Energy efficiency: Water-cooled chillers are typically more energy efficient than air-

cooled chillers. The refrigerant condensing temperature in an air-cooled chiller is

dependent on the ambient dry-bulb temperature. The condensing temperature in a
water-cooled chiller is dependent on the condenser-water temperature, which is
dependent on the ambient wet-bulb temperature. Since the wet-bulb temperature is
often significantly lower than the dry-bulb temperature, the refrigerant condensing
temperature (and pressure) in a water-cooled chiller can be lower than in an air-cooled
chiller. The lower condensing temperature, and therefore lower condensing pressure,
means that the compressor needs to do less work and, subsequently, consumes less
energy. This efficiency advantage may lessen during nighttime operation because the
dry-bulb temperature tends to drop faster than the wet-bulb temperature when the sun
goes down.

Refrigeration cycle
Superheat is critical in HVAC because it ensures the liquid refrigerant is boiled off before
it leaves the evaporator and heads to the compressor. Even small amounts of liquid can
cause detrimental damage to a compressor in an HVAC system.
While evaporation and superheat occur in the evaporator, condensation and subcooling
occur in the
Sub-cooling
liquid existing at a temperature below its normal boiling point called subcooling, When
the heat refrigerant vapor emit heat energy while passing through the condenser unit, it
temperature drop from 140deg.F to 120deg.F it turn to become liquid, but the cooling
does not stop there, it continue to cool down, if the condenser brings the refrigerant
temperature down to 105 degrees, it has been subcooled by 15 degrees. In the
refrigeration cycle, subcooling is an important process that ensures liquid refrigerant
enters the expansion device.
Benefits of DCS application:
general views
1. Higher energy saving capacity than air cooled type and cooling tower water cooled
system by 35% and 20% by using seawater cooling according to EMSD report.
2. Load Diversity: As a district central A/C system, it can meet for different building’s
load demand.
3. As reduction in electricity consumption by DCS, it reduces fossil fuel consumption for
power generation which can decrease greenhouse gas emission that lighten the
global warming effect.
4. noise, vibration, thermal plume and waste heat pollution can be significantly
reduced by removal of individual building’s chiller plant with better control of
acoustic, vibration, waste heat of DCS.
5. Increase space utilization for other purpose as chiller plant room is not required for
building.
6. Reduce capital and operational cost, no need cost allowed for chiller plant
installation and the cost for maintenance and staff for building chiller plant can be
reduced.

Why the electricity transmission system is at high voltage – voltage drop problem

Healthcare Engineering

Main points about healthcare engineering for private hospital (department of health)
Should be the same for public hospital under EMSD :
1. Healthcare engineering system consists of electrical installations, specialized
ventilation system, medical gas pipeline systems.
2. Design and installation of the above system need to be certified by relevant
disciplines of RPE i.e. EE/BSE for electrical installation, ME/BSE for ventilation and
medical gas pipeline system.
3. Design and installation of the above system are of internationally acceptable
standards i.e. HTM 06-01 for electrical installation, HTM 03-01 for specialized
ventilation system and HTM 02-01 for medical gas pipeline systems or equivalent.
4.
Electrical installation
HTM 06-01
Any failure of medical equipment or clinical facilities due to loss of electrical supply can
endanger patient life as well as the people around there, therefore providing a
maximum reliability & integrity electrical supply at all level of clinical and surgical care is
the aim of the guidance, below is sources of power supply for healthcare premises
a. Utility’s supply side:
Dual high voltage supply source with separate supply feeders to substation from
utility network to ensure uninterrupted power supply for large clinical premises.
b. Provision of standby power supply by generator set and adequate storage capacity of
fuel (min. 8 hours at full rated) for providing standby power supply to essential load,
medical equipment and clinical facilities when normal power supply outage occurs.
c. Provision of UPS or battery pack for uninterrupted system changeover in case of
primary power supply failure and allowance of sufficient time for computer system
backup process.
d. Best practice is achieved when the distribution strategy places the first single point
of failure as close to the final circuits as practical to satisfy the critical nature of the
healthcare facility.
e. Electrical supply should be maintained within specific time periods for the safety of
patients and staff. These times can be defined as a supply restored within:
greater than 15 s;
less than 15 s but greater than 5 s;
less than 5 s, but greater than 0.5 s;
less than 0.5 s;
no-break.
f. Effective discrimination of protective device to minimize the effect of electrical fault
to clinical areas.
g. Back up power supply to ensure patient safety upon loss of normal power supply to
critical care areas by emergency generators, UPS, batteries.
h. Isolated power supply maintains its continuity for life critical medical equipment in
critical care areas such as operation theatre, intensive care unit etc. upon first earth
fault.
CLP power plants location:
Black point(龍鼓灘發電廠), castle peak(青山發電廠), penny bay(竹篙灣燃氣輪機發
電廠), Daya Bay nuclear plant(大亞灣核電廠)
HEC – Lamma island

Why the electricity transmission system is at high voltage – voltage drop problem

Specialized Ventilation Systems

HTM 03-01 – part A: concept, design, specification, installation & testing, part B:
management, operation, maintenance & routine testing of existing system
a. System function: prevent spread of airborne infectious disease, control healthcare
associated infection and dilute & remove contaminants for healthcare premises
providing acute care which is very intense, the occupancy level high & the patients
may be particularly susceptible to airborne infection risks
b. Healthcare premises : Operation threater, isolation room
c. Establishment of positive/negative pressure zone
d. Determine air change rate
Medical Gas System for Clinic and Hospital in Hong Kong
1. Type of medical gas used:
oxygen – for resuscitation and inhalation therapy.
compressed air at 400psi – for patient respiration, it is free of contamination and
particles, has no oil or odors, and is dry to prevent water buildup in pipeline &
facilities.
Compressed air at 700psi – for driving surgical tools, operating pneumatic brakes
and tables, central sterile supply, and laboratory air.
nitrous oxide – for surgical procedures as both an anesthetic and analgesic.
carbon dioxide – for surgeries and can be combined with oxygen or air for
respiratory simulation and treatment of various respiratory disorders.
helium/oxygen mixture – to treat fixed patient’s partial upper airway obstructions
or increased air resistance, this will help patients breathe easier.
Medical vacuum - use to clear the airway of blood, saliva, vomit, or other secretions
so that a patient may breathe, it also used to remove patient’s fluids from the
airways to facilitate breathing.

2. Work covered: medical gas and alarm system design, system and piping installation,
pressurized system, gas storage and monitoring, operation & maintenance,
emergency supply etc.

3. Manufacture, storage, supply and used of medical gas shall comply with the
followings:
i. Dangerous Goods Ordinance (Cap. 295);
ii. Fire Services Ordinance (Cap. 95);
iii. Electricity Ordinance (Cap. 406); and
iv. Boilers and Pressure Vessels Ordinance (Cap. 56)

4. Medical gas shall comply with the following:

i. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia,
ii. The European Pharmacopoeia or the United States Pharmacopoeia, where
applicable, and are appropriate for medical use in all cases.

5. Medical gas system design and installation shall comply with Health Technical
Memorandum (HTM) 02-01 – “Medical Gas Pipeline Systems” or equivalent, it is also
required to be certified by registered professional engineer in either mechanical or
 building services discipline under the Engineer Registration Ordinance cap. 409.

6. Point of use: terminal unit, ventilator, as power to drive surgical equipment.

7. Sources of supply:
Medical Oxygen:
a. Large liquid oxygen vacuum-insulated evaporator (VIE tank) for storage capacity
of 15000L in liquid form (one liter of liquid oxygen produces 861 liters of gaseous
oxygen)
https://path.azureedge.net/media/documents/O2_generation_and_storage_VIE
S_v1.pdf.
b. Liquid cylinder of 127.5 m3 at 12bar @15deg.C
The above system need vaporizer and manifold system to vaporize liquid oxygen
into gaseous state and deliver to the end user point.
c. Gas cylinder with manifold
Medical Compressed air:
a. Gas cylinder with manifold control system
b. oil-free compressed air plant

Other Medical Gas system - Nitrous Oxide, Carbon Dioxide, Helium/oxygen

Gas cylinder with manifold control system

Medical Vacuum
Medical vacuum plant produces negative pressure of pipeline system connecting
with terminal unit at bedhead trucking system.

8. Medical gas supply system is critical because it is used to support patient life,
therefore, it comprises primary, secondary and reserve supply system to ensure
continuity of supply. For large gas consumption,

9. The primary supply is provided by two banks of equal number gas cylinder served as
duty bank and standby bank each connected by a common pipe header with auto-
change-over by manifold control panel when it is exhausted. secondary and reserve
(commonly refer to as a means of third supply). Liquid vacuumed and gas cylinder
bank integrates with auto-manifold control system,
10.
Air vs. Water Cooled Chillers: Which is Best for Data Centers?

Energy efficiency: Water-cooled chillers are typically more energy efficient than air-
cooled chillers. The refrigerant condensing temperature in an air-cooled chiller is
dependent on the ambient dry-bulb temperature. The condensing temperature in a
water-cooled chiller is dependent on the condenser-water temperature, which is
dependent on the ambient wet-bulb temperature. Since the wet-bulb temperature is
often significantly lower than the dry-bulb temperature, the refrigerant condensing
temperature (and pressure) in a water-cooled chiller can be lower than in an air-cooled
chiller. The lower condensing temperature, and therefore lower condensing pressure,
means that the compressor needs to do less work and, subsequently, consumes less
energy. This efficiency advantage may lessen during nighttime operation because the
dry-bulb temperature tends to drop faster than the wet-bulb temperature when the sun
goes down.

EMSD

https://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20220911/bkn-20220911010023022-
0911_00822_001.html

Chi Teng: Self intro (mention 2 projects)

A. Kowloon Park museum
1. HVAC 系統呢個場用咩 (vrv for general purpose , AHU with RH control for 展館
2. Lighting system 點 design LPD, lux,
3. Any concern for people’s gaze on exhibits ? Glare
4. What is refrigerant used for VRV? R410A
5. What is your recent difficultly in these two year?
I mention about Yen Chow Street Automated Parking System (pilot project, FS provision,
HHS hazard sprinkler design, also mention the interfacing between EV and APS)
1. Any resilience design for electrical system?
2. Sprinkler 用咩 type, 咩溫度 , colour, water flow rate
3. Sprinkler duty point 係咩?

B. Do you have any ideas about BIM ?

What is the advantage of BIM-AM
C. What do you think about smart building?
Zero carbon building design (I mention PV panel, bs design)
Any other considerations apart from BS ?
 I mention EV, hydrogen, Civil: green concrete, green steel) to reduce carbon footprint

D. What is smart city? EMSD 有咩做緊, 你又有咩可以 contribute 到？

(Use Winner team AI formula and RDCC use deep learning to generate some useful
insight for small, medium, large scale building)may have few critical/key parameter
can adjust for chiller optimisation (RCx)...

E. Ar one more question (for Kowloon park)

AC: 點解決 noise issue 問題( I guess 問 AHU)
Smart construction site 有咩睇法
3D model contain rich information within the model
好處如下 in keyword :
4567D BIM, 4D=Time, 5D= Cost, 6D= Sustainability, 7D=Facility Management.
Common Data Environment(=BIM 版既 google drive)
If BIM model accuracy 高, BIM facilitate for MiC, pre fabrication DfMA and MiMEP, 3D
printing, clash detection (Naviswork), real time monitor model update. 呢 d 可以慳到
coordination 時間，consturction program 會短左, save material and cost.
AR,Mixed Reality,(地盤拎蓋個頭盔就望到哂 installation detail)
Quantity take off 易左，慳時時間 on coordination (As any change in BIM is real time,
this saves time on 夾圖 and email 等 comment) ,
can handle the construction BIM model Project information model (PID)to FM as a AIM
(Asset Information Model)