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Application of Control Volume Based Finite Element Method (CVFEM) For Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer 1st Edition Mohsen Sheikholeslami
Application of Control Volume Based Finite Element Method (CVFEM) For Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer 1st Edition Mohsen Sheikholeslami
MOHSEN SHEIKHOLESLAMI
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
Elsevier
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v
vi CONTENTS
8.6 Nonuniform Magnetic Field Effect on Nanofluid 11.3 Free Convection of Nanofluid Under the Effect
Hydrothermal Treatment Considering Brownian of Electric Field in a Porous Enclosure 379
Motion and Thermophoresis Effects 236 11.4 Nanofluid Natural Convection Under the Influence
8.7 External Magnetic Source Effect on Water Based of Coulomb Force in a Porous Enclosure 387
Nanofluid Convective Heat Transfer 241 References 395
8.8 Nanofluid Transportation in a Curved Cavity
in the Presence of Magnetic Source 252
8.9 Ferrofluid Convective Heat Transfer Under 12. Forced Convection of Nanofluid
the Influence of External Magnetic Source 260 in Existence of Electric Field Using CVFEM 399
8.10 Nanofluid Hydrothermal Treatment in a Cavity 12.1 Introduction 399
With Variable Magnetic Field 273 12.2 EHD Nanofluid Force Convective Heat
8.11 Magnetic Source Impact on Magnetic Nanofluid Transfer Considering Electric Field Dependent
Convective Heat Transfer 281 Viscosity 399
References 288 12.3 Electrohydrodynamic Nanofluid Hydrothermal
Treatment in an Enclosure With Sinusoidal Upper
Wall 405
9. Nanofluid Forced Convective Heat Transfer
12.4 Effect of Electric Field on Hydrothermal Behavior
in Presence of Variable Magnetic Field Using of Nanofluid in a Complex Geometry 414
CVFEM 293 12.5 Effect of Coulomb Forces on Fe3O4-H2O Nanofluid
9.1 Introduction 293 Thermal Improvement 419
9.2 Effect of Nonuniform Magnetic Field on Forced 12.6 Active Method for Nanofluid Heat Transfer
Convection Heat Transfer of Fe3O4-Water Nanofluid 293 Enhancement by Means of EHD 427
9.3 Magnetic Nanofluid Forced Convective Heat Transfer References 437
in the Presence of Variable Magnetic Field Using
Two-Phase Model 298
9.4 Forced Convection Heat Transfer in a Semiannulus 13. Darcy Model for Nanofluid Flow in a Porous
Under the Influence of a Variable Magnetic Field 304
Media by Means of CVFEM 441
9.5 Flow and Convective Heat Transfer of a Ferronanofluid
13.1 Introduction 441
in a Double-Sided Lid-Driven Cavity With a Wavy
13.2 Magnetohydrodynamic CuO-Water Nanofluid
Wall in the Presence of a Variable Magnetic Field 312
in a Porous Complex Shaped Enclosure 441
References 323
13.3 Analysis of Water-Based Nanofluid Flow and Heat
Transfer Due to Magnetic Field in a Porous
10. Influence of Shape Factor on Nanofluid Enclosure 447
13.4 Magnetohydrodynamic Nanofluid Convection
Heat Transfer Improvement Using CVFEM 327
in a Porous Enclosure Considering Heat Flux
10.1 Introduction 327
Boundary Condition 459
10.2 Forced Convection of Nanofluid in the Presence
13.5 Effect of Lorentz Forces on Nanofluid Flow
of Constant Magnetic Field Considering Shape
in a Porous Cylinder Considering Darcy Model 468
Effects of Nanoparticles 327
References 479
10.3 Effect of Shape Factor on Fe3O4-Water Nanofluid
Forced Convection in the Presence of External
Magnetic Field 335
10.4 Magnetic Source Effect on Nanofluid Flow in Porous
14. Non-Darcy Model for Nanofluid
Medium Considering Various Shape of Nanoparticles 343 Hydrothermal Treatment in a Porous
10.5 Magnetohydrodynamic CuO-Water Transportation Medium Using CVFEM 483
Inside a Porous Cavity Considering Shape Factor 14.1 Introduction 483
Effect 348 14.2 MHD Nanofluid Free Convective Heat Transfer
10.6 Magnetic Field Influence on CuO-H2O Nanofluid in a Porous Tilted Enclosure 483
Convective Flow in a Permeable Cavity Considering 14.3 Magnetic Nanofluid Flow in a Porous Cavity
Various Shapes for Nanoparticles 360 Using CuO Nanoparticles 488
References 368 14.4 Nanofluid Transportation in Porous Media Under
the Influence of External Magnetic Source 499
14.5 Nanofluid Convective Heat Transfer Intensification
11. Electrohydrodynamic Nanofluid Natural in a Porous Circular Cylinder 513
Convection Using CVFEM 373 14.6 Convective Flow of Nanofluid Inside a Lid-Driven
11.1 Introduction 373 Porous Cavity 521
11.2 Electrohydrodynamic Free Convection Heat Transfer 14.7 Nanofluid Heat Transfer in a Permeable Enclosure
of a Nanofluid in a Semiannulus Enclosure in Presence of Variable Magnetic Field 532
With a Sinusoidal Wall 373 References 544
CONTENTS vii
15. Thermal Nonequilibrium Model for 18.2 EHD Nanofluid Flow in a Permeable Enclosure
Nanofluid Flow in a Porous Enclosure With Sinusoidal Wall 649
18.3 Effect of Shape Factor on Electrohydrodynamic
by Means of CVFEM 547
Nanofluid Flow in a Porous Medium 655
15.1 Introduction 547
18.4 Effect of Elective Field on Nanofluid Flow
15.2 Simulation of Nanofluid Flow Inside a Porous
in a Porous Lid Driven Cavity in Existence
Enclosure via Nonequilibrium Model 547
of Electric Field 662
15.3 Nanofluid Free Convection in a Porous Cavity
References 670
Considering the Two-Temperature Model 558
15.4 Nanofluid Flow in a Porous Sinusoidal Cavity
Considering Thermal Nonequilibrium Model 568 19. Nanofluid Heat Transfer Enhancement
References 577 in Presence of Melting Surface Using CVFEM 675
19.1 Introduction 675
19.2 Melting Heat Transfer Influence on Nanofluid
16. Nonuniform Magnetic Field Effect Flow Inside a Cavity in the Presence of a Magnetic
on Nanofluid Convective Flow in a Porous Field 675
Cavity 581 19.3 Simulation of CuO-Water Nanofluid Heat Transfer
16.1 Introduction 581 Enhancement in the Presence of a Melting Surface 682
16.2 Effect of Variable Magnetic Field on Nanofluid 19.4 CuO-Water Nanofluid Magnetohydrodynamic
Convective Heat Transfer in a Porous Curved Natural Convection Inside a Sinusoidal Annulus
Enclosure 581 in the Presence of Melting Heat Transfer 691
16.3 Nanofluid Natural Convection in Porous Media 19.5 MHD Nanofluid Natural Convection Inside a Half
in the Presence of a Magnetic Source 589 Annulus With Melting Surface 697
16.4 Heat Transfer of Fe3O4-Water Nanofluid References 704
in a Permeable Medium With Thermal Radiation 595
16.5 Effect of External Magnetic Source on Fe3O4-H2O
20. Nanofluid Convective Heat Transfer
Nanofluid Behavior in a Permeable Cavity
Considering Shape Effect 606 Considering Magnetic Field Dependent (MFD)
References 620 Viscosity by Means of CVFEM 707
20.1 Introduction 707
20.2 Natural Convection of Magnetic Nanofluid
17. Thermal Radiation Influence on Nanofluid Considering MFD Viscosity Effect 707
Flow in a Porous Medium in the Presence 20.3 Magnetic Field Influence on Nanofluid Thermal
Radiation in a Cavity With Tilted Elliptic Inner
of Coulomb Forces Using CVFEM 623 Cylinder 713
17.1 Introduction 623
20.4 Thermal Radiation of Ferrofluid in Existence
17.2 Combined Natural Convection and Radiation
of Lorentz Forces Considering Variable Viscosity 723
Heat Transfer of Nanofluid Under the Impact
20.5 Magnetic Nanofluid Natural Convection in Presence
of Electric Field in a Porous Cavity 623
of Thermal Radiation Considering Variable Viscosity 733
17.3 Nanofluid Free Convection Under the Influence
20.6 Numerical Study of the Effect of Magnetic Field
of an Electric Field in a Porous Wavy Enclosure 629
on Fe3O4-Water Ferrofluid Convection With
17.4 EHD Nanofluid Flow in a Porous Medium Considering
Thermal Radiation 737
Radiation Parameter 637
References 746
References 644
ix
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Preface
In this book, I provide readers the new powerful numerical method, namely Control Volume-based Finite
Element Method (CVFEM). This method uses the advantages of both the finite volume and finite element meth-
ods. It combines the flexibility of the finite element methods to discretize complex geometry with the conserva-
tive formulation of the finite volume methods, in which variables can be easily interpreted physically in terms of
fluxes, forces, and sources. Applications of CVFEM in nanofluid simulation in the presence of various external
forces are presented. This text is suitable for senior undergraduate students, postgraduate students, engineers,
and scientists. In the first and second chapters, the basic idea of CVFEM is presented and then NavierStokes
equations in the form of vorticity stream function formulation are solved. The third chapter of this book deals
with the necessary fundamentals of nanotechnology. The various models for simulation of nanofluid are dis-
cussed. Homogeneous and Buongiorno models in various geometries are investigated in Chapter 4, Single-phase
Model for Nanofluid Free Convection Heat Transfer by Means of CVFEM, and Chapter 5, Buongiorno Model for
Nanofluid Treatment Using CVFEM. Chapter 6, Nanofluid Forced and Mixed Convection Heat Transfer by
Means of CVFEM, deals with nanofluid forced and mixed convection heat transfer. Chapter 7, Effect of Uniform
Lorentz Forces on Nanofluid Flow Using CVFEM, and Chapter 8, Influence of Variable Lorentz Forces on
Nanofluid Free Convection Using CVFEM, give a complete account of uniform and nonuniform magnetic field
effects on nanofluid natural convection heat transfer. Nanofluid forced convective heat transfer in the presence of
a variable magnetic field is demonstrated in Chapter 9, Nanofluid Forced Convective Heat Transfer in Presence
of Variable Magnetic Field Using CVFEM. Chapter 10, Influence of Shape Factor on Nanofluid Heat Transfer
Improvement Using CVFEM, deals with the effect of nanoparticles’ shape on nanofluid behavior. The influence
of an electric field on natural and forced convection heat transfer of nanofluid is explained in Chapter 11,
Electrohydrodynamic Nanofluid Natural Convection Using CVFEM, and Chapter 12, Forced Convection of
Nanofluid in Existence of Electric Field Using CVFEM. There exist several models for the simulation of porous
media: the Darcy model, the non-Darcy model, and the thermal nonequilibrium model. These various models are
investigated in Chapters 1315. Nonuniform magnetic field effect on nanofluid convective flow in a porous cav-
ity is analyzed in Chapter 16, Nonuniform Magnetic Field Effect on Nanofluid Convective Flow in a Porous
Cavity. The influence of thermal radiation on nanofluid flow in a porous medium in the presence of Coulomb
forces is illustrated in Chapter 17, Thermal Radiation Influence on Nanofluid Flow in a Porous Medium in the
Presence of Coulomb Forces Using CVFEM. Chapter 18, Influence of Electric Field on Forced Convection of
Nanofluid in a Porous Medium by Means of CVFEM, deals with the influence of Coulomb forces on forced con-
vection of nanofluid in a porous medium. Nanofluid heat transfer enhancement in the presence of a melting sur-
face is analyzed in Chapter 19, Nanofluid Heat Transfer Enhancement in Presence of Melting Surface Using
CVFEM. Chapter 20, Nanofluid Convective Heat Transfer Considering Magnetic Field Dependent (MFD)
Viscosity by Means of CVFEM, gives the reader a full account of the theory and practice associated with nano-
fluid convective heat transfer considering magnetic field-dependent viscosity. A sample FORTRAN code is pre-
sented in the Appendix. The readers can extend this code for other complex geometries and physics.
Mohsen Sheikholeslami
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology,
Babol, Islamic, Republic of Iran
xi
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C H A P T E R
1
Detailed Explanation of Control Volume-based
Finite Element Method
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Fluid flow has several applications in engineering and nature. Mathematically, real flows are governed by a
set of nonlinear partial differential equations in complex geometry. So, suitable solutions can be obtained through
numerical techniques such as the finite difference method (FDM), the finite volume method (FVM), and the finite
element method (FEM). In last decade, the finite element method has been developed for use in the area of
computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and now this method has become a powerful method to simulate complex
geometry. However, the finite volume method is applied the most to calculate fluid flows. The control volume
finite element method (CVFEM) combines interesting characteristics from both the finite volume and finite ele-
ment methods. The CVFEM was presented by Baliga and Patankar [1,2] using linear triangular finite elements,
and by Raw and Schneider [3] using linear quadrilateral elements. Several authors have improved CVFEM from
that time to now. Raw et al. [4] applied the nine-noded element to solve heat conduction problems. Banaszek [5]
made a comparison of the Galerkin and CVFEM methods in diffusion problems using six-noded and nine-noded
elements. Campos Silva [6] developed a computational program using nine-noded finite elements based on a
control volume formulation to simulate 2-D transient, incompressible, viscous fluid flows. Campos Silva and
Moura [7] and Campos Silva et al. [8] presented results for fluid flow problems. CVFEM combines the flexibility
of the finite element methods to discretize complex geometry with the conservative formulation of the finite vol-
ume methods in which the variables have easy physical interpretation in terms of fluxes, forces, and sources.
Saabas and Baliga [9,10] referenced a list of several works in FVMs and CVFEMs. Voller [11] presented the appli-
cation of CVFEM for Fluids and Solids. Sheikholeslami et al. [12] studied the problem of natural convection
between a circular enclosure and a sinusoidal cylinder. They concluded that streamlines, isotherms, and the num-
ber, size, and formation of the cells inside the enclosure strongly depend on the Rayleigh number, values of
amplitude, and the number of undulations of the enclosure. Since the mid-2010s, this method has been applied
for various applications [13125].
Generally, three ways exist to place the node points into the domain [11].
1.2.1 Grid
A basic approach assigns the location of nodes using a structured grid where, in a two-dimensional domain,
the location of a node is uniquely specified by a row and a column index, see Fig. 1.1A. Although such a struc-
tured approach can lead to very convenient and efficient discrete equations it lacks flexibility in accommodating
complex geometries or allowing for the local concentration of nodes in solution regions of particular interest.
Application of Control Volume based Finite Element Method (CVFEM) for Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814152-6.00001-1 1 © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2 1. DETAILED EXPLANATION OF CONTROL VOLUME-BASED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
1.2.2 Mesh
Geometric flexibility, usually at the expense of solution efficiency, can be added by using an unstructured
mesh. Fig. 1.1B shows an unstructured mesh of triangular elements. In two-dimensional domains triangular
meshes are good selections because they can tessellate any planar surface. Note however, other choices of ele-
ments can be used in place of or in addition to triangular elements. The mesh can be used to determine the place-
ment of the nodes. A common choice is to place the nodes at the vertices of the elements. In the case of triangles,
this will allow for the approximation of a dependent variable, over the element, by linear interpolation between
the vertex nodes. Higher order approximations can be arrived by using more nodes (e.g., placing nodes at mid-
points) or alternative elements (e.g., quadrilaterals). In considering an unstructured mesh it is important to recog-
nize the following:
1. The quality of the numerical solution obtained is critically dependent on the mesh. For example, a key quality
requirement for a mesh of triangular elements is to avoid highly acute angles. The generation of appropriate
meshes for a given domain is a complex topic worthy of a monograph in its own right. Fortunately, for two-
dimensional problems in particular, there is a significant range of commercial and free software that can be
used to generate quality meshes.
2. The term unstructured is used to indicate a lack of a global structure that relates the position of all the nodes
in the domain. In practice, however, a local structure—the region of support—listing the nodes connected to a
given node i, is required. Establishing, storing, and using this local data structure is one of the critical
ingredients in using an unstructured mesh.
1.2.3 Cloud
The most flexible discretization is to simply populate the domain with node points that have no formal back-
ground grid or mesh connecting the nodes. Solution approaches based on this mesh-less form of discretization
create “cloud” of neighboring nodes (see Fig. 1.1C [11]).
APPLICATION OF CONTROL VOLUME BASED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (CVFEM) FOR NANOFLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER
1.3 THE ELEMENT AND THE INTERPOLATION SHAPE FUNCTIONS 3
X
3
Ni x; y 5 1 At every point in the element ð1:4Þ
i51
such that, over the element, the continuous unknown field can be expressed as the linear combination of the
values at nodes i 5 1; 2; 3
X 3
φ x; y Ni x; y φi ð1:5Þ
i51
With linear triangular elements a straightforward geometric derivation for the shape functions can be
obtained. With reference to Fig. 1.2, observe that the area of the element is given by
1 x1 y1
1 1
A123 5 1 x1 y1 5 ðx2 y3 2 x3 y2 Þ 2 x1 ðy3 2 y2 Þ 1 y1 ðx3 2 x2 Þ ð1:6Þ
2 2
1 x y
1 1
and the area of the subelements with vertices at points p; 2; 3 ; p; 3; 1 and p; 1; 2 , where pis an arbitrary and
variable point in the element, are given by
Ap23 5 ½ðx2 y3 2 x3 y2 Þ 2 xp ðy3 2 y2 Þ 1 yp ðx3 2 x2 Þ
Ap31 5 ½ðx3 y1 2 x1 y3 Þ 2 xp ðy1 2 y3 Þ 1 yp ðx1 2 x3 Þ ð1:7Þ
A p12
5 ½ðx1 y2 2 x2 y1 Þ 2 xp ðy2 2 y1 Þ 1 yp ðx2 2 x1 Þ
FIGURE 1.2 An element indicating the areas used in shape function definitions.
APPLICATION OF CONTROL VOLUME BASED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (CVFEM) FOR NANOFLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER
4 1. DETAILED EXPLANATION OF CONTROL VOLUME-BASED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
With these definitions it follows that the shape functions are given by
N1 5 AP23 =A123 ; N2 5 AP31 =A123 ; N3 5 AP12 =A123 ð1:8Þ
Note that, when point p coincides with node i ð1; 2 or 3Þ, the shape functionNi 5 1, and when point p is any-
where on the element side opposite node i, the associated subelement area is zero, and through Eq. (1.8), the
shape functionNi 5 0. Hence the shape functions defined by Eq. (1.8) satisfy the required condition in Eq. (1.3).
Further, note that at any point p, the sum of the areas:
AP23 1 AP31 1 AP12 5 A123 ð1:9Þ
such that the shape functions at xp ; yp will sum to unity. Hence the shape functions defined by Eq. (1.8) also sat-
isfy the condition Eq. (1.4). For future reference it is worthwhile to note that the derivatives of the shape functions
in Eq. (1.8) over the element are the following constants
@N1 ðy2 2 y3 Þ @N1 ðx2 2 x3 Þ
N1x 5 5 ; N1y 5 5
@x 2A123 @y 2A123
The local structure on the mesh in Fig. 1.1B is defined in terms of the region of support—the list of nodes that
share a common element with a given node i, in Fig. 1.3 [11]. In this region of support, as illustrated in Fig. 1.3, a
control volume is created by joining the center of each element in the support to the midpoints of the element
sides that pass through node i. This creates a closed polygonal control volume with 2m sides (faces); where m is
the number of elements in the support. Each element contributes 1/3 of its area to the control volume area and
the volumes from all the nodes tessellate the domain without overlap.
FIGURE 1.3 Region of support and control volume for node i in an unstructured mesh of Linear triangular elements.
APPLICATION OF CONTROL VOLUME BASED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (CVFEM) FOR NANOFLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER
1.5 DISCRETIZATION AND SOLUTION 5
or point form
2rUðkrφÞ 1 rUðvφÞ 2 Q 5 0 ð1:12Þ
which can be represented by the system of CVFEM discrete equations as:
X
ni
½ai 1 Qci 1 Bci φi 5 ai;j φSi;j 1 QBi 1 BBi ð1:13Þ
j51
In the above, the a s are the coefficients, the index (i, j) indicates the jth node in the support of node i, the
index Si, j provides the node number of the jth node in the support, the Bs account for boundary conditions, and
the Qs for source terms. For the selected triangular element which is shown in Fig. 1.4 this approximation with-
out considering the source term leads to
2 ak1 1 au1 φi 1 ak2 1 au2 φSi;3 1 ak2 1 au2 φSi;4 5 0 ð1:14Þ
Using upwinding the advective coefficients, identified with the superscripts ( )u, are given by
au1 5 max qf1 ; 0 1 max qf2 ; 0
au2 5 max 2qf1 ; 0 ð1:15Þ
au3 5 max 2qf2 ; 0
FIGURE 1.4 A sample triangular element and its corresponding control volume.
APPLICATION OF CONTROL VOLUME BASED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (CVFEM) FOR NANOFLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER
6 1. DETAILED EXPLANATION OF CONTROL VOLUME-BASED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
And the diffusion coefficients, identified with the superscripts ( )k, are given by
y f1 1 kf1 N1y Δ~
ak1 5 2 kf1 N1x Δ~ y f2 1 kf2 N1y Δ~
x f1 2 kf2 N1x Δ~ x f2
y f1 1 kf1 N2y Δ~
ak2 5 2 kf1 N2x Δ~ y f2 1 kf2 N2y Δ~
x f1 2 kf2 N2x Δ~ x f2 ð1:16Þ
ak2 y f1 1 kf1 N3y Δ~
5 2 kf1 N3x Δ~ y f2 1 kf2 N3y Δ~
x f1 2 kf2 N3x Δ~ x f2
In Eq. (1.27) the volume flow across face 1 and 2 in the direction of the outward normal, is
f1 f1
qf1 5 vUn A 5 vx Δ~y f1 2 vy Δ~
y f1
f1
ð1:17Þ
f2 f2
qf2 5 vUn A 5 vx Δ~y f2 2 vy Δ~
y f2
f2
And on face 2:
f2 5 2 5
vx 5 vx 1 vx 1 vx
12 1 12 2 12 3
ð1:21Þ
f2 5 2 5
vy 5 vy 1 vy 1 vy
12 1 12 2 12 3
These values can be used to update the ith support coefficients through the following equation:
ai 5 ai 1 ak1
ai;3 5 ai;3 1 ak2 ð1:22Þ
ai;4 5 ai;4 1 ak3
In Eq. (1.28), moving counterclockwise around node i, the signed distances are:
x3 x2 x1 x2 x3 x1
Δ~
x f1 5 2 2 ; Δ~
x f2 5 2 1 1
3 6 6 3 6 6
y3 y2 y1 y2 y3 y1 ð1:23Þ
Δ~
y f1 5 2 2 ; Δ~
y f2 5 2 1 1
3 6 6 3 6 6
APPLICATION OF CONTROL VOLUME BASED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (CVFEM) FOR NANOFLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER
1.5 DISCRETIZATION AND SOLUTION 7
and the volume of the element is
x2 y3 2 x3 y2 1 x1 y2 2 y3 1 y1 ðx3 2 x2 Þ
V 5
ele
ð1:25Þ
2
The obtained algebraic equations from the discretization procedure using CVFEM are solved by the
GaussSeidel Method.
The first and last lines on the right-hand side of Eq. (1.29) account for the first and last node on the boundary
segment. This treatment assumes that there are at least two boundary segments—i.e., at least two contiguous
regions of the domain boundary where different boundary conditions are applied. In cases where only one
boundary condition is applied (e.g., a constant value over the whole boundary) the condition of a two-segment
boundary can be artificially imposed. The volume source terms can be applied to Eq. (1.13) as:
X ð
elements
Q dV Qi Vi ð1:31Þ
j51
Vj
FIGURE 1.5 A domain boundary segment with three sequential points detailed.
APPLICATION OF CONTROL VOLUME BASED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (CVFEM) FOR NANOFLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER
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sopimattomasti nuhdellen — maininneet samalle henkilölle
muutamia sanoja niistä kirjeistä, vaikka teillä ei ole ollut mitään
oikeuden tapaistakaan sellaiseen, lievimmiten sanoen, kömpelöön
käytökseen. Minä haluan sen tähden kuulla, miten te aiotte selittää
tuon kaikin puolin moitittavan käytöksenne."
"Ja minä haluan tietää, mikä oikeus teillä on tällä tavoin tutkistella
minua", vastasin minä, vavisten sekä häpeästä että kiukusta. "Jos te
huviksenne sopimattomasti kerskailette ylhäisistä tuttavuuksistanne
ja huvittavasta kirjeenvaihdostanne, mitä se minuun koskee? Vai
eivätkö ehkä kaikki kirjeenne teillä enää ole tallella?"
"Minä tiedän nyt, mitä minun tulee ajatella", sanoi hän. "Teidän
muotonne todistaa kyllin selvästi teitä vastaan. Mutta minä sanon
teille, että oikea aatelismies ei tee sillä tavalla. Varkain lukea toisten
kirjeitä ja sitte mennä nuoren, ylhäis-sukuisen naisen luo
häiritsemään hänen rauhaansa…"
"Rakastan."