Physics Investigatory Project

Reflection Of Light

Std:- 12-Science
Name:- Aadarsh Sethy
Academic Year:- 2023-24
School:- Podar International School,Rajkot
Acknowledgement
I Aadarsh Sethy of standard 12, am glad to present my Physics
investigation project on topic '. Reflection Of Light '.

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

Physics teacher Gopal Jesani guidance support in the completing
this project.

I will also like to extend my gratitude to our Principal ,Mrs

Monica Choudhary for providing me with all the required
facilities.

And a word of thanks to my classmate for there suggestion.

Index
 INTRODUCTION TO REFLECTION.
 LAWS OF REFLECTION.
 TERMINOLOGIES USED IN REFLECTION OF LIGHT.
 TYPES OF MIRRORS.
 TERMINOLOGIES USED IN SPHERICAL MIRRORS.
 CONCAVE MIRROR:
o IMAGE FORMATION BY CONCAVE MIRROR.
 CONVEX MIRROR:
o IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX MIRROR.

 Bibliography
Introduction
What is Light?
LIGHT IS A TYPE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION THAT

ALLOWS THE HUMAN EYE TO SEE OR MAKES OBJECTS VISIBLE. IT IS

ALSO DEFINED AS VISIBLE RADIATION TO THE HUMAN EYE.

PHOTONS, WHICH ARE TINY PACKETS OF ENERGY, ARE FOUND IN

LIGHT.

What is Reflection?
When a light ray encounters a boundary between two different media and

bounces back to enter the same medium, this phenomenon is referred to as the

reflection of light.
Laws Of Reflection.

There are two laws that govern the reflection of light (reflected from any
surface). These Laws are referred to as laws of reflection. When light
from any object reflects from polished surfaces, the reflection is called
regular reflection. Regular reflection produces an image. We obtain two
different types of images: real and virtual, depending on the mirror
(reflecting surface) and object position.
distance from a plane mirror will be equal to the object distance from the mirror.

The light ray is reflected by a planar surface and is subject to the following two

laws of reflection.At home, we create our virtual image using plane mirrors. The

image

1. The angle of incidence and reflection is the same.

i.e. (i = r).

2. At the point of incidence, the normal to the reflecting surface, the incident

ray, and the reflected ray all are coplanar.

Terminologies used In reflection of Light

1.Incident ray :
A light beam that strikes the mirror after emerging from an object or the source.

2. Reflected rays :
The light beam that bounces back after striking a reflective surface.

3.Point of incident :
It is the location where the incident ray makes contact with the surface.

4. Normal :
It is the line which is perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point of

incident.

5. Angle of incidence :
Angle of incidence is the angle formed at the point of incidence between the

incident ray and the normal to the surface.

It is represented by i.
6. Angle of reflection :
Angle of reflection is defined as the angle formed by the reflected ray and the

normal to the surface at the point of incidence.

It is represented by r.

7. Angle of deviation :
Angle of deviation is the angle formed by the directions of the incident and

reflected rays.

Angle of deviation is given by δ=π-(i+r)=π-2i

Types of mirrors

Following are the types of mirrors that are most widely used:

1.Plane mirror:
The images formed from a plane mirror are the reflected images in their normal

proportions but reversed from left to right. These are the most widely used mirrors.

2.Convex mirror:
These are the spherical mirrors that are curved outward and the image

obtained is virtual, diminished and erect for a real object.

3.Concave mirrors:
 These are the spherical mirrors that are curved inward and the image obtained

from these mirrors depends on the placement of the object.

Terminologies used for Spherecal Mirror

There are a few basic terminologies that one needs to know while studying spherical

mirrors, and they are:

Center of Curvature
The point in the centre of the mirror passes through the curve of the mirror and

has the same tangent and curvature at that point.

Radius of Curvature
It’s the linear distance between the pole and the centre of curvature.

Principal Axis
 The imaginary line passes through the optical centre and the centre of curvature

of any lens or a spherical mirror.

Pole
The midpoint of the spherical mirror.

Aperture
An aperture of a mirror or lens is a point from which the reflection of

light actually happens. It also gives the size of the mirror.

Principal Focus
Principal Focus can also be called Focal Point. It’s on the axis of a

mirror or lens wherein rays of light parallel to the axis converge or appear to

converg after reflection or refraction.

Focus:
It’s any given point, where light rays parallel to the principal axis, will converge

after reflection

Concave Mirror
If a hollow sphere is cut into parts and the outer surface of the cut part is painted,

then it becomes a mirror with its inner surface as the reflecting surface. This type of

mirror is known as a concave mirror.

Characteristics of Concave mirror

Light converges at a point when it strikes and reflects back from the reflecting

surface of the concave mirror. Hence, it is also known as a converging mirror.

When the concave mirror is placed very close to the object, a magnified, erect and

virtual image is obtained.

However, if we increase the distance between the object and the mirror then the size

of the image reduces and a real and inverted image is formed. The image formed by

the concave mirror can be small or large and can be real or virtual.

Image Formation by Concave mirror.

CONCAVE MIRROR RAY DIAGRAM:

A) A RAY PARALLEL TO THE PRINCIPAL AXIS, AFTER REFLECTION,

WILL PASS THROUGH THE PRINCIPAL FOCUS OF A CONCAVE MIRROR.

B) A RAY WHICH IS PASSING THROUGH THE PRINCIPAL FOCUS OF A

CONCAVE MIRROR, AFTER REFLECTION, WILL EMERGE PARALLEL TO

THE PRINCIPAL AXIS.

C) A RAY PASSING THROUGH THE CENTRE OF CURVATURE OF A

CONCAVE MIRROR, AFTER REFLECTION, IS REFLECTED ALONG THE

SAME PATH. THE LIGHT RAYS COME BACK ALONG THE SAME PATH

BECAUSE THE INCIDENT RAYS FALL ON THE MIRROR ALONG THE

NORMAL TO THE REFLECTING SURFACE.

D) A RAY INCIDENT OBLIQUELY TO THE PRINCIPAL AXIS, TOWARDS

THE POINT P (POLE OF THE MIRROR), ON THE CONCAVE MIRROR, IS

REFLECTED OBLIQUELY. THE

INCIDENT AND REFLECTED RAYS FOLLOW THE LAWS OF REFLECTION

AT POINT P, MAKING EQUAL ANGLES WITH THE PRINCIPAL AXIS.

Concave Mirror Image Formation

Position of Position Of Size Of Image Nature Of

Object Image Image
At Infinity At F Highly Diminished Inverted And Real

And Point Size

Beyond C Btw C&F Diminished Inverted And Real

At C At C Same Size Inverted And Real

Btw C&F Beyond C Enlarged Inverted And Real

At F At Infinity Highly Enlarged Inverted And Real

Btw F&P Behind Mirror Enlarged Erect And Virtual

C:- Center Of Curvature.

F :- Focus.
P:- Pole.

CONVEX MIRROR:
IF THE CUT PART OF THE HOLLOW SPHERE IS PAINTED FROM THE

INSIDE, THEN ITS OUTER SURFACE BECOMES THE REFLECTING

SURFACE. THIS KIND OF MIRROR IS KNOWN AS A CONVEX MIRROR.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVEX MIRRORS:
A CONVEX MIRROR IS ALSO KNOWN AS A DIVERGING MIRROR

AS THIS MIRROR DIVERGES LIGHT RAYS WHEN THEY STRIKE ITS

REFLECTING SURFACE.VIRTUAL, ERECT, AND DIMINISHED IMAGES

ARE ALWAYS FORMED WITH CONVEX MIRRORS,IRRESPECTIVE OF

THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE OBJECT AND THE MIRROR.

Image Formation by Convex.

Position of Position of Size Nature

Object Image
Btw Infinity &P Btw P&F Diminished Virtual and Erect

At Infinity At F Highly Diminished Virtual and Erect

and Point Size

Bibliography
 S.L Arora
NCERT PHYSICS TEXTBOOK
Google
ChatGPT