leuven, Belgium by Willem Mexico.
Hesius (1650)
Catedral Metropolitana, Mexico City, started in The interior of the São Roque Church in Lisbon,
1573. Portugal illustrates the rich Baroque architecture in
its chapels, including the chapel of St. John the
Basptist, adorned in gold, the most expensive in
the world
81
The Queluz National Palace near Lisbon, Portugal

perfectly depicts Baroque architecture
Les Invalides in Paris by Jules Hardouin-Mansart
(1676)
Château de Maisons near Paris by François Amsterdam City Hall

Mansart (1642)
Greenwich Hospital by Sir Christopher Wren (1694)
Versailles’ chapel as seen from the tribune royale,

an outstanding example of French Baroque
82
St. Charles's Church in Vienna, Austria

Castle Howard, North Yorkshire
Schloss Charlottenburg in Berlin
Interior of Vierzehnheiligen church in Bavaria
Wilanów Palace in Warsaw (1677–1696)
Church of St Nicholas, Old Town, Prague
83
ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE (LATE BAROQUE)
Rococo architecture, as mentioned above, was a

lighter, more graceful, yet also more elaborate
version of Baroque architecture, which was ornate
and austere. While the styles were similar, there
are some notable differences between both Rococo
and Baroque architecture, one of them being
symmetry, since Rococo emphasized the
asymmetry of forms, while Baroque was the
opposite. The styles, despite both being richly
decorated, also had different themes; the Baroque, The Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo is one of
the northernmost Rococo buildings
for instance, was more serious, placing an
emphasis on religion, and was often characterized
by Christian themes (as a matter of fact, the
Baroque began in Rome as a response to the
Protestant Reformation); Rococo architecture was
an 18th-century, more secular, adaptation of the
Baroque which was characterized by more light-
hearted and jocular themes. Other elements
belonging to the architectural style of Rococo
include numerous curves and decorations, as well
as the usage of pale colours.
the Queluz National Palace in Portugal was one of
✓ There are numerous examples of Rococo
the last Rococo buildings to be built in Europe
buildings as well as architects. Amongst
the most famous include the Catherine
Palace, in Russia, the Queluz National
Palace in Portugal, the Augustusburg and
Falkenlust Palaces, Brühl, the Chinese
House (Potsdam) the Charlottenburg
Palace in Germany, as well as elements of
the Château de Versailles in France.
Abstract and asymmetrical Rococo decoration:

ceiling stucco at the Neues Schloss, Tettnang
84
✓ Architects who were renowned for their

constructions using the style include
Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, an Italian
architect who worked in Russia and who
was noted for his lavish and opulent works,
Philip de Lange, who worked in both
Danish and Dutch Rococo architecture, or
Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann, who worked
in the late Baroque style and who
Bird's eye view of the gardens of Versailles. 19th
contributed to the reconstruction of the city century
of Dresden, in Germany.
✓ Rococo architecture also brought
significant changes to the building of
edifices, placing an emphasis on privacy
rather than the grand public majesty of
Baroque architecture, as well as improving
the structure of buildings in order to create
a more healthy environment
Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, Italy
Claydon House, England
85
AFRICAN ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of Africa, like other aspects of the

culture of Africa, is exceptionally diverse. Many
ethno-linguistic groups throughout the history of
Africa have had their own architectural traditions. In
some cases, broader styles can be identified, such
as the Sahelian architecture of an area of West
Africa. One common theme in much traditional
African architecture is the use of fractal scaling:
small parts of the structure tend to look similar to
larger parts, such as a circular village made of
The Great Pyramids of Giza are regarded as one of
circular houses. the greatest architectural feats of all times, and one
of Seven Wonders of the 'Ancient World
As with most architectural traditions elsewhere,

African architecture has been subject to numerous
external influences from the earliest periods for
which evidence is available. Western architecture
has also had an impact on coastal areas since the
late 15th century, and is now an important source
for many larger buildings, particularly in major
cities.
African architecture uses a wide range of materials. The City of Kerma

One finds structures in thatch, stick/wood, mud,
mudbrick, rammed earth, and stone, with a
preference for materials by region: North Africa for
stone and rammed earth, West Africa for
mud/adobe, Central Africa thatch/wood and more
perishable materials, East Africa varied, Southern
Africa for stone and thatch/wood. A wall in North
Africa might be built of stone or rammed earth, in
West Africa mud/mudbrick, in Central Africa wood,
Southern Africa wood or stone, and East Africa all.
Nubian pyramids at Meroe
86
✓ Ten broad categories of vernacular hut and

house structures have been identified:
1. Domical (beehive)
2. Cone on cylinder
3. Cone on poles and mud cylinder
4. Gabled roofed
5. Pyramidal cone
6. Rectangle with roof rounded and
sloping at ends The ruin of the temple at Yeha, Tigray region,
Ethiopia
7. Square
8. Dome or flat roof on clay box
9. Quadrangular, surrounding an open
courtyard
10. Cone on ground
✓ Nubian Architecture is one of the most

ancient in the world. The earliest style of
Nubian Architecture includes the speos,
structures carved out of solid rock, an A- Architecture in Fes, Morocco
Group (3700-3250 BCE) achievement.

Egyptians made extensive use of the
process at Speos Artemidos and Abu
Simbel
✓ Aksumite Architecture flourished in the
region from the 4th century BC onward,
persisting even after the transition of the
Aksumite dynasty to the Zagwe in the 12th
century, as attested by the numerous
Aksumite influences in and around the
medieval churches of Lalibela.
Bete Medhane Alem, Lalibela, the largest

monolithic church in the world
87
✓ Tichitt Walata is the oldest surviving

archaeological settlements in West Africa
and the oldest all stone base settlement
south of the Sahara. It was built by the
Soninke people and is thought to be the
precursor of the Ghana empire. It was
being settled around 2000 BC. One finds
well laid out streets and fortified
compounds all made out of skilled stone
masonry. In all, there were 500 settlements
✓ Nok culture artifacts have been dated as The Great Mosque of Djenné in Mali, first built in
the 13th century and reconstructed in 1906–1909,
far back as 790 BCE, located at the Jos is the largest clay building in the world
Plateau in Nigeria, between the Niger and
Benue river. From the excavation the of
Nok settlement in Samun Dikiya, there was
the tendency to build on peaks. Nok
settlements have not been extensively
excavated
✓ The Islamic conquest of North Africa saw
Islamic architecture develop in the region,
Benin City,Nigeria
including such famous structures as the
Cairo Citadel. Around 1000 AD, cob
(tabya) first appears in the Maghreb and al-
Andalus
✓ In ancient Somalia, pyramidical structures
known in Somali as taalo were a popular
burial style with hundreds of these drystone
monuments scattered around the country
today. Houses were built of dressed stone
similar to the ones in Ancient Egypt, and
there are examples of courtyards and large
The Walls of Benin are the largest man made
stone walls such as the Wargaade Wall structure in the world
enclosing settlements.
88
✓ Ashanti architecture from Ghana is

perhaps best known from the
reconstruction at Kumasi. Its key features
are courtyard-based buildings, and walls
with striking reliefs in mud plaster brightly
painted. An example of a shrine can be
seen at Bawjwiasi in Ghana. Four
rectangular rooms, constructed from wattle
and daub, lie around a courtyard. Animal
designs mark the walls, and palm leaves Ashanti House
cut to tiered shape provide the roof.
✓ The Yoruba surrounded their settlements
with massive mud walls. Their buildings
had a similar plan to the Ashanti shrines,
but with verandahs around the court. The
walls were of puddled mud and palm oil.
The most famous of Yoruba fortifications
and the 2nd largest wall edifice in Africa is
Sungbo's Eredo. It is made up of sprawling
mud walls and the valleys that surrounded Temple of Debod, Nubian Architecture
the town of Ijebu-Ode in Ogun state.
Sungbo's Eredo is the largest pre-colonial
monument in Africa, larger than the Great
Pyramid or Great Zimbabwe
✓ The Eastern Lunda dwelling of the
Kacembe(king) was describe as containing
fenced roads, a mile long. The enclosed
walls were made of grass, 12 to 13 span in
height. The enclosed roads lead to a
The homes of the Musgum, in the Far North
rectangular hut opened on the west side. In Province of Cameroon
the center was a wooden base with a
statue on top about 3 span
89
Terraced hill, entranceway of Khami, capital of the

Torwa State
Lunda dwellings displaying the Square and the

Cone On Ground type of African Vernacular
Architecture Architecture in Antananarivo, Madagascar, 1905
The conical tower inside the Great Enclosure in

Great Zimbabwe, a medieval city built by a
prosperous culture The Tomb of Askia, in Gao, Mali, is believed to be
the burial place of Askia Mohammad I, one of the
Songhai Empire's most prolific emperors
90
MESO AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE
Some Early American buildings still remain today.

The Maya flourished in Central America between AD
200 and 1000; the Aztecs in Mexico in the 14th to
16th centuries; and the Incas in Peru in the 15th to
16th centuries.
The Maya
✓ The Maya were based in cities around
Mexico, Honduras and Guatemala. Their
most impressive buildings were pyramids
consisting of stone clad earth mounds with
Overview of the central plaza of the Mayan city of
terracing, steps up the side and the stone Palenque (Chiapas, Mexico), an example of
temples on top. Classic period Mesoamerican Architecture
✓ The pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan is
just over 60m tall
✓ Mayan Pyramids were decorated with
colored pilaster
✓ Some Mayan cities, such as Tikal had
populations of 40,000 to 50,000
✓ Most Mayan Pyramids are simple platforms
Aztecs
✓ They built large cities called Tenochtitlan
where Mexico City stands Chichen Itza, Mexico
✓ In the middle of the city was a walled

compound which was the center of Aztec
religion
✓ Aztecs practiced human sacrifice believing
that it pleased their Gods
✓ Their pyramidal temples were similar to
those of the Mayan people
✓ Aztecs have many Gods and Goddesses
depicted through stone carvings
Puuc-style geometric design on a wall of the great
temple of Uxmal
91
Incas
✓ South Americas great builders were the
Incas, who established a large empire in the
west of the continent during the 15th century
✓ Their buildings were made of irregular
shaped stones which skilled stonemasons
ground to fit together perfectly
✓ Machu Picchu in Peru is their best
preserved city
✓ Machu Picchu perched some 3150m above
sea level which includes their palace
temples and crop terraces
✓ Their buildings vary in shape but most have
trapezoid windows and doorways.
A fine example of a corbelled arch from the

Mayan site of Uxmal, Yucatán
the principle of the "false" or corbelled arch is to

build it without a keystone, but just with
overlapping tiers of blocks
92
View of the Avenue of the Dead and the Pyramid of

the Sun, from the Pyramid of the Moon Platform along the Avenue of the Dead showing
the talud-tablero architectural style
Pyramid of the Sun

Pyramid of the Niches
Pyramid of the Moon
Temple of Inscriptions
93
Templo Mayor, Aztec
Pyramid of the Magician, Uxmal, Mexico
The ballcourt at Xochicalco. Note the characteristic I

shape, as well as the ring set above the apron at
center court. The setting sun of the equinox shines
through the ring
Maya pyramid at Tikal with prominent roof comb
Ballcourt terminology. Not all ballcourts have all

these surfaces
Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche
94
The lay out of the city of Teotihuacan, showing that the entire city is laid out following a north/south axis
aligned 15 degrees off, and which is marked by the "Street of the dead" The pyramid of the sun is in the
center, built on a natural cave. The southern part is residential quarters, and the northern part is the
ceremonial center used for among other things human sacrifice
Machu Picchu: A complete overview of the site
Machu Picchu, Peru
95
Map of Machu Picchu
Zaculeu or Saqulew is a pre-Columbian Maya

archaeological site in the highlands of western
Guatemala, about 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) outside of
the modern city of Huehuetenango
Tikal Temple I rises 47 meters (154 ft) high
96
NORTH AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of the United States demonstrates

a broad variety of architectural styles and built
forms over the country's history of over four
centuries.
Architecture in the United States is as diverse as its
multicultural society and has been shaped by many
internal and external factors and regional
distinctions. As a whole it represents a rich eclectic
and innovative tradition. Cliff Palace, an ancient dwelling complex in
✓ The oldest surviving structures on the Colorado
territory that is now known as the United
States were made by the Ancient Pueblo
People of the four corners region
✓ American colonial architecture includes
several building design styles associated
with the colonial period of the United
States, including First Period English (late-
medieval), French Colonial, Spanish Mission San Xavier del Bac near Tucson, Arizona
Colonial, Dutch Colonial, German Colonial

and Georgian Colonial. These styles are
associated with the houses, churches and
government buildings of the period
between about 1600 through the 19th
century.
✓ The Georgian style predominate residential
design in the British colonial era in the
thirteen Colonies. At the Mount Pleasant
mansion (1761–1762) in Philadelphia, the Corwin House, Salem, Massachusetts, built ca.
1660, First Period English
residence is constructed with an entrance
topped by a pediment supported by Doric
columns. The roof has a balustrade and a
symmetrical arrangement, characteristic of
the neoclassic style popular in Europe then
97
✓ In 1776, the members of the Continental

Congress issued the Declaration of
Independence of the Thirteen Colonies.
After the long and distressing
Revolutionary War the 1783 Treaty of Paris
recognized the existence of the new
republic, the United States of America.
Even though it was a firm break with the
English politically, the Georgian influences
Bequette-Ribault House in Ste. Geneviève,
continued to mark the buildings Missouri, built 1778, French colonial
constructed.
✓ In the 1780s, the Federal style began to
diverge bit by bit from the Georgian style
and became a uniquely American genre. At
the time of the War of Independence,
houses stretched out along a strictly
rectangular plan, adopting curved lines and
favoring the decorative details such as
garlands and urns. Certain openings were
ellipsoidal in form; one or several pieces
were oval or circular.
✓ Thomas Jefferson, who was the third
president of the United States between
1801 and 1809, was a scholar in many De Turck House, Oley, Pennsylvania, built 1767,
German Colonial Style
domains, including architecture. Having
journeyed several times in Europe, he
hoped to apply the formal rules of
palladianism and of antiquity in public and
private architecture and master planning.
✓ The Spanish and later Mexican Alta
California Ranchos and early American
pioneers used the readily available clay to Josiah Dennis House, Dennis, Massachusetts, built
make adobe bricks, and distant forests' 1735, Georgian colonial
tree trunks for beams sparingly.
98
Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

St. Luke's Episcopal Church in Smithfield, Virginia,
thought to be the oldest surviving brick church in
the English Colonies of what would become the
United States, dating to the mid-late 17th century
Massachusetts State House, Boston,

Massachusetts (1795-1798)
Monticello is a National Historic Landmark just

outside Charlottesville, Virginia, United States. It
was the estate of Thomas Jefferson, the principal
author of the United States Declaration of
Independence, third President of the United States,
and founder of the University of Virginia; it is also,
at his direction, the site of Jefferson's burial place
The United States Capitol is the meeting place of

the United States Congress, the legislature of the
federal government of the United States
99
The architecture of Canada is, with the exception of

that of Canadian First Nations, closely linked to the
techniques and styles developed in Canada,
Europe and the United States. However, design
has long needed to be adapted to Canada's climate
and geography, and at times has also reflected the
uniqueness of Canadian culture.
✓ The semi-nomadic peoples of the
Maritimes, Quebec, and Northern Ontario,
such as the Mi'kmaq, Cree, and Algonquin
A group of Haida big houses
generally lived in wigwams
✓ On the Prairies the standard form of life
was a nomadic one, with the people often
moving to a new location each day to
follow the bison herds. Housing thus had to
be portable, and the tipi was developed.
The tipi consisted of a thin wooden frame
and an outer covering of animal hides. The A classic rural New France home on the Île
structures could be quickly erected, and d'Orléans
were light enough to transport long

distances
✓ In the Interior of British Columbia the
standard for of home was the semi-
permanent pit house, thousands of relics of
which, known as quiggly holes are
scattered across the Interior landscape.
These were structures shaped like an
upturned bowl, placed on top of a 3-or-4-
foot-deep (0.91 or 1.2 m) pit. The bowl,
made of wood, would be covered with an One of the earliest extant houses in Maritime
Canada, Simeon Perkins' house was built on Nova
insulating layer of earth. The house would Scotia's south shore in 1766
be entered by climbing down a ladder at
the centre of the roof
100

History of Architecture Reviewer P2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

History of Architecture Reviewer P2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Comprehensive Architecture Review By: Ar. Christopher P.

MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE

Medieval Vernacular Cruck Frame House

portcullis. Defenders dropped missiles on

Crenel and Merlon

The fourteenth century residential keep, Château

Windsor Castle, England

The Grand Buildings of Western Europe in the

✓ Aix la Chapelle Cathedral was built by

Angoulême Cathedral, France St. Michael’s Church, Germany

Interior of Worms Cathedral

Plan of Worms Cathedral

West Altar, Worms Cathedral

Speyer Cathedral, Germany

Basilica of Saint Mary, Rome

Senanque Abbey, France

The atrium and arcaded narthex of Sant'Ambrogio, Interior, Speyer Cathedral

Mainz Cathedral, Germany, has rectangular piers

The tympanum of Vézelay Abbey, Burgundy,

The "blind arcade" beneath this window at

Durham Cathedral, England

Ground Plan of Durham Cathedral

The 12th century saw the emergence of the

The depressed arch supported by fan vaulting at

Notre Dame de Paris Notre Dame de Paris: exterior of the apse

Plan of Notre Dame de Paris

Gloucester Cathedral, England

York Cathedral, England

Canterbury Cathedral, England

Rose Window, Strasbourg Cathedral

Chartres Cathedral, France

Chartres Cathedral Plan

Parts of a Gothic Cathedral

Cologne Cathedral, Germany

Flamboyant Style, Limoges Cathedral

Westminster Abbey, London

Architectural Detail of Westminster Abbey, London

Architects in the 15th century Italy were the first to

✓ Three periods of development:

The Tempietto, Rome

✓ Architects of the Saint Peter’s Basilica,

The Romanesque Baptistery of Florence was the

spread in many parts of Europe.

St. Paul’s Cathedral, London

Burghley House, completed 1587

French Renaissance: Château de Chambord

Hotel de Sully, Paris

Chateau de Blois famous staircase

Rialto Bridge, Venice, Italy

Palazzo Pitti, Florence Italy

Palazzo Venezia, Rome

Palazzo Medici Riccardi

Pazzi Chapel, Florence Italy

Villa Capra "La Rotonda" in Vicenza Antwerp Town Hall

The vestibule of the Laurentian Library

Harwick Hall, English Renaissance

The Rákóczi Castle in Sárospatak

Renaissance Column Detail Villa Farnese

Capitoline Hill, Rome San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, Italy

Baroque architecture is a term used to describe the

✓ pear-shaped domes in the Bavarian,

Basilica di Superga near Turin by Filippo Juvarra

Sanctuary of Our Lady of Mellieħa in Malta.

Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza by Francesco Borromini