HEAT LOAD

WHAT IS HVAC ?

HEATING
VENTILATION
AIR CONDITIONING

HEAT LOAD
 HVAC NEEDS
COMFORT:
PROVIDES HEALTHY INDOOR ENVIRONMENT OFFICE
BUILDINGS, HIGH RISE BUILDINGS, CINEMAS,
LIBRARIES, AUDITORIUM, MULTIPLEX, SHOPPING
CENTRES, HOTELS, PUBLIC PLACES …. Etc.

HEALTH CARE & HOSPITALS:

SPECIAL AIR FILTERS TO REMOVE BACTERIA.
HIGH INDOOR AIR QUALITY.
AVOID CROSS CONTAMINATION

HEAT LOAD
 INDUSTRIAL AIR-CONDITIONING :
 TEXTILE :
PROPER HUMIDITY IS REQUIRED AS IT INCREASES
STRENGTH OF YARN. TOO LOW HUMIDITY HAS PROBLEM
OF STATIC ELECTRICITY.
 ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES:
CLEAN ROOMS, MANUFACTURE OF INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS.
 PHARMACEUTICALS :
CLOSE TEMPERATURE, RH CONTROL WITH HIGH
CLEANLINESS.
 PROCESS COOLING :
 PRECISION MANUFACTURING.
 VENTILATION :
WAREHOUSING / INDUSTRIAL / COMMERCIAL etc

HEAT LOAD
HEATING : SENSIBLE HEATING FOR COOLER CLIMATE,
GENERAL
DRY
LOCAL
VENTILATION
WET (AIR WASHER/SCRUBBER)

NATURAL
DRY VENTILATION MECHANICAL (FORCED)
COMBINATION

GENERAL VENTILATION:
REMOVAL OF HEAT, VAPOUR OR KEEPING MOISTURE
LEVEL LOW, Co/Co2 LEVEL LOW e.g. FACTORIES
(STEEL ROLLING, TEXTILES etc.), BASEMENT,
TOILETS, PARKING LOTS

HEAT LOAD
A. LOCAL VENTILATION:
• KITCHEN HOODS
• PAINT SHOP
• LABORATORY

B. STAIR CASE PRESSURISATION, SMOKE

EXHAUST

C. WET VENTILATION:

• AIR COOLING
• WET AIR SCRUBBERS FOR KITCHEN EXHAUST
OR FRESH AIR INTAKE. ( PETRO CHEMICAL )

HEAT LOAD
 SYSTEM TYPES
• DRY VENTILATION.
• WET VENTILATION – AIR WASHERS.
• COOLING ONLY.
• COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION.
• HEATING (HOT WATER, STEAM, ELECTRICAL)
HUMIDIFICATION.
• COMBINATION OF ABOVE.

HEAT LOAD
 CONTROLLED
SPACE

EXHAUST OR SUPPLY - FANS IN SPACE

DRY VENTILATION - MECHANICAL

OUT
DOOR DUCT
FRESH CONTROLLED
SPACE
AIR
INLET

FANS, PUMPS, MOTOR, SPRAY- EXT. FANS

CHAMBER, FILTER - LOCATED
IN MECHANICAL ROOM
WET VENTILATION

HEAT LOAD
 Are You Comfortable ?
 TOO WARM  TOO COLD
 TOO HUMID  TOO DRY
 DUSTY / SMOKY  STUFFY
 AIR IS STALE  ODOUR
 NOISY AMBIENCE
 CROSS CONTAMINATION

COMFORT IS RELATIVE, PERCEPTION

OF COMFORT KEEPS CHANGING

HEAT LOAD
 OBJECTIVES
AIR CONDITIONING

• CONTROL OF :
• TEMPERATURE
• HUMIDITY
• AIR PURITY, FILTRATION
• CORRECT PRESSURISATION TO AVOID
CROSS CONTAMINATION,
• ODOUR CONTROL

HEAT LOAD
ASHRAE STANDARD 55–1992
THERMAL ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS FOR HUMAN
OCCUPANCY

HEAT LOAD
HEAT LOAD
THE DISCOMFORT IN THE CAUSE OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION MAY BE TOLERATED, IF DESIGN PEAK
LOADS ARE OF SMALL DURATION.
HUMIDITY RANGE - 30 - 60 %

HOWEVER RELATIVE HUMIDITY DOES EFFECT ODOUR

PERCEPTIBILITY & RESPIRATORY HEALTH.

TOO LOW HUMIDITY - PRODUCES DRYNESS

COMFORT - RELATED TO DURATION OF
OCCUPANCY
- WHERE THE OCCUPANCY IS
VERY BRIEF INDOOR
CONDITIONS SHOULD
MINIMIZE SHOCK.

HEAT LOAD
 DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES IN FOYERS &
LOBBIES AS COMPARED TO THEATRE

RADIANT HEAT - TRANSFER

WHEN OCCUPANTS ARE DENSELY CROWDED,
BODY RADIANT HEAT EXCHANGE IS LARGE, SO
TEMPERATURE LEVEL SHOULD BE LOW.

CLOTHING - HOSPITALS OT’s,CLEAN

ROOM

HEAT LOAD
 EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE :
EMPERICALLY DETERMINED INDEX OF THE
DEGREE OF WARMTH PERCIEVED ON EXPOSURE
TO DIFFERENT COMBINATION OF TEMPERATURE,
HUMIDITY AND AIR MOVEMENT.

COMFORT IS A RELATIVE TERM:

ASHRAE STANDARD 90-1-1999 ENERGY

CONSERVATION - NEW BUILDING DESIGN-
RECOMMEND 780 F IN
SUMMER AND 720 F IN
WINTER

HEAT LOAD
 HVAC PROCESS
 WARM COOLING
 COLD HEATING
 HUMID DEHUMIDIFICATION
 DRYNESS HUMIDIFICATION
 ODOUR EXHAUST/FRESH AIR
 STALE AIR FRESH AIR
 NOISY AMBIENCE NOISE TREATMENT
 DUSTY, SMOKY FILTRATION/
VENTILATION
 CROSS FILTRATION/
CONTAMINATION PRESSURISATION

HEAT LOAD
 SPACE HEAT
 MEDIUM AIR
COOLING COIL
A) MEDIUM REF  B) MEDIUM WATER

REFRIGERATION M/C
 MEDIUM WATER

COOLING TOWER
REFRIGERATION:
a) VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM B) VAPOUR COMPRESSION SYSTEM

REFRIGERANT
REFRIGERANT
SINGLE DOUBLE COOL 
 COOL
STAGE STAGE
CHW/BRINE
AIR
COOL 
AIR

HEAT LOAD
 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
• PROVIDE COOLING / HEATING ENERGY

• CONDITIONING THE SUPPLY AIR - HEATING /

COOLING, HUMIDIFYING/DEHUMIDIFYING,

CLEANING/FILTERING AND ATTENUATING ANY

OBJECTIONABLE NOISE PRODUCED BY HVAC

EQUIPMENT

• DISTRIBUTING THE CONDITIONED AIR, CONTAINING

SUFFICIENT OUTDOOR AIR, TO THE CONDITIONED
SPACE.

HEAT LOAD
 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS

CONTROLLING AND MAINTAINING

ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS SUCH AS
TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, CLEANLINESS, AIR
MOVEMENT, SOUND LEVEL, PRESSURE
DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN CONDTIONED SPACE AND
SURROUNDINGS WITHIN PRESCRIBED LIMITS

HEAT LOAD
 HEAT CARRYING CAPACITY
CENTRAL HYDRONIC AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

SPACE

BLOWER

CHILLED / HOT WATER

AIR WATER
SPECIAL HEAT, BTU/LBO F 0.243 1.0
DENISITY AT 68O F, LB/FT3 0.075 62.4
HEAT CAPACITY AT 0.018 62.4
68O F FLUID Btu/FT3 O F

HEAT LOAD
 HEAT CAPACITY PER FT3 OF WATER IS
3466 TIMES GREATER THAN AIR
• SENSIBLE NO PHASE CHANGE

• LATENT PHASE CHANGE

IN CASE PHASE CHANGE IS CONSIDERED LIKE STEAM AT

14.69 PSIA & 212O F, ENTHALPY OF EVAPORATION IS
970.3 Btu/lb

RELATIVE COMPARISION
STEAM 970.3 WATER 1.0 AIR 0.243

HEAT LOAD
 SYSTEM DESIGN GOAL
A HIGH QUALITY SYSTEM AND A BETTER
ENVIRONMENT
* SATISFACTORY INDIVIDUAL ZONE TEMPERATURE
CONTROL (TEMP.; HUMIDITY; AIR FRESHNESS;
NOISE.
* HIGH INDOOR AIR QUALITY, COMFORTABLE
INDOOR ENVIRONMENT, PROVIDE ADEQUATE
AMOUNT OF OUTDOOR AIR.
* ENERGY EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT & SYSTEM
SELECTION.
* DDC CONTROL WITH INTELLIGENT CONTROL-
STRATEGIES. REDUCING ON PEAK OPERATION TO
MINIMISE OPERATING COST.
HEAT LOAD
* AFTER OFFICE HOUR, ACCESS TO HVAC SYSTEM
FOR INDIVIDUAL TENANT SPACES.

* REPLACING CFC’s WITH REFRIGERANTS THAT DO

NOT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER AND HAVE LESS
EFFECT ON GLOBAL WARMING.

* OPTIMUM SYSTEM REDUNDANCY.

* SAFETY ISSUE - NECESSARY SMOKE CONTROL

SYSTEMS TO PROVIDE SAFE PASSAGE DURING
BUILDING FIRE.

HEAT LOAD
 REFRIGERATION
( CONDENSING )
REFRIGERANT
• IS A PROCESS OF
TEMPERATURE
HEAT REMOVAL FROM
TANK - 1 = AT HIGHER LEVEL
( TEMPERATURE ) LOW TEMPERATURE
CARRIER IS SAME AS REFERIGANT
LIFT ( MECHANICAL WORK DONE )

LEVEL AND REJECTED

HIGHER LEVEL
CONDENSOR
AT A RELATIVELY
COOLANT, HIGHER LEVEL
AIR OR WATER
TANK - 2

SPACE
TEMPERATURE
• BY NATURE, HEAT
ALWAYS FLOWS FROM

TANK - 3 BODY AT HIGH TEMP.

TO ONE AT LOWER
TEMPERATURE
TANK - 4 = AT LOWER LEVEL ( TEMPERATURE )
( EVAPORATING ) REFERIGRANT OR CHILLED WATER

HEAT LOAD
 OBJECTIVE
HEAT LOAD CALCULATION
TO ASCERTAIN WHAT WOULD BE THE OPTIMUM RATE AT
WHICH HEAT NEEDS TO BE REMOVED FROM SPACE TO
ESTABLISH THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM & MAINTAIN A PRE
DETERMINED INSIDE CONDITIONS

HIGH


SIDE
CHILLER
LOW
SIDE 
PUMPS
COOLING
AHU
PICKS UP

REJECTS FCU
HEAT TO TOWER / TERMINAL SPACE
AIR COOLED UNITS
ATMOS HEAT
-PHERE CHILLER

 
COOLANT TREATED AIR
HEAT LOAD
DETERMINES  REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT (TR.)
CAPACITY OF  AIR SIDE EQUIPMENT RATING
(M3/HR OR CFM)

WATER IN
(HEAT)

Q1  LEVEL (TEMP.)

 Q2
WATER OUT (HEAT)

HEAT LOAD
 CONCLUSION

Q1=Q2 ; Q1>Q2  ; Q1<Q2 

STABLE TEMP. TEMP. RISE TEMP. DROP

DEFINITION:
2000 lbs OF ICE AT 32O F, WHEN IT MELTS ---- 24 HRS
TIME, THE HEAT IT WILL TAKE:

M x LATENT HEAT / 24 HRS

2000 lbs x 144 Btu/lbs / 24 HRS = 12000 BTU/HR

1 TON OF REFRIGERATION = 12,000 BTU/HR

= 3024 Kcal/HR
= 3516 WATTS

HEAT LOAD
 • LEVEL2 > LEVEL1
• WATER FLOWS FROM HIGHER
TO LOWER LEVEL. SIMILARLY
LEVEL 2
FOR HEAT TRANSFER THERE
HAS TO BE A POTENTIAL
DIFFERENCE.

• WHILE OUTSIDE WEATHER

LEVEL 1 CONDITIONS TOGETHER WITH

INSIDE GENERATED HEAT
DETERMINE HIGHER LEVEL,
INSIDE SPACE CONDITION
IS 2ND LOWER LEVEL

HEAT LOAD
 THERMAL LOAD
180

1 - 2 SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN/LOSS 160

2 - 1 INCREASE/DROP IN DBT
140

2-3 LATENT HEAT GAIN/LOSS

120
3-2 INCREASE DROP IN SP. HUM. 3

GRAINS/LB
DRY AIR
100
1 - 3 TOTAL

LATENT
80
3 - 1 HEAT GAIN/REMOVED
60
1 2
40
SENSIBLE
20

0
20°F 40°F 60°F 80°F 100°F 120°F

HEAT LOAD
 THERMAL LOAD CAN BE
CHARACTERISED AS EITHER
• SENSIBLE - CAUSES DRY BULB TO INCREASE /
DECREASE

• LATENT - HUMIDITY TO INCREASE / DECREASE

• TOTAL - BOTH SENSIBLE & LATENT

SUMMER / HEAT GAIN  RISE IN TEMPERATURE

MONSOON AND HUMIDITY

WINTER HEAT LOSS  DROP IN TEMPERATURE

HUMIDITY

HEAT LOAD
 LOAD COMPONENTS
INTERNAL EXTERNAL

SG; SOLAR GAIN THRU GLASS

(S+L) OCCUPANCY
(S) EQUIPMENT, COMPUTER etc.
(S) LIGHTS, ELECT. GADGETS
(S) OFFICE EQUIPMENT
(S+L) MOISTURE EVAPORATING
FROM TANK etc
TG; TRANS GAIN THRU GLASS
SG; SOLAR GAIN THRU WALL/ ROOF
TG; TRANS. GAIN THRU WALL / ROOF
TG; TRANS. GAIN THRU PARTITION
TG; TRANSMISSION GAIN THRU FLOOR

EXTERNAL ( SKIN ) LOAD IS

PRIMARILY SENSIBLE

HEAT LOAD
 OUTDOOR VENTILATION AIR (SENSIBLE + LATENT)
OTHERS:-
 SUPPLY AIR FAN HEAT GAIN (S)
 DUCT HEAT GAIN (S)
 CHW WATER PUMP/PIPING HEAT GAIN (S)

 “EXTERNAL SOURCES OF HEAT VARY A GREAT

DEALWITH WEATHER, THE SUN, TIME OF DAY
AND THE MONTH, …”

 INTERNAL SOURCES ARE NOT SUBJECT TO SIMILAR

VARIATION – HOWEVER DOES CHANGE WITH
APPLICATION AND DIVERSITY OF USE.

HEAT LOAD
 LOAD COMPONENTS
(SOLAR +TRANS) (S) SUN
BYPASSED SUPPLY DUCT
RETURN DUCT OUTDOOR EXPOSED ROOF
LEAKAGE LOSS
LEAKAGE LOSS AIR (S+L) / HEAT GAIN
/ HEAT GAIN

AHU
C
OUTDOOR O L
AIR (S+L) I
L M LIGHTS
LOAD (S) SOLAR GAIN (S)
FAN / MOTOR
HEAT
TRANSMISSION
PEOPLE ( S+L ) GAIN (S)
PIPING HEAT
GAIN EQUIP ( S )
PUMP HEAT
TRANSMISSION
GAIN
GAIN (SOLAR +TRANS) (S)
PARTITION EXPOSED WALL

CHILLING M/C TRANSMISSION

GAIN FLOOR

HEAT LOAD
 SOLAR AND TRANSMISSION GAIN
 SOLAR GAIN : HEAT GAIN DUE TO ABSOBED SOLAR ENERGY
FROM SUN RAYS. IT IS ONE OF THE GREATEST SOURCE OF
SUMMER HEAT LOADS. GETS INTO A BUILDING THRU:
• GLASS • WALL, • ROOF

SOLAR ENERGY / HEAT REACHING EARTH’S SURFACE

 445 ~ 415 Btu/HR.SQ.FT.

SCATTERED, REFLECTED BACK INTO SPACE, ABSORBED

SOLAR HEAT
DIRECT – RESULTS IN A HEAT GAIN TO CONDITIONED
SPACE WHERE WINDOW IN DIRECT RAYS OF SUN

DIFFUSE – EVEN WHERE WINDOW IS NOT FACING

THE SUN

HEAT LOAD
 SOLAR AND TRANSMISSION
GAIN
TRANSMISSION GAIN : HEAT GAIN FROM
OUTSIDE / UNCONDITIONED AREA IS DUE TO
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OUT SIDE
AND INSIDE.

HEAT LOAD
SOLAR AND TRANSMISSION GAIN
SOLAR GAIN TRANSMISSION GAIN
S ROOF SUN TROOF
110° F

TWALL

SGLASS A/C SPACE

72° F TGLASS

110° F
A/C SPACE 100° F TPARTITION
72° F
S WALL

100° F TFLOOR

HEAT LOAD
Heat Flow Thru An Exterior Wall Is Due To
Combined Effect Of Following
 Sunrays Striking The Wall is Absorbed And Conducted
Inside - Solar Heat Gain
 Outside Air Temperature is Higher Than The Inside
Temperature Resulting In The Transmission Thru Wall

 SINCE THE WALL

SUN
HAS MASS, THE
Q° STORAGE EFFECT OF
THE WALL MAKE THE
75° F
FLOW OF HEAT
110° F
THRO’ IT TIME
Q°
RELATED
OUT SIDE INSIDE

HEAT LOAD
EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

DEPENDS ON

MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION, THERMAL MASS,

TIME OF THE DAY, EXPOSURE, LATITUDE, DAILY
TEMPERATURE RANGE, COLOUR OF WALL / ROOF.

Q = U A  te

U = OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

A = AREA OF SURFACE
 te = EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

HEAT LOAD
HEAT LOAD
HEAT LOAD
HEAT LOAD
 ACTUAL COOLING INSTANTANEOUS LOAD IS
NORMALLY LOWER THAN THE PEAK
INSTANTANEOUS LOAD BECAUSE OF:
A) STORAGE OF HEAT IN BUILDING STRUCTURE
B) NON SIMULTANEOUS OCCURANCE OF PEAK OF INDIVIDUAL
LOADS
C) STRATIFICATION OF HEAT
HEAT GAIN SOURCE RADIANT CONVECTIVE
• SOLAR WITHOUT
INSIDE BLINDS 100 % -
• SOLAR WITH
INSIDE BLINDS 58 % 42 %
• FLOUROSCENT
LIGHTS 50 % 50 %
• TRANSMISSION - 100 %
• INCANDESCENT
LIGHTS 80 % 20 %

HEAT LOAD
 CONVECTIVE
INSTANTANEOUS HEAT
FROM EXTERNAL SOURCE OR RADIATIVE
REALEASED INTERNALLY
• WHEN SOLAR RADIATION STRIKES THE OUTER SURFACE OF A
CONCRETE SLAB, MASONARY WALL, MOST OF ITS RADIATION
HEAT IS ABSORBED, WITH SOME REFLECTED BACK

SUN WALL • ABSORBED

• SURFACE TEMPERATURE RISES
SOLAR • THE HEAT CONDUCTS IN AND
HEAT
OUT
HEAT IN • WITH CONTINUED CONSTANT

HEAT
SUN SHINING ON WALL, A
REFLECTED
STEADY STATE HEAT FLOW
HEAT
OUT SIDE ABSORBED INSIDE SITUATION WILL OCCUR

HEAT LOAD
SOLAR INTENSITY STRIKING ON THE
OUTSIDE SURFACE OF WALL IS
CONTINUOUSLY CHANGING WITH TIME,
MONTH OF THE YEAR, SO IS OUTSIDE
TEMPERATURE.

EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE - COMBINES EFFECT OF
STORAGE, TRANSMISSION & SOLAR
GAIN

HEAT LOAD
 EFFECT OF BUILDING MASS ON STORAGE

INSTANTANEOUS SOLAR ACTUAL COOLING LOAD

HEAT GAIN WITH CONSTANT
SPACE TEMPERATURE
FOR 24 HOUR OPERATION
2
30 LB/FT ( LIGHT CONSTRUCTION )

100 LB/FT 2 ( MEDIUM CONSTRUCTION )

2
BTU/HR

SHIFTING PEAK

TIME ( HOURS )

HEAT LOAD
EFFECT OF BUILDING MASS ON STORAGE

• MORE MASSIVE THE STRUCTURE, MORE HEAT WILL BE

STORED, THERE IS A TIME LAG

• WITH HEAVIER BUILDING, THE PEAK COOLING LOAD

WILL BE LOWER
• WITH LIGHTER CONSTRUCTION, ALL THE LOAD WILL
APPEAR AS AN INSTANTANEOUS LOAD

INSTANTANEOUS HEAT GAIN AND ACTUAL LOAD WILL

RARELY BE EQUAL BECAUSE OF THERMAL INERTIA OF
BUILDING STRUCTURE

HEAT LOAD
 Heat Storage and Stratification
INSTANT ANEOVS
HEAT GAIN •NO OF HOURS OF OPERATION
AFFECT THE COOLING LOAD
ACTUAL COOLING
HEAT • WITH 24 HOURS OPERATION
OPERATION

STORED LOAD
24 HOURS

COMPLETE HEAT IS REMOVED

BTU/HR

FROM THE STRUCTURE

STORED
HEAT
REMOVED
• WITH 16 HOURS OPERATION
TIME ( HOURS ) SOME OF THE STORED HEAT IN
TIME LAG BETWEEN PEAK HEAT BUILDING STRUCTURE REMAINS
GAIN AND PEAK COOLING LOAD
• SHORTER PERIOD OF
HEAT STORED
OPERATION INCREASES PULL
NEOVS
INSTANTANT
ACTUAL COOLING
DOWN LOAD
OPERATION

•UNREMOVED STORED HEAT

16 HOURS

LOAD

APPEARS AS PULL DOWN LOAD

BTU/HR

STORED HEAT
REMOVED

PULL DOWN
IN THE MORNING.
LOAD

TIME ( HOURS )

HEAT LOAD
 Thus Transmission And Solar Heat (Sunlit &
Shaded) Gain Thro’ Exterior Wall & Roof
Q1 = AREA x OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. X EQ. TEMP. DIFFERENTIAL
THESE FACTORS ARE INDICATED FOR:
• DIFFERENT EXPOSURE (NE,N,SE,S,SW,W,NE,N)
• DAILY RANGE OF 20O F
• WEIGHT OF WALL / ROOF
• TIME OF THE DAY
• 24 HOURS OPERATION
• 40O N LATITUDE
• DARK COLORED WALLS
• 15O F (OUTSIDE ~ INSIDE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE)
FOR OTHER’S DO THE NECESSARY CORRECTION
FOR SHADED WALLS USE FACTORS FOR NORTH
EQUAL TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL – CAN BE SEEN FROM TABLE
19, 20, 20A – CARRIER HANDBOOK

HEAT LOAD
 INTERNAL PARTITION WALLS
• UNCONDITIONED SPACE
• KITCHEN
• EQUIPMENT ROOM, ELECTRICAL ROOM

CONSIDER  T I.e. TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO

ADJACENT SPACES (OUTSIDE – INSIDE – 5O F) OR + 15O F

UNCONDITIONED SPACES
• BASEMENT AND GROUND FLOOR

• LOCKER ROOMS, JANITOR ROOM, STORES, etc

• ELECTRICAL ROOM, COMMON CORRIDOR etc

• ADJACENT HOTEL ROOMS - NOT OCCOUPIED/OPERATING

• ADJACENT FLOORS – MULTISTOREY – DIFFERENT TENANTS

Q PART. WALL/CEILING = AREA x HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. X  T

HEAT LOAD
 What Is U Factor ?
U Is Defined As Overall Heat TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
THE RATE AT WHICH HEAT IS TRANSFERRED THRU A BUILDING
STRUCTURE, BTU / (hr)(SQ.FT)OF TEMP. DIFFERENCE

HEAT GAIN OR LOSS, = AREA x U x (OUTDOOR TEMP-INSIDE

TEMP) (Btu/hr) (sq. ft.) OR EQUIVALENT TEMP. DIFF.
R1 R2 R3 R4

VOLTAGE 'V'

PROCEDURE :
• DETERMINE RESISTANCE OF EACH STRUCTURE COMPONENT
AND ALSO INSIDE AND OUTSIDE AIR SURFACE FILMS
• ADD RESISTANCES TOGETHER
R = r1 + r2 + r3………………+ r4
• TAKE RECIPROCAL OF THE TOTAL RESISTANCE U = 1 / R

HEAT LOAD
 SAMPLE CALCULATION
U FACTOR FOR EXPOSED WALL

1/2" CEMENT
PLASTER
CEMENT
MORTAR

INSIDE
OUT SIDE AIR FILM
AIR FILM
1/2" CEMENT
PLASTER

HEAT LOAD
 SAMPLE CALCULATION
U FACTOR FOR EXPOSED WALL
REFER TABLES 21 TO 34 CARRIER AIR CONDITIONING HANDBOOK

CONSTRUCTION: RESISTANCE

• OUTDOOR AIR SURFACE FILM (7.5 mph WIND) 0.25

• BRICK FACING, 9 INCH 1.60
• 0.5” CEMENT MORTAR 0.10
• SAND CEMENT PLASTER 1 in (0.5” ON BOTH SIDES) 0.20
• INSIDE AIR SURFACE (STILL AIR) 0.68
TOTAL RESISTANCE 2.83

U = 1 = 1 = 0.35 BTU / (hr) (sq.ft.) (deg F)

R 2.83

HEAT LOAD
 U Factor For Floor / Ceiling
FLOOR TILE AIR FILM INSIDE
1/2" PLASTER

4" CONCRETE SLAB

HEAT
FLOW UP
1/2" PLASTER
AIR FILM

CONSTRUCTION: RESISTANCE
• INDOOR AIR SURFACE FILM (STILL AIR) 0.61
• PLASTER 0.5” 0.10
• CONCRETE 4’’ 0.80
• PLASTER 0.5” 0.10
• FLOOR TILE 1/8’’ 0.05
• INSIDE AIR SURFACE (STILL AIR) 0.61
TOTAL RESISTANCE 2.17
U = 1 = 1 = 0.46 BTU / (hr)(sq.ft.)(deg F)
R 2.17 WITH CARPET U FACTOR IS 0.23

HEAT LOAD
 Sample Calculation
U Factor For UN-insulated Roof
OUT SIDE AIR FILM
1/2" PLASTER
HEAT
FLOW
DOWN 4" CONCRETE SLAB

1/2" PLASTER
IN SIDE AIR FILM

CONSTRUCTION: RESISTANCE
• OUTDOOR AIR SURFACE (71/2 mph WIND) 0.25
• PLASTER 0.5” 0.1
• CONCRETE 4 in 0.80
• PLASTER 0.5” 0.1
• INSIDE AIR SURFACE (STILL AIR) 0.92
TOTAL RESISTANCE 2.17
U = 1 = 1 = 0.46 BTU / (hr)(sq.ft.)(deg F)
R 2.17

HEAT LOAD
 Sample Calculation
U Factor For insulated Roof
OUTSIDE AIR FILM
1/2" PLASTER
HEAT 2" INSULATION
FLOW
1/2" PLASTER
DOWN

4" CONCRETE SLAB

1/2" PLASTER
INSIDE AIR FILM

CONSTRUCTION: RESISTANCE
• OUTDOOR AIR SURFACE FILM (7.5 mph WIND) 0.25
• PLASTER 0.5” 0.1
• INSULATION 2 in 7.00
• CONCRETE 4 in 0.80
• PLASTER 0.5” 0.1
• INSIDE AIR SURFACE (STILL AIR) 0.92
TOTAL RESISTANCE 9.07
U = 1 = 1 = 0.11 BTU / (hr)(sq.ft.)(deg F)
R 9.07

HEAT LOAD
HEAT LOAD
 The Amount Of Solar Energy
Stored In External Barrier
Of A Structure (Wall & Roof)
Depend On Color of Surface

Light Colored Surface

Reflects More Solar Energy Than
Dark Color Surfaces

HEAT LOAD
 CORRECTIONS TO EQUIVALENT
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
• LIGHT COLOURED WALL OR ROOF
te = 0.55  tm + 0.45  tes
• MEDIUM COLOURED WALL OR ROOF
 te = 0.78  tem + 0.22  tes
 tem = EQUIVALENT TEMP DIFFERENCE FOR WALL/ROOF,
EXPOSED TO SUN FOR DESIRED TIME OF THE DAY,
CORRECTED IF NECESSARY, FOR DESIGN CONDITIONS.

 tes = EQUIVALENT TEMP DIFFERENCE FOR WALL/ROOF,

IN SHADE AT DESIRED TIME OF THE DAY, CORRECTED
IF NECESSARY FOR DESIGN CONDITIONS.

HEAT LOAD
Example :
Outside Design Condition: 1100 F DBT ; 780 F WBT
Inside Design Condition: 750 F WBT; 50% RH

- Daily Range 22o F;

- Light Color
- July, 40o N Latitude; West Exposed Wall;
- Wall And Roof Exposed;
- WEIGHT OF WALL = 100 Lbs/sq.Ft.
- WEIGHT OF ROOF = 80 Lbs/sq.Ft.
- Peak Load Time = 4:00 PM

HEAT LOAD
 WALL ETD EXPOSED = 12+ 19 = 31 =  tem
WALL ETD SHADED = 8+ 19 = 21 =  tes

 te = (0.78x31) + (0.22x21) = 24.18 + 4.62

= 28.8 = ( 7.5 % ) REDUCTION
ROOF ETD EXPOSED = 35+ 19 = 54 =  tem
ROOF ETD SHAD ED = 2+ 19 = 27 =  tes

 te = (0.78x54) + (0.22x27) = 42.12 + 5.94

= 48.06 = ( 12.5 % ) REDUCTION

LIGHT COLOR: WHITE, CREAM, ……….

MEDIUM COLOR: LIGHT BLUE, LIGHT CREAM, ……….
DARK COLOR: DARK RED, BROWN, BLACK, ……….

HEAT LOAD
Heat Gain Through Glass
SUN

SOLAR RADIANT TO ( OUT SIDE TEMP. )

ENERGY TRANSMISSION
T1
INSIDE TEMP.
OF SPACE

HEAT LOAD
 Heat Gain Through Glass
TOTAL HEAT GAIN = TRANSMISSION + RADIATION
INSTANTANEOUS COOLING LOAD WILL HAVE A
DELAYED EFFECT AS SOME PART WILL BE
ABSORBED INSIDE & RE-REDIATED

TRANSMISSION :
DEPENDES ON TEMP. DIFFERENCE (T0-T1)

RADIATION :
DEPENDS ON INTENSITY OF INCIDENT RADIATION
ENTRY

HEAT LOAD
 Radiation Energy
SOLAR RADIATION
SUN ENTERING EARTH
SCATTERED
ATMOSPHERE IS :
( DIFFUSED )
• PARTLY REFLECTED
REFLECTED
SPACE
BACK INTO SPACE
BYDUST AND WATER
VAPOUR
EARTH
ABSORBED • PARTLY SCATTERED OR
DIFFUSED BY ABOVE

AMOUNT OF RADIATION ENERGY REACHING EARTH

DEPENDS:
• MONTH OF THE YEAR
• LOCATION I.e. LATITUDE OF PLACE
• FACING DIRECTION OF WINDOW

HEAT LOAD
 Solar Gain Thru’ Glass
SUN
INCIDENT ENERGY
0.4 x 0.06 R
( BACK IN TO SPACE )

30° 0.06R ABSORBED

OUT SIDE INSIDE

0.08R
REFLECTED 0.86R
TRANSMITTED

( SINGLE PANE
ORDINARY GLASS )

• HEAT GAIN TO SPACE = 0.86 R + (0.40x0.06 R) = 0.88 R

• ABSORPTIVITY + REFLECTIVITY + TRANSMISSIBILITY = I
• THE AMOUNT OF REFLECTION & TRANSMISSION DEPENDS
ON ANGLE & INCIDENCE

HEAT LOAD
HEAT LOAD
 Transmission Gain

SINGLE PANEL CLEAR GLASS

BTU/HR =
AREA sq.ft. x 1.13 x (OUTSIDE – INSIDE TEMP. DIFFERENCEO F)

1/2 " AIR SPACE, DOUBLE PANE GLASS

BTU/HR =
AREA sq.ft. x 0.55 x (OUTSIDE – INSIDE TEMP. DIFFERENCE O F)

HEAT LOAD
 SHADING
PURPOSE: TO REDUCE AMOUNT OF RADIANT ENERGY
REACHING AIR CONDITIONED SPACE
LOCATION:
 EXTERNAL SHADES
 INTERNAL VENETION BLINDS

EXTERNAL SHADING IS BEST

 HEAT ABSORBING GLASS
 DOUBLE PANE GLASS

SOLAR FACTORS COMPARISON

GLASS TYPE NO SHADING DEVICE INSIDE VENETIAN OUTSIDE AWNING
ORDINARY GLASS 1.0 0.56 0.20
HEAT ABSORBING GLASS 0.80 0.56 0.16
DOUBLE PANE 0.90 0.54 0.18

HEAT LOAD
 PRINCIPLE OF SHADING
SUN
INCIDENT ENERGY

0.4X0.52 R
SOLAR HEAT
30° 0.52R ABSORBED

OUT SIDE INSIDE

0.05R
REFLECTED 0.43R
TRANSMITTED

52% HEAT
ABSORBING GLASS

HEAT LOAD
 PRINCIPLE OF SHADING
HEAT ABSORBING GLASS

• HEAT GAIN TO SPACE = 0.43 R + (0.40x0.52 R) = 0.64 R

• SHADING COEFFICIENT = 0.64 R / 0.88 R = 0.73

• SOLAR HEAT GAIN THROUGH GLASS =

(GLASS AREA) x (SUN GAIN) x (SHADING FACTOR)

BASED ON EXPOSURE, LATITUDE, TIME OF THE DAY, MONTH

HEAT LOAD
SHADING

SUN

WINDOW OUT SIDE AWNING

( SHADING )

HEAT LOAD
 SHADING

SUN

INTERNAL VENETIAN
BLINDS

WINDOW

HEAT LOAD
HEAT LOAD
VARIATION OF SOLAR GAIN THRO'
SUN
GLASS WITH EXPOSER AND TIME

NORTH
WEST

EAST
SOUTH

WEST

EAST

SOUTH
HEAT GAIN
BTU / HR

6 AM TIME 12 NOON 6 PM
EAST SOUTH WEST

20° NORTH 165 BTU/HR/SQFT 26 BTU/HR/SQFT 165 BTU/HR/SQFT

MAXM PEAKS MAXM. PEAKS AROUND MAXM PEAKS
JULY
AROUND 8 AM 12 NOON AROUND 4 PM

NORTH FACING ALWAYS REMAINS SHADED

SHADED GLASS : RECEIVES ONLY DIFFUSED RADIATION

HEAT LOAD
SOLAR, COOLING LOAD Btu/hr THRU’ GLAZING

= PEAK SOLAR HEAT GAIN, Btu/hr sq.ft.

(for EXPOSURE / MONTH / LATITUDE)
X
SHADING FACTOR (INCLUDING ANY OTHER CORRECTION)
X
STORAGE FACTOR (IF APPLICABLE)
X
WINDOW AREA, SQ.FT.

HEAT LOAD
HEAT STORAGE DEPENDS ON THERMAL CAPACITY

CONVECTION
SENSIBLE
 
COOLING
HEAT LOAD
GAIN HEAT
EXTRA-
FURNISHINGS CTION
STRUCTURE,
CONVECTION
RADIATION VARIABLES WITH TIME
HEAT DELAY
STORAGE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAGNITUDE OF INSTANTANEOUS

HEAT GAIN AND INSTANTANEOUS COOLING LOAD

HEAT LOAD
STRATIFICATION OF HEAT
SUN

VENT VENT

RA RA

ZONE OF
OCCUPANCY

GL GL

HEAT LOAD
 STRATIFICATION OF HEAT
PROPER AIR DISTRIBUTION PLANNING CAN
REDUCE COOLING LOAD

• IN ROOMS WITH HIGH CEILING, HEAT IS STRATIFIED ON

TOP, AND IF AIR IS EXHAUSTED, COOLING LOAD CAN
BE REDUCED.
• CONVECTIVE PART OF ROOF LOAD IS 25%; BALANCE IS
RADIATIVE
• UPPER PART OF WALLS 10% IS CONVECTIVE HEAT
FLUORESCENT LAMPS 50% IS CONVECTIVE
• 80% OF THE HEAT IS STRATIFIED;
• 20% OF THE HEAT IS INDUCED IN SUPPLY AIR.

HEAT LOAD
 VENTILATION
PURPOSE : TO INTRODUCE CONTAMINANT FREE AIR INTO
AN OCCUPIED SPACE, NECESSARY TO DILUTE:
• ODOUR
• CONTAMINATIONS GENERATED WITHIN SPACE

ASHRAE-62-1999 RECOMMENDS; IN CASE VENTILATION

RATE PROCEDURE IS USED, ACCEPTABLE AIR QUALITY IS
ACHIEVED WITHIN THE SPACE BY PROVIDING
VENTILATION OF SPECIFIED AIR QUALITY & QUANTITY
AS PER STANDARD.

SOME OF THE CONTAMINANTS ARE:

• SULPHUR DI OXIDE • PARTICULATES
• CARBON MONOXIDE • CO2 & LEAD

HEAT LOAD
 NATIONAL PRIMARY AMBIENT QUALITY
STANDARDS FOR OUTDOOR AIR
(EPA - US AGENCY)
• BASED ON PER PERSON.
OFFICE : 20 CFM / PERSON.
• BASED ON AIR CHANGE PER HOUR.
VOLUME OF SPACE x N / 60 = CFM

TERMS OF AIRCHANGE/HR IS NOT INCLUDED NOW IN

ASHRAE

THE CONCENTRATION OF INDOOR CO2 IS A COMMON

CRITERION FOR SETTING OUTDOOR AIR RATES. AN INDOOR
CO2 CONCENTRATION OF 1000 PPM IS ACCEPTED IN ASHRAE

HEAT LOAD
 VENTILATION
FA

AHU

TOILET

Q1 Q2

HEAT LOAD
 VENTILATION
LOCAL & GENERAL EXHAUST USUALLY COMPLEMENT
VENTILATION AIR SUPPLY TO CONTAIN & REMOVE CERTAIN
SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION, SUCH AS TOILET EXHAUST:

FRESH AIR  SUM OF TOTAL EXHAUST I.e. Q1 + Q2

OUTSIDE AIR  NO OF PERSON x RECOMMENDED
CFM/PERSON AS PER ASHRAE 62.99

IN ANY CASE TOTAL OUTDOOR AIR  TOTAL EXHAUST TO

AVOID INFILTRATION. NEVERTHLESS INFILTRATION IS
EFFECTIVELY LIMITED BY TIGHTNESS OF BUILDING

ENVELOPE

HEAT LOAD
 THERMAL PENALTY BECAUSE OF OUTDOOR AIR:
OUTSIDE AIR INSIDE AIR
SEASON DB WB GR/lbs DBW % RH GR/lbs
SUMMER 110OF 78OF 98 75OF 50% 6.8
MONSOON 95OF 83OF 152
WINTER 45OF 44OF 40

OUTDOOR AIR LOAD = (CFM) x 4.5 x  ENTHALPY

SENSIBLE
A = CFM/PERSON x PERSONS x 1.08 x (T OUTDOOR
O F-T INDOOR
O F)

LATENT
B = PERSON x CFM / PERSON x 0.68 x ( GRAIN OUTDOOR – GRAIN-INDOOR )

TOTAL LOAD, Btu/hr = A + B

HEAT LOAD
 THERMAL PENALTY BECAUSE OF OUTDOOR AIR

OUTDOOR AIR TOTAL LOAD MONSOON > OA LOAD SUMMER

LATENT LOAD OF MONSOON > SUMMER

IN WINTER : SINCE THE OUTDOOR AIR SPECIFIC HUMIDITY

IS LOWER THAN INSIDE, WE NEED TO ADD MOISTURE THRU’
HUMIDIFIER

HEAT LOAD
HEAT GAIN FROM PEOPLE
HUMAN BODY REJECTS EXCESS HEAT BY
FOLLOWING METHODS

CONVECTION (S)
• AIR CLOSE TO BODY
ABSORBS BODY HEAT
AND BECOMES WARM
• COOLER AIR FROM
SURROUNDING
REPLACES THE
WARMER AIR.

HEAT LOAD
HUMAN BODY REJECTS EXCESS HEAT BY
FOLLOWING METHODS

RADIATION (S)

• HEAT FLOWS FROM

SKIN TO SURFACES
COOLER THAN BODY

HEAT LOAD
 EVAPORATION (L)

• MOISTURE GIVEN OFF

THROUGH SKIN DURING
PERSPIRATION ABSORBS
BODY HEAT AND COOLS IT

HEAT LOAD
 FACTORS AFFECTING BODY HEAT
REJECTION
TEMPERATURE RELATIVE HUMIDITY AIR MOTION
TEMPERATURE
• LOWER AIR
TEMPERATURE
SPEEDS UP RATE OF
CONVECTION.

• HIGHER AIR
TEMPERATURE
SLOWS DOWN THE
RATE OF
CONVECTION

HEAT LOAD
TEMPERATURE RELATIVE HUMIDITY AIR MOTION

TEMPERATURE
• LOWER SURFACE
TEMPERATURE SPEEDS
UP RATE OF
RADIATION.

• HIGHER SURFACE
TEMPERATURE
REVERSES THE
PROCESS OF
RADIATION

HEAT LOAD
TEMPERATURE RELATIVE HUMIDITY AIR MOTION

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

• LOWER SPACE RELATIVE

HUMIDITY SPEEDS UP THE
PROCESS OF EVAPORATION

• HIGHER RELATIVE
HUMIDITY SLOWS DOWN
THE PROCESS OF
EVAPORATION

HEAT LOAD
TEMPERATURE RELATIVE HUMIDITY AIR MOTION

AIR MOTION

• AIR MOTION SPEEDS

UP RATE OF
CONVECTION AND
EVAPORATION

HEAT LOAD
TEMPERATURE RELATIVE HUMIDITY AIR MOTION

AIR MOTION

• NO AIR MOTION SLOWS

DOWN RATE OF
CONVECTION AND
EVAPORATION

HEAT IS GENERATED WITHIN HUMAN BODY BY

OXIDATION COMMONLY CALLED METABOLIC RATE
METABOLIC RATE VARIES
WITH ACTIVITY LEVEL

HEAT LOAD
 HEAT GAIN FROM PEOPLE (S+L)
HEAT IS GENERATED WITHIN THE HUMAN BODY BY OXIDATION
COMMONLY CALLED METABOLIC RATE

ROOM DRY BULB TEMPERATURE

DEGREE OF TYPICAL 80OF Btu/hr 75OF Btu/hr 70OF Btu/hr
ACTIVITY APPLICATION SEN. LAT SEN. LAT SEN. LAT
SEATED THEATRE 195 155 230 120 260 90
AT REST
OFFICE OFFICE, 200 250 245 205 285 165
WORK HOTEL
SEDENTARY REST. 220 330 280 270 320 230
WORK
SEDENTARY FACTORY 465 985 525 925 605 845
WORK BOWLING AL

WHEN ACTIVITY IS INCREASED , LATENT HEAT IS INCREASED HEAT GAIN

RATE SENSIBLE / TOTAL DEPENDS ON ACTIVITY DEPENDS ON
SURROUNDING TEMPERATURE

HEAT LOAD
 CONVECTIVE -INSTANTANEOUS
LIGHTING LOAD
RADIATIVE - NEEDS TO BE
ABSORBED BY BUILDING STRUCTURE, WALLS, FLOORS,
FURNITURE AND RE RELEASED. THUS ABSORBED LOAD
CONTRIBUTES TO COOLING LOAD AFTER A TIME LAG.

SURFACE MOUNTED BELOW CEILING

VS
RECESSED MOUNTED AND CEILING RETURN

LIGHT HEAT LIGHT HEAT RELEASED

RELEASED TO SPACE TO RETURN AIR

• COOLING LOAD IS SAME IN BOTH CASES

• SUPPLY AIR QUANTITY IS LOWER IN EARLIER CASE SINCE
SPACE LOAD IS LOW

HEAT LOAD
 OFFICE APPLIANCES
• DIVERSITY OF USE
• NAME PLATE RATING SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED
NAME PLATE RATING POWER
CONSUMED
PC 575 WATTS 133 WATTS
15" MONITOR 220 WATTS 78 WATTS

 MOTOR HEAT = 2545 x P RATED xF LOAD x ( 1- F EXHAUST )

 MOTOR
P RATED RATED HORSE POWER
F LOAD LOAD FACTOR = ACTUAL POWER/RATED POWER
F EXHAUST HEAT REMOVAL FACTOR DUE TO MECH. EXHAUST

 MOTOR MOTOR EFFICIENCY

HEAT LOAD
 LIGHTS = 3.413 x W LAMP xN LAMP x FUSE x F ALLOWANCE

W LAMP WATT PER LAMP

FUSE USE FACTOR = ACTUAL POWER/RATED POWER
N LAMP NO OF LAMPS
F ALLOWANCE ALLOWANCE

HEAT LOAD
 Heat Gain from Lights
( TOTAL POWER INPUT )
E CONVECTION & CONDUCTION
0.5 x 0.8 E
RADIATION 0.25x0.8E
BALLAST LOSS
( 0.2 E )

( 0.8 E )

LIGHT 0.25 x 0.8 E

FLUORESCENT LAMP
LIGHTS GENERATE SENSIBLE HEAT BY CONVERSION OF
ELECTRICAL POWER INPUT BY RADIATION TO SURFACE /
SURROUNDINGS /CONDUCTION TO ADJACENT MATERIAL
AND CONVECTION TO SURROUNDING AIR

HEAT LOAD
 Heat Gain from Lights
CONDUCTION & • FLOUROSCENT
CONVECTION 0.1 E
BTU / HR =
LIGHT WATTAGE x
1.25 x 3.414
RADIATION 0.8 LIGHT 0.1 E
WHERE, 1.25 IS
BALLAST FACTOR
E
( TOTAL POWER INPUT )
• INCANDESCENT
INCANDESCEVT LAMP
HEAT GAIN
RADIATION - HEAT DISSIPATED TO
THE SURROUNDING SURFACES
(BTU/hr)
- STORAGE EFFECT
CONVECTION - HEAT DISSIPATED TO LIGHT WATTAGE x
SURROUNDING AIR
3.414

HEAT LOAD
 Heat Gain from Motors
HEAT GIVEN OFF BY MOTORS, MACHINES AND APPLIANCES
IS FAIRLY INDEPENDENT OF ROOM TEMPERATURE
( MECHANICAL WORK )
BHP WORK
E MOTOR

( ELECTRICAL
POWER INPUT ) HEAT BLOWER
Q

• HEAT Q  INEFFICIENCY
OF MOTOR = INPUT x (I – MOTOR EFFICIENCY)
• BALANCE POWER INPUT IS DISSIPATED BY DRIVEN
MACHINE AND DRIVEN MECHANISM
HEAT Q  SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN TO SPACE

HEAT LOAD
FORMULAE TO CALCULATE HEAT GAIN
FROM MOTORS DEPENDS ON

LOCATION OF EQUIPMENT w.r.t A/C AIR STREAM

• MOTOR IN - DRIVEN MACHINE IN HP x 2545 / EFF.

• MOTOR OUT - DRIVEN MACHINE IN HP x 2545

HEAT LOAD
 HEAT GAIN FROM EQUIPMENT

ELECTRICAL GAS
COFFEE BREWER, KETTLE, STOVE, FOOD WARMER
TOASTER, DRYER ETC. ETC

HEAT ADDED IN A/C HEAT ADDED IN A/C

SPACE SPACE

SENSIBLE LATENT SENSIBLE LATENT

DUE TO FUNCTION THE DUE TO FUNCTION THE
EQUIPMENT PERFORMS e.g. EQUIPMENT PERFORMS AND
COOKING, DRYING etc. AS A PRODUCT OF
COMBUSTION

RECOMMENDED HEAT GAIN FOR AVERAGE USE – THE

APPLIANCE SELDOM OPERATES AT MAXIMUM CAPACITY,
ALL APPLIANCES DO NOT WORK TOGETHER.

HEAT LOAD
HEAT LOAD
 LATENT HEAT GAINS
HEAT GAINS FROM MOISTURE TRANSFER
FROM:
 OCCUPANTS
 OPEN WATER TANKS, STEAM ESCAPE
 OUTDOOR AIR; FRESH AIR
 INFILTRATION ??
 VAPOUR PERMEATION THRU’ STRUCTURE IN
LOW DEW POINT APPLICATION WHEN
INSIDE VAPOUR PRESSURE IS LOWER THAN
OUTSIDE
LATENT HEAT GAIN IS
INSTANTANEOUS COOLING LOAD

HEAT LOAD
 SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO(SHR)

= SENSIBLE HEAT / SENSIBLE + LATENT

• HIGHER THE SHR, HIGHER DEHUMIDIFIED AIR QUANTITY

Q 1 BTU / HR = MASS x S P HEAT x T (T ROOM

O F-T ENT. SPACE
O F)
= CFM x 0.75 POUNDS x 60 x0.24 x  T O F
= CFM x 1.08 x  T O F

• LOWER THE SHR, LOWERTHE AIR QUANTITY, LOWER THE

COIL LEAVING AIR TEMPERATURE  MORE MOISTURE
NEEDS TO BE TAKEN OUT FROM AIR
e.g. 100 % FRESH AIR JOB

HEAT LOAD
HEAT LOAD
HEAT LOAD
 ROOF
RETURN AIR ( SOLAR + TRASMISSION )
IN BOXING

SUN
SA ROOF NO FALSE CEILING

Q WALL
RETURN AIR SOLAR + TRASMISSION

* OCCUPANCY
LIGHTS COOLING VOLUME
*
* EQUIPMENTS
FLOOR
GL * FRESH AIR

CASE - A

TOTAL ROOF GAIN IS ADDED IN ROOM

SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN

HEAT LOAD
 ROOF ( SOLAR + TRANSMISSION )
FALSE CEILING
SUN

R.AIR RETURN AIR HEAT GAIN

WALL
SOLAR + TRASMISSION

* OCCUPANCY
COOLING VOLUME
* LIGHTS
* EQUIPMENTS
FLOOR
* FRESH AIR

CASE - B

WHEN RETURN AIR IS COLLECTED ABOVE FALSE CEILING,

SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN TO SPACE IS LOWER. HENCE
DEHUMIDIFIED AIR QTY IS LOWER.
HOWEVER TOTAL HEAT LOAD IS SAME IN BOTH THE
CASES.

HEAT LOAD
 VAV PRINCIPLE
NORTH

Z1

SUN WEST EAST SUN

Z4 INTERIOR - Z5 Z2

AFTERNOON MORNING
Z3

SOUTH

SUN

NOON

HEAT LOAD
 VAV PRINCIPLE
ZONES PEAKS
ZONE DIRECTION 9 AM NOON 4 PM 6 PM TOTAL
MAXM.
Z1 NORTH 4 8 10 max 8 10
Z2 EAST 14 max 10 7 7 14
Z3 SOUTH 7 22 max 20 10 22
Z4 WEST 4 6 14 max 11 14
Z5 INTERIOR 3 6 8 max 6 8
32(MIN) 52 59(MAX) 39 68 (MAX)

VAV SYSTEM TAKES ADVANTAGES OF

• SHIFTING SUN LOAD
• VARIABLE LOAD
 SIZE AHU FOR 59 TR
SMALL EQUIPMENT SIZE
HEAT LOAD
HEAT LOAD
BASIS OF DESIGN/BUILDING SURVEY
SUMMER / WINTER / MONSOON
• OUTDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS DBT; WBT, OR % RH

• INSIDE DESIGN CONDITIONS DBT; WBT, OR % RH

(IS THE CONDITION SAME IN ALL SPACES) (  TOLERANCE)

• APPLICATION:
COMFORT; HOSPITAL; HOTEL; SOFTWARE……

• NO OF HOURS OF OPERATION:INTERMITTENT/CONTINUOUS
POSSIBILITY OF PRE COOLING

• LATITUDE,

• ELEVATION ABOVE SEA LEVEL.

HEAT LOAD
• ORIENTATION OF BUILDING WITH RESPECT TO
COMPASS POINTS : NORTH, SOUTH, EAST OR WEST

• PHYSICAL DIMENSION OF SPACE

• EXPOSED AREA OF WALL, N, S, E, W; IS ANY WALL

SHADED.

• EXPOSED AREA OF GLASS, N, S, E, W; IS ANY

GLASS SHADED.

• FLOOR AREA, HEIGHT OF THE A/C SPACE FLOOR TO

FLOOR & FLOOR TO FALSE CEILING.

• EXPOSED AND SHADED ROOF AREA.

HEAT LOAD
• FRESH AIR REQUIREMENT FOR VENTILATION CFM/SQ.FT
OR CFM/PERSON, NO OF AIR CHANGES / HR.

• OCCUPANCY:
NUMBER OF PERSON; DURATION OF OCCUPANCY;
ACTIVITY; ESTIMATE ON SQ FT / PERSON

• LIGHTING DENSITY IN TERMS OF WATTS/SQ. FT.

INCANDESCENT, FLOUROSCENT, RECESSED OR BELOW
CEILING.

• WHETHER EXPOSED ROOF IS INSULATED OR NOT.

HEAT LOAD
• TYPE OF GLAZING :
SINGLE PANE, CLEAR FLOAT GLASS
DOUBLE PANE OR HEAT INSULATED.

• ANY SHADING DEVICES; INTERNAL VENETIAN OR

EXTERNAL AWNINGS, SUN BREAKER.

• EQUIPMENT LOAD - NAME PLATE RATING IN Kw, LOAD

RATIO USAGE DIVERSITY. SIMULTANEOUS USE
POSSIBILITY

HEAT LOAD
• MATERIAL OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, CALCULATE U

FACTOR TO DETERMINE THERMAL CAPACITY:

• PARTITION WALL :IS IT BRICK WALL, THICKNESS.

• EXTERIOR WALL: IS IT BRICK WALL , THICKNESS.

• ROOF : CONCRETE, THICKNESS.

• INTERMEDIATE FLOOR : CONCRETE, THICKNESS.

• ANY FLOOR FILL

• CARPET ETC ON FLOOR

• WOODEN CLADDING OF WALLS

• COLOR OF THE STRUCTURE

HEAT LOAD
• TOILET EXHAUST OR PROCESS EXHAUST AIR QUANTITY

• ADJACENT SPACES AIR CONDITIONED OR OTHERWISE

• SURROUNDING CONDITIONS - ATTIC SPACES,

VENTILATED OR NOT, STRUCTURE SHADED OR NOT, IS IT

REFLECTIVE SURFACE

HEAT LOAD
INSIDE DESIGN CONDITIONS
 INDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE (DBT)

 ROOM RELATIVE HUMIDITY ( % RH )

 AIR CLEANLINESS / PURITY

 AIR MOVEMENT

 PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN SPACE AND

SURROUNDINGS, TO AVOID CROSS

CONTAMINATION

 SOUND LEVEL

HEAT LOAD
 Weather Data

• ASHRAE 1997 FUNDAMENTALS PROVIDE THE

BASIS OF WEATHER DESIGN DATA. IT
INCLUDES DATA FOR 14 INDIAN CITIES

 ACCORDINGLY ISHRAE TOGETHER WITH TERI

HAS ALSO COMPILED DATA FOR SOME CITIES.
IT IS UNDER REVIEW

HEAT LOAD
 DRY BULB TEMPERATURE CORRESPONDING TO 0.4%
1.0 % AND 2.0 % ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF OCCURANCE
AND MEAN COINCIDENT WET BULB TEMPERATURE

 WET BULB TEMPERATURE CORRESPONDING TO 0.4%

1.0 % AND 2.0 % ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF OCCURANCE
AND MEAN COINCIDENT DRY BULB TEMPERATURE

0.4 % 35 HRS TOTAL HOURS IN

1.0 % 88 HRS ONE YEAR
2.0 % 175 HRS 8760 HRS

FIGURES INDICATED UNDER EACH % INDICATE

THE VALUE THAT HAS BEEN EQUALLED OR
EXCEEDED
HEAT LOAD
 N
SUN SUN
10 TR
10 TR 20 TR

W E
9 AM ( MORNING ) 10 TR
TOTAL = 50 TR

12 TR
15 TR 12 TR

12:00 ( NOON ) 16 TR
TOTAL = 55 TR

15 TR
25 TR 10 TR

4 PM ( EVENING ) 15 TR
TOTAL = 65 TR

HEAT LOAD
 LOAD ESTIMATE…..
COOLING LOAD CALCULATION - IS AN ART, NO TWO
CASES ARE SIMILAR
• IN A MULTISTORY BUILDING WITH LARGE SHARE OF
GLAZING, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THROUGH GLASS IS THE
COMPONENT THAT HAS GREATER INFLUENCE IN
PERIMETER ZONES
• IN AN AUDITORIUM, THE OCCUPANT IS THE PRIMARY
COMPONENT OF LOAD
• FOR AN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION, THE MACHINE/
EQUIPMENT LOAD HAS GREATER INFLUENCE

HEAT LOAD
 LOAD ESTIMATE…..

• OFFICE - COOLING LOAD IS HIGHLY VARIABLE,

MAYBE 10 HRS A DAY
• AIRPORTS, SUDDEN PEAKS, DURING ARRIVAL AND
DEPARTURE OF FLIGHTS
• HOTELS AND HOSPITALS - HAS A CONTANT BASE
LOAD ALL 24 HOURS, WHILE IT PEAKS AT DIFFERENT
TIME BASED ON USAGE

HEAT LOAD
 CONDENSATION OF WATER VAPOUR
• VISIBLE CONDENSATION OCCURS WHEN SURFACE
TEMPERATURE OF ANY MATERIAL IS LOWER THAN DEW
POINT OF SURRONDING AIR. CAUSES DAMAGE TO
MATERIALS, STAINING OF SURFACES ETC.

• CONCEALED CONDENSATION MAY CAUSE WOOD, IRON,

BRICK WORK TO DETERIORATE AND INSULATION TO LOSE
ITS INSULATING VALUE.

• HIGH ROOM RH, IN WINTER CAN HAVE VISIBLE

CONDENSATION ON WINDOW GLASS.

HEAT LOAD
INSIDE SPACE TEMPERATURE AND
RH CONDITIONS

A. 71.60F ( 220 C ) & 60% RH - DEWPOINT 57OF

B. 71.60F ( 220 C ) & 35% RH - DEWPOINT 42OF

C. 71.60F ( 220 C ) & 40% RH - DEWPOINT 46OF

IF INSIDE RH IS 60%, CHANCES OF VISIBLE

CONDENSATION ARE MORE SINCE DEWPOINT
TEMPERATURE IS HIGHER THAN SURFACE TEMPERATURE

HEAT LOAD
 SOLUTION

* INCREASE THERMAL RESISTANCE OF WALLS,

ROOFS, FLOORS BY ADDING INSULATION WITH
VAPOUR BARRIER TO PREVENT CONDENSTAION

* INCREASE THERMAL RESISTANCE OF GLASS,

MULTI PANE GLAZING

* MAINTAIN A LOWER ROOM DEW POINT

TEMPERATURE, LOWER THAN EXPECTED SURFACE
TEMPERATURE, I.e.. LOWER % RH

HEAT LOAD
 SOLUTION…..
* VENTILATE THE BUILDING TO REDUCE VAPOUR PRESSURE
WITH IN.
* EXTERNAL AIR FILM RESISTANCE = 0.30 FT2HR0F/BTU
* INTERNAL AIR FILM RESISTANCE = 0.69 FT2HR0F/BTU
* THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF BRICK = 8.32 BTU-IN/ HRFT2 OF

THERMAL RESISTANCE OF 4” THK. BRICK WALL

L = 4 = 0.48 FT2HROF/BTU
K 8.32

U VALUE = 1 = 1

R BRICK + REXT+ RINT 0.48 + 0.30 + 0.69

= 0.68 x BTU/HR FT2 OF
RATE OF HEAT LOSS = 0.68 x ( 71.6 - 35.6 ) OF
= 24.48 BTU/FT2
HEAT LOAD
 INTERNAL SURFACE TEMP. OF
BRICK WALL
RATE OF HEAT LOSS = U x TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
24.48 = 1/0.69 x  T
T = 16.89OF
INTERNAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE = 71.6OF - 16.89OF
= 54.71OF
ADD 2” THICK INSULATION IN WALL
THERMAL RESISTANCE = 2/0.23
= 8.69
U VALUE OF INSULATED WALL = 1
0.48 + 0.30 + 0.69 + 8.69
= 1/10.16
= 0.09 BTU/HR FT2 OF

HEAT LOAD
RATE OF HEAT LOSS = 0.09 x ( 71.6 - 35.6 )

= 3.24 BTU / FT2

INTERNAL SURFACE TEMP. =

3.24 = 1/0.69 x  T

2.23OF = T

INTERNAL SURFACE TEMP. = 71.6OF - 2.23OF

WITH 2” THK. INSULATION = 69.36OF

HEAT LOAD
HEAT LOAD
 ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING
ENVELOPES
o BUILDING SHAPES : 4 8
HIGHER ASPECT RATIO - PERIM
4 PERIMETER
HIGHER EXPOSED PERIMETER
4 ETER 2 20
16
4
4

o ORIENTATION: SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS

WEST: 164 Btu /hr. sq ft EAST: 164 Btu /hr. sq ft

o INCREASE THERMAL MASS: DELAYED HEAT TRANSFER,

TAKES BENEFIT OF THE STORAGE.

HEAT LOAD
 ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING
ENVELOPES

GLAZING, FENESTRATION :
– BRICK MASONARY WALL U FACTOR 0.33

– ORDINARY GLASS U FACTOR 1.13

1 SQ FT OF GLASS = 3 SQ FT OF WALL AREA

 MINIMISE

HEAT LOAD
• USE HEAT ABSORBING GLASS, REFLECTIVE GLASS
DOUBLE PANE GLASS
SHADING, AWNINGS
CORRECT ORIENTATION

• COLOUR OF ROOF / BUILDING – REFLECTIVE TYPE REDUCE

HEAT GAIN.
LOWER U FACTOR – USE OF HOLLOW BRICKS, CAVITY WALLS

• THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED ROOF

U FACTOR BARE ROOF 4” CONCRETE = 0.45
U FACTOR INSULATED ROOF 4” CONCRETE = 0.12

• SWITCHING OFF LIGHT THRU OCCUPANCY SENSOR

HEAT LOAD
• REDUCING INFILTRATION –
a) ANTE LOCK, REVOLVING DOORS AT ENTRANCE
b) SELF CLOSING DOORS
C) TIGHT SEALING OF CRACK (GASKETS) ON WINDOWS

• OPTIMAL INSIDE DESIGN CONDITIONS

ALLOW TEMPERATURE SWINGS AT PEAK CONDITIONS
NON CRITICALS AREAS LIKE ENTRANCE LOBBIES,
CORRIDORS CAN BE DESIGNED AT HIGHER TEMP.

• NO REHEAT SHOULD BE PROVIDED, UPTO 60 – 65%

• FRESH AIR CONTROLLED THRO’ CO2 SENSORS

• EQUIPMENT LOAD – ESTIMATE PROPERLY :

NAME PLATE RATING Vs ACTUAL USAGE

HEAT LOAD
 THANK
YOU

HEAT LOAD