Chapter Two

Power system in hospital

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Revision: modern hospital architecture
Health facilities classification:
◦Leve of care/ service
◦Ownership and funding responsible
Words in the hospital
Hospital design layout
BME workshop design at the hospital

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 Revision: Building Attributes
1. Efficiency
and Cost-
Effectiveness
7. Aesthetics
2. Flexibility
6. Controlled and 8. Security
Circulation Expandability 12. Materials and Safety

11. Water
9. Green
and Waste
3.Therapeutic Architecture
5. Accessibility Management
Environment 10. Energy
Savings
4. Cleanliness
and Sanitation

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 Chapter Two

Power system in hospital

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Outline
Introduction
Power system criteria factors
Emergency and standby power system
Switching devices
Hospital electrical system arrangements

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Objective
At the end of this chapter the student will be able to:
Describe hospital power supply system
Draw and describe 3phase and single phase Simple connection
Calculate load and apparent power

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Introduction

The electrical distribution system of a hospital may look the

same as that for other types of buildings (offices, hotels, etc.) but
there are several important distinctions.

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…
• higher level of flexibility for more
emergency power that can remain
operational for longer durations and
The overall size of • The need for enhanced safety in the
the electrical system
should have: hospital environment.

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Introduction…
The electrical demands of a hospital far outweigh those for most
other building types because:
i. First hospitals have unique equipment with very large power
requirements, such as MRIs, CT scanners, and other imaging
equipment
ii. Even some equipment common to all buildings is larger for
hospitals due to their complexities (Ex. Ventilator, centralized
O2, vacuum supply system)

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Power Supply Criteria Factors
Power supply design should implement the following:

Reliability Durability Maintainability Efficiency Economy as

appropriate

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…

Reliability: Quality of performing consistently well power

supply system
• An alternative comparison assessment will be developed to
evaluate the reliability choices
• The designer shall consider the location and space for
essential electrical system components
• Components will be constrained to avoid personnel injury,
or damage to other building components

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…
Durability
• Installed electrical systems and electrical equipment will
have a minimum rating for continuous full design load
Maintainability
• Providing a means to remove and maintain equipment, and
field installed wiring without interruption to mission critical
loads

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…
Efficiency
• The efficiency measured at the utilization transformer secondary
and the alternative power source, will have a power factor (PF)
not less than 0.90 at nominal voltage for balanced three phase
loading
Economy
• Evaluate alternative system configurations, and component types
and sizing for economic value

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…
The electrical power system in hospital may consider these areas:
 Critical Care: where patients may be subjected to invasive
procedures and connected to line-operated electro medical
devices.(Ex. Operating rooms, Intensive care unit, Emergency care
units etc.)
 General Care: All other patient care areas which is not related with
critical care.
 Wet Locations: patient care areas that are normally subject to wet
conditions including standing water on the floor, or routine dousing
or drenching of work areas.

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Emergency and Standby Power Systems

Emergency and standby power systems are designed to provide

an alternate source of power if the normal source of power,
most often the serving utility, should fail

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Emergency Power System
 It is an independent reserve that automatically provides
reliable electric power within a specified time to critical devices
and equipment whose failure would jeopardize the health and
safety of personnel or result in damage to property.

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Standby Power System
 An independent reserve source of electric energy that provides
electric power of acceptable quality so that the user’s facilities
may continue in satisfactory operation
 The NEC(National Electrical Code) divides standby power
systems into two categories, as follows:
The NEC is a regionally adoptable standard for the safe
installation of electrical wiring and equipment in the United
States.

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SPS…
1.Legally Required Standby Systems: classed as legally required
standby by municipal, state, federal, and other codes or by any
governmental agency having jurisdiction

Are typically installed to serve loads , such as

• Heating and refrigeration systems
• Communications systems
• Ventilation and smoke removal systems
• Sewage disposal, lighting systems and
• Industrial processes

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…

2. Optional Standby Systems: intended to supply power to public or private

facilities where life safety does not depend on the performance of the system

Are intended to supply on-site generated power to selected loads either

automatically or manually

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SPS…
 Are typically installed to provide an alternate source of electric
power for such facilities as:
Industrial and commercial buildings
Farms and residences
Heating and refrigeration systems
Data processing and communications systems and
Industrial processes
Where any power outage, could cause discomfort, serious interruption
of the process, damage to the product or process, and the like.

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EPS and SPS…
Reasons for deploying PS
Emergency and standby power systems are generally designed into
the over-all electrical system for one of the following two reasons:
Legal Requirements: These are concerned with the safety of
human life, protection of the environment, etc.
 Economic Considerations: Continuous process applications
often require a continuous source of electrical power to avoid
significant economic loss.

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 Power system in hospital…

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A typical electrical distribution

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Simple connection: 3phase and single
phase

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Power sources https://youtu.be/j8a8Yc8zk0Y

 Generators are by far the most prevalent source of power for

emergency and standby power systems.
 During the starting period, the necessary power may not be
available so a buffer between the generators and sensitive load is
generally required i.e. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS).

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UPS
UPS supplies uninterrupted power to sensitive & critical loads.
The most popular topology for a UPS is the double conversion
topology, as shown in figure below:

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UPS…
 So long as the batteries are properly maintained, the AC
output should not be affected by change in frequency or voltage,
or even a complete loss, at the input, so long as backup time of
the UPS is not exceeded.
 UPS systems do not alleviate the need for a generator or
second utility service power source, but they do serve to buffer
critical loads from the effects of generator starting time, voltage
and frequency variations.

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Switching devices
A means to switch the critical loads from the normal utility
source to the standby power source
Critical loads are electrically driven loads backed up by a source
independent of the normal grid power supply
Three types of switch
Automatic transfer switch
Bypass/isolation switches
Static Transfer Switches

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Switching…
• Self-acting equipment for transferring one or more load
conductor connections from one power source to another.
• The most common means of transferring critical loads to
the emergency/standby power supply.
• Consists of a switching means and a control system
1.An automatic capable of sensing the normal supply voltage and
transfer switch switching over to the alternate source.

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Switching…
 Is available in ratings from 30-50 A, and up to 600V.
 Since automatic transfer switches are designed to continuously
carry the loads they serve, even under normal conditions, care
must be taken.
An automatic transfer switch is generally an open-transition
device that will not allow paralleling of the two sources.

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Switching…

Automatic Transfer Switch one-line diagram representation

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Switching…
2. Bypass/isolation switches
 Are used to bypass an automatic transfer switch (or other
switching means) and connect the source directly to the load and
allow isolation of the transfer switch for maintenance.

Bypass\Isolation switch application

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Switching…
 The bypass blade “B” serves to bypass the automatic transfer
switch, and isolating contacts
 The “I” serve to isolate the automatic transfer switch.
Bypass/isolation switches are typically manually-operated devices.
 Bypass/isolation switches are available with a test position in
which only the ATS-to-load isolation contact is open, allowing the
transfer switch to be operated without disconnecting the load.

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Switching…
3.Static Transfer Switches:
Are typically used when high-speed (~4ms) operation is
required.
The most common application is to bypass a UPS so that a UPS
failure will not result in interruption of service to the load.

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System arrangements
The most common standby power systems arrangements are:
A) Basic arrangement – radial system:
Is the most basic arrangement for standby power system
whereby power is received at the utility supply voltage level by a
single, incoming substation and then the power is converted for
individual end-use equipment.
The transfer switch transfers the standby loads to the alternate
source upon failure of the normal source.

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System…
Simple emergency/standby system arrangement

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System…
B) Hospital arrangements:
A hospital emergency system needs very unique requirements for
the design. The emergency system is classified into:
i) The essential electrical system: comprised of “alternate sources
of power and all connected distribution systems and ancillary
equipment, designed to ensure continuity of electrical power to
designated areas and functions during disruption of normal power
sources,”

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System…
ii) The emergency system: which is “a system of circuits and
equipment intended to supply alternate power to a limited
number of prescribed functions vital to the protection of life and
safety”
The emergency system is a part of the essential electrical system.

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System…
Minimum requirement for essential electrical system for hospitals
over 150 kVA

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System…
Within a hospital electrical distribution network, the circuits can be divided
between the normal non-essential circuits and the essential electrical system.
The non-essential circuits do not require an alternate power source, but the
essential electrical system does.
 The essential electrical system includes: circuits that support equipment or
systems vital to the protection of life and safety (including patient-care
related circuits like the intensive care unit or operating rooms as well as
emergency lighting, alarm systems, battery chargers, and so on)
 Hospital system will include enough on-site generation to power at least
the full load of the essential electrical system

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Legally Required Standby Power Systems
 Power source is permitted to supply both legally required
standby system and optional standby system loads, provided that
it either has enough capacity to handle all connected loads or will
ensure adequate power to the legally required standby circuits.

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Requirement…
Audible and visual signal devices must be provided for
indication of instability of the standby source
 In the event of failure of the normal supply to, or within, the
building or group of buildings concerned legally required standby
power must be available within the time required by the application
but not to exceed 60 seconds.

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Requirement…
The alternate source of power should include:
A storage battery
Generator set
UPS
Separate utility service
Connection ahead of the service disconnecting means, or
Fuel cell system, each with restrictions on its use.

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 Protection devices
Surge protection devices (SPD)
MOV(metallic oxide varistor)
 Fuses
 (OL)Relays
Contactor
Circuit breaker
Monitoring/ information devices
meters displays, (Audio/Visual alarms)
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Load power estimation of installation
All individual loads are not necessarily operating at full rated nominal
power nor necessarily at the same time. Determination of the
maximum power and apparent-power demands actually required to
dimension the installation.
Diversity factor - Coincidence factor (ks)
It is a matter of common experience that the simultaneous operation
of all installed loads of a given installation never occurs in practice,
i.e. there is always some degree of diversity and this fact is taken into
account for estimating purposes by the use of a factor (ks).

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Example • A 5 storeys hospital building with 25 service rooms/
consumers, each have different power of installed load.
The total installed load for the building is:
36 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 24 = 150 kVA
The apparent-power supply required for the building is:
150 x 0.46 = 69 kVA
The current entering the rising main at ground level is:
150 x 0.46/ root(3)*380V =_____A

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 Power monitoring system
The power monitoring and control system of switch board provide:
Status of devices and equipment
Status of the reconfiguration electrical distribution process Alarms
monitoring, including alarms sent to maintenance staff ( through SMS)
Genset test information, including run times and follow-up
Crisis management tools and assistance to recover
Energy consumption data
Maintenance information
Traceability of events and alarms
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Summary
Electric system
In the health facilities
Backup power
3phase and single phase simple connection
Protection device

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…

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 END

Thank you!

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