1820A Student Manual-Fillable-1Kayla Lewis

Model 1820A
Automotive Electronics
Student Manual
Published by ATech Training, Inc.

12290 Chandler Drive • P.O. Box 297
Walton, KY 41094 USA
Phone: (859) 485-7229 • Fax (859) 485-7299
Email: sales@atechtraining.com
Website: www.atechtraining.com
Automotive Electronics – Copyright 11/01
Model 1820A
NATEF TASKS
Performance Objectives
Upon completion of this ATech program you should be able to perform the following NATEF tasks.
VI. SYSTEMS ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC
A. General Electrical System Diagnosis
1. Identify and interpret electrical/electronic system concern; determine P-1

necessary action.
4. Diagnose electrical/electronic integrity for series, parallel and series-parallel P-1

circuits using principles of electricity (Ohm’s Law).
5. Use wiring diagrams during diagnosis of electrical circuit problems. P-1
6. Demonstrate the proper use of a digital multimeter (DMM) during diagnosis P-1
of electrical circuit problems
7. Check electrical circuits with a test light; determine necessary action. P-2
8. Measure source voltage and perform voltage drop tests in electrical/electronic P-1
circuits using a voltmeter; determine necessary action.
9. Measure current flow in electrical/electronic circuits and components using an P-1

ammeter; determine necessary action.
10. Check continuity and measure resistance in electrical/electronic circuits and P-1
components using an ohmmeter; determine necessary action.
ATech Supports ASE/NATEF
Automotive Electronics – 2002
1
12. Locate shorts, grounds, opens and resistance problems in electrical/electronic P-1
circuits; determine necessary action.
15. Inspect and test switches, connectors, relays, solid state devices, and wires P-1
of electrical/electronic circuits; perform necessary action.
*This program also reinforces many tasks dealing with electronic controls such as: Engine Controls,
Transmission Controls, Antilock Brakes, "Air Bags" and Automatic Climate Controls.
2
Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Training Program
The ATech Model 1820A Automotive Electronics Course is a series of student paced activities
that allow you to discover the basic concepts of electronics as they apply to automotive repair.
ATech prides itself in never losing sight of our goal to provide you with well-organized, precise
NEED TO KNOW information that will help you become a better automotive technician.
Throughout these activities, you will be asked to take information and demonstrate your
understanding of the material by completing worksheets, on-trainer exercises, and on-trainer
diagnostics which can be linked directly to on-car service.
NATEF Task Record Keeping:

After you complete each section of the program, your instructor will record your progress on the
NATEF Task Record Keeping Sheets.
Warning
This program is designed to be a friendly, educational experience.
Beware: Working with this program, you will learn
skills that will help you on the job.
Model 1820A
Program Outline
INTRODUCTION
• NATEF Tasks
• Trainer Orientation
I. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS
1. Electricity and Electronics

• Relay Circuit
• Transistor Circuit
• Polarity Considerations
• Future of Automotive Electronics
2. The Digital Multi-Meter

• Meter Components
• How to Read the Meter
• Meter Practice
• On-Trainer Measurements
• In Shop Worksheet
3. Why Use a DMM?

• Meter Loading
• Component Damage
• Inaccurate Measurements
• DMM Advantages
• Need to Know Review – Introduction to Automotive Electronics
II. INTRODUCTION TO SEMICONDUCTORS/DIODES
4. Diode Behavior
• Diode Construction
• Forward Bias
• Reverse Bias
• Diode Turn-On Voltage
5. Diode Troubleshooting
• Using the Analog Ohmmeter (Optional)
• Using the DMM
• Troubleshooting:
Shorted Diode
Degraded Diode
Open Diode
6. The Diode as a Rectifier

• Direct Current (DC)
• Alternative Current (AC)
• Half-wave Rectifier
• Full-wave Rectifier
• Automotive Rectifier Bridge
7. The Light Emitting Diode (L.E.D.)

• L.E.D. Operation
• Turn-on Voltage
• Testing a L.E.D.
8. The Clamping Diode

• Diode Operation
• Spike Protection
• Troubleshooting Clamp Diodes
• In-Shop Worksheet
9. The Zener Diode

• Diode Operation
• Zener Diode Operation
• The Automotive Voltage Regulator
• Need to Know Review – Unit II Diodes
III. TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS
10. The Transistor Circuit

• The Relay Circuit
• The Transistor Circuit
• Transistor Construction
• Transistor Operation
11. The Amplifier

• The Rheostat Circuit
• The Amplifier Circuit
• Automotive Dimmer Circuit
12. Transistor Troubleshooting
• Diode Review
• Bench Testing
• Transistor Faults
• In-Circuit Testing
13. Combining Transistors

• Single Transistor Operation
• Darlington Pair
• Need to Know Review – Unit III: Transistors
IV. MORE ELECTRONICS
14. The Capacitor

• Varieties
• Specifications
• Charging and Discharging
• Time Delays
• The Seat Belt Warning Light Circuit
• Electrical Noise
• The Capacitor as a Filter
15. The Photo Resistor

• Operation
• Automotive Uses
• Auto-light Turn-On Circuit
• 1802 Troubleshooting Worksheet (Optional)
16. Combined Electronics

• Circuit Operation
• Troubleshooting Worksheet
• Need to Know Review – Unit IV: Capacitors and Photo Resistors
NATEF Record Keeping Sheet
Automotive
Electronics
Instructor Guide
Trainer Orientation
The hands-on activities provided in this manual were developed for the ATech Model 1801
Workstation with Model 1810A Automotive Electrical Course and Model 1820A Automotive
Electronics Course.
An optional Model 1802 Keypad or Model 1820W Computer Based Instruction may also be
used.
With this information, become familiar with the ATech equipment and how it will help you to
understand electrical troubleshooting.
Trainer Orientation - 1
ATECH WORKSTATION MODEL 1801B
Place the workstation on a clean work surface facing you. Starting on the left, identify the
following:
• Master Switch and Power Supply Posts

The master switch controls a 12-volt power supply mounted inside the workstation. The
DC power is used to power the trainer circuits the same as battery posts are used on the
automobile. The workstation’s power supply is also used for the trainer’s meter and optional
equipment. Whenever the trainer is being used, the master switch should be turned on and
kept on.
• Edge Connector and Locking Pins

With this design, additional ATech courses can be installed on the workstation. Courses are
easily changed by unlocking the two pins and removing the component card from the
connector. The edge connector is used by the workstation for troubleshooting purposes only.
• Digital Multimeter
The Digital Multimeter is located on the right side of the workstation. The meter leads are
installed in the Positive (red) and common (black) pin jacks. The knob is used to select
between VOLTS, AMPS, and OHMS.
The Digital Multimeter on the workstation is similar to a shop DMM, but has been simplified
to work with the Model 1810 Automotive Electrical course only.
9-Volt Battery:
The Digital Multi-Meter requires a 9V battery located in the compartment at the base of the
workstation.
Circuit Breaker:
A circuit breaker is included on the back edge of the workstation to protect the Digital
Multimeter from possible overloads. If you find that the meter is not working when making a
measurement, be sure to check this circuit breaker.
The back edge of the workstation has the following:

• Power Cord — To be connected to any standard 110 VAC outlet
• Fuse Holder — a 1/2 amp fuse protects the trainers power supply
• RS-232 Port — This connector is used with the Model 1802 terminal or 1803 computer
options.
• Data Jack — Provided for the Model 1804 computer host options.
AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONIC COURSE MODEL 1820
ATech has developed several courses to be used with the model 1801 workstation. This manual
presents the Model 1820A Automotive Electronics Course.
If necessary, install the Model 1820A Electronic Course Card onto the workstation.
• Electronic Course Card

All components are mounted directly onto the course card. Each component is NUMBERED
(which is used to identify components when troubleshooting). The variety of components
allows many automotive electronic circuits to be represented.
Below is a list of the Model 1820 components. Locate each on the course card:
Component Type Component and Number

Circuit Protection 1 - Resetting Circuit Breaker
Electrical Control 7 - Variable Resistor
4 - Relay
6 - Toggle Switch
Electronic Control 3 - Photo Resistor
2, 10, 19, 20 - Diodes
17 - Zener Diode
12 - LED
8, 16, 21 - Transistor
9, 11 - Capacitors
Loads 5 - Light Bulbs
13, 14, 15, 22 - Fixed Resistors
Conductor Path 18 - Common Ground
Each component is located with its schematic symbol and wire connectors. The wire connectors
are used to insert wires when connecting components and to locate the meter probes when
measuring the circuits.
When building circuits, the student manual will illustrate the Courseboard and identify the wire
points with LETTERS. These letters will vary with the different circuits.
• Hook-up Wire
Circuits are constructed using standard 22-gauge solid “bell” wire. Several wire colors are
provided and are used to show different electrical paths or to insert faults. Use the correct
wire colors given in each activity’s instructions.
The hook-up wire can be cut to various lengths as needed. It is best to strip the wire ends
about 1/4”.
• Student Manual
The ATech Automotive Electronic Course is organized into 4 sections with 17 hands-on
activities. The pages in this manual are numbered with the Activity # followed by the Page #.
All activities present a TRAINER WORKSHEET with a different circuit to be built,
measured, and studied. Several activities also include TROUBLESHOOTING
WORKSHEETS and ON-CAR WORKSHEETS.
When using this manual, separate ANSWER SHEETS may be provided. During the course,
your instructor may also include additional study assignments and program tests.
TROUBLESHOOTING KEYPAD MODEL 1802
The optional keypad, when connected to the ATech workstation (1801) is capable of inserting
“hidden” faults into the activity’s circuits. The keypad is a microprocessor controller which is
programmed to provide 1) Troubleshooting Practice, 2) Troubleshooting Tests, and 3) Instructor
Review.
The Model 1802 keypad should only be used with the TROUBLESHOOTING WORKSHEETS
(blue sheets) provided within this manual. Model 1802 keypad directions are provided when the
keypad is used for the first time.
With a good understanding of the ATech equipment, you are now prepared to begin the
following activities. Enjoy your discovery of automotive troubleshooting.
TROUBLESHOOTING KEYPAD
MODEL 1802
To use the TROUBLESHOOTING WORKSHEETS provided in this student manual, it is
necessary to have the optional Model 1802 Troubleshooting Keypad. This equipment is a
microprocessor controller capable of inserting “hidden” faults into many of the program circuits.
The keypad is programmed to provide 1) Troubleshooting Practice; 2) Troubleshooting Tests;
and 3) Instructor Review. The best way to learn troubleshooting is to be given realistic
troubleshooting problems.
To begin, read the following information and review whenever necessary.
The Model 1802 keypad has 12 keys:

• 10 keys, 1 thru 0, are used to answer diagnostic questions.
• The # key = ENTER and is used to enter information
• The * key = CLEAR and is able to clear a mistaken selection.
The Model 1802 controller also has two lines of display used to read instructions and record
answers.
Installation:
Using the interface cable provided, connect the Model 1802 keypad to the Model 1801
workstation. There is a RS-232 port on each unit.
To establish communications, it may be necessary to turn the workstation’s master switch off
and on.
Note: Once the keypad is activated, keep the master switch ON or information is cleared and the
controller memory lost.
Troubleshooting Keypad - 1
Directions:
When working with the Model 1802 Keypad, always use the correct TROUBLESHOOTING
WORKSHEET for the activity being studied. The numbered sections in these directions refer to
the same numbers on the TROUBLESHOOTING WORKSHEETS.
When first powered up, the keypad will display ATech Model and copyright information. After a
short delay, the display will be replaced by the question:
(1.) CIRCUIT NUMBER? _ _ _ _ _
This question is important so that the keypad will fault only the circuit that is built on the course
card. The correct 1802 circuit number is identified on each TROUBLESHOOTING
WORKSHEET.
Note: The programs activity number is not the same as the troubleshooting circuit number. For
example: Activity 7, using the keypad for the first time, is troubleshooting circuit 1.
Use the keypad carefully and wait for displays to be complete before responding. If an incorrect
entry is given, the display will read:
ERROR
After a few seconds, the display will return to CIRCUIT NUMBER? You can now begin over
again.
After entering the circuit number, the display will ask
(2.) SELECT MODE OF OPERATION:
followed by
1 = TROUBLE, 2 = EXAM
3 = INSTRUCTOR ONLY
This display is the MAIN MENU, and offers the following choices:
1 = TROUBLE - This selection provides troubleshooting practice. Circuit faults are randomly
inserted by the keypad controller. Following each fault there are two diagnostic questions:
the fault location and type of problem. There is only one selection for each question.
A CORRECT or INCORRECT display is provided after both answers are entered.
2 = EXAM - This mode is a troubleshooting test. Again, the microprocessor inserts faults
randomly and provides only one selection of the fault’s location and the type of failure.
The testing time and student answers are now recorded in memory and
can be removed by the instructor only.
3 = INSTRUCTOR ONLY - This is for the instructor to review a troubleshooting test or insert
a specific fault for student troubleshooting. If chosen, the display reads
CLEAR - MAIN MENU

CODE NUMBER? _ _ _ _ _
You cannot continue without an instructor code number.

The clear key (*) will return you to an earlier display.
Before a mode of operation is selected, the circuit remains unfaulted and can be studied when
working properly.
After selecting mode 1 = TROUBLE or 2 = EXAM, the circuit is now randomly “bugged”. After
a fault is inserted, the controller will display two Diagnostic Questions:
The first question displayed is:
(3.) FAULT IN COMPONENT #?
Whenever there is a circuit problem, the toughest job is to find the correct location of the fault.
Using your understanding of electricity, test meters, and the circuit schematic troubleshoot the
circuit. Using the component numbers printed on the courseboard, enter the component at fault.
Section 3 of each TROUBLESHOOTING WORKSHEET provides a list of all possible fault
locations.
The second question asked for each circuit problem is: TYPE OF FAULT?
(4.) The display choices are:
1 = OPEN 2 = SHORT TO GRD

3 = HIGH R 4 = SHORT TO V
After determining the type of circuit fault, answer this question by entering the correct keypad
number:
1 = Open
2 = Short to Ground
3 = High Resistance
4 = Short to Voltage
This list will also appear in Section (4.) of each TROUBLESHOOTING WORKSHEET
.
NOTE: The Short to Voltage fault is not possible in all circuits.
Remember — there is only one choice for each diagnostic question. When answering the
diagnostic questions, the CLEAR (*) key can change a selection if used before the ENTER (#)
key.
Mode 1 - Troubleshooting Practice
After answering the diagnostic questions in Troubleshooting Practice, there is a display of:
CORRECT (OR INCORRECT)

NEW FAULT? 1 - YES, 2 - NO
Both diagnostic questions must be accurate to receive a CORRECT response.
If an INCORRECT is displayed, one or both questions were answered wrong. There is not a
second choice with this problem. If you do not respond to the display NEW FAULT? 1 - YES,
2 - NO, the circuit will remain faulted allowing continued study. Also, continued troubleshooting
practice will cause the same fault to randomly reappear.
If the question NEW FAULT? 1 - YES, 2 - N0 is answered with a 1 (YES), the controller will
randomly insert a new fault in the same circuit. This allows continued practice. The controller
does not repeat the same fault back-to-back, but circuit problems will randomly reoccur during
Mode 1. The 2 (NO) response is used when troubleshooting practice is finished. This selection
causes the circuit to become unfaulted and returns the display to CIRCUIT NUMBER? _ _ _ _ _.
Mode 2 — Troubleshooting Test
When completed with the diagnostic questions in Mode 2, the display will now read:
ANSWER RECORDED
After a short delay, the display returns to CIRCUIT NUMBER? The Student is free to continue
to a new activity and additional troubleshooting practice (Mode 1).
The student selections and testing time are now in the controller memory and can be reviewed by
the instructor only. A second test cannot be taken until the first has been reviewed and cleared
by the instructor. If a second test is requested before the instructor review, the keypad
momentarily displays:
ASK INSTRUCTOR TO REVIEW

LAST RECORDED TEST
Remember, if the workstation master switch is turned off, the test results are erased.
Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 1
Electricity and Electronics
Activity Contents:
• Relay Circuit
Low Current Control of High Current
Polarity Considerations
• Transistor Circuit
Polarity Considerations
Electricity and Electronincs
• Future of Automotive Electronics
Automotive Electronics – Activity 1 1-1

Worksheet
(Figure 1-1)
Relay Circuits:
Build the circuit in Figure 1-1. Use red wire in the path to the bulb: B-H and I-J. Use green wire
in the relay coil path, B-C and D-E. Use black wire for the grounds, F-G and K-L.
• Close the toggle switch in the circuit.
1. Is electricity flowing through the relay coil and energizing the relay switch?
yes
2. Describe the bulb: its red
3. Does the relay click because if its mechanical operation? yes
This circuit’s load (bulb) is controlled by a relay.
The relay is an electro-mechanical device that contains both a coil and a mechanical switch.
(See Figure 1-2)
1-2 Automotive Electronics - Activity 1

(Figure 1-2)
When current flows through the coil, a magnetic field is created. This magnetism pulls the relay
switch dosed.
A mechanical clicking sound can be heard when the relay is switched on and off.
Low Current Control of High Current:
The relay component contains two separate electrical paths: one path passes through the relay
coil, and the other path through the relay switch.
Relays are used because they allow a smaller current in the relay coil to control a larger current
to the load.
Referring to Figure 1-1:
4. Which path is the low current control path, red or green?

Green
5. Which path is the high current load path, red or green?

Red

6. What components are in the low current control path?
and
7. What component represents the high current load?
This is a typical electrical control circuit. An electro-mechanical relay was used to control
current to the bulb. While this circuit works perfectly well it does have its limitations. The speed
of mechanical switching is slower. Also, relays and other electro-mechanical devices that contain
moving parts, have mechanical wear which causes reduced operation or failure. Therefore, these
parts require more frequent replacement.
Polarity Considerations:
Electricity works with positive and negative forces. These opposite electrical charges are often
referred to as Polarity.
Swap the red (+) and black (-) power leads to the board. (See Figure 1-3).
(Figure 1-3)
8. Toggle the switch on and describe the relay’s operation: it doesnt do anything
1-4 Automotive Electronics – Activity 1

9. Describe the circuit load:
Swapping the red (+) and black (-) power leads to the circuit reverses the polarity and reverses
the direction of electrical current flow.
Both the bulb and relay are non-polarized devices. This means that they will operate when
connected in either direction to the power supply.
Return the red (+) and black (-) power leads to their original position.
Transistor Circuit:
Build the circuit in Figure 14. Use red wire in the path to the bulb: B-C and D-E. Use green wire
between B-H, I-J, and K-L for the second path Use black wire for the ground, F-C.
(Figure 1-4)
Close the toggle switch in the circuit.
10. Describe the bulb: It doesnt do anything

In this circuit, the relay has been replaced with an electronic device - a transistor. The schematic
symbol for the transistor is shown in Figure 1-5.
(Figure 1-5)
Similar to the relay circuit, the transistor has two electrical paths. Once again, the smaller current
in the control path is used to control the larger current in the load path. (The resistor in the
control path limits the control current.)
Refer to Figure 1-4.
11. Which path is the low current control path, red or green?Red
12. Which path is the high current load path, red or green? Green
Notice that both the control path and load path share a common path to the ground in the circuit,
F-G.
13. Did the transistor make a clicking sound like the relay did? No
The transistor is not an electro-mechanical device. It is an electronic or Solid-State device. There
are no moving parts inside the transistor like there are in a relay. This means the electronic
control device is capable of turning on and off many times faster than the mechanical control
circuit.

You will be learning much more about the transistor in the activities to follow.
Polarity Considerations:
Swap the red (+) and black (-) power leads to the board. Again, this reverses the circuit polarity.
Toggle the switch on.
14. Describe the light.
This circuit shows that the transistor is a polarized device. This means that the electronic control
only operates when connected in one direction (polarity) to the power supply.
Electricity and Electronics:
Comparing the relay circuit to the transistor circuit illustrates how an electrical (electro-
mechanical) device can be replaced by an electronic or Solid-State device. Both devices control
electrical flow.
A good example of this type of improvement is Solid-State ignition replacing breaker points.
(Figure 1-6)

Everything you have studied up to this point still holds true for the study of electronics. The
relationship of the big three: Volts, Amps, and Ohms, is still the same.
Electronics extends the study of electricity to include components that can control current flow
without mechanical moving parts.
If you look at the changes in the automobile over the last ten years, there have been some major
improvements “under the hood”. Among these improvements is improved reliability. Cars used
to be “tuned up” about once a year. It is not uncommon now to have customers waiting 30,000
miles between “tune-ups”. Electronics has played a major role in these improvements. Many
slow moving mechanical parts have been replaced with high-speed electronic parts. The result is
longer service life with fewer failures.
The Future of Electronics in the Automobile:
Electronic circuits, including computers, are now being used to control emissions, fuel delivery,
and ignition, as well as anti-lock braking on some cars. In the future, the control of suspensions,
steering, and transmissions is expected. Therefore, the need for technicians to understand
automotive electronics will be necessary.
The ATech 1820 course will provide a solid foundation in your understanding of automotive
electronics.

Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 2
The Digital Multi-Meter
Activity Contents:
• Meter Components
Digital Display
Measurement Selection
Test Probe Jacks
• How to Read the Meter
Abbreviated Long Whole Numbers
Abbreviated Long Decimal Numbers
• Meter Practice
Manual Range Selection
• On Trainer Measurements
Measuring Voltage
Measuring Amps
Measuring Ohms
Other Positions
Automotive Electronics-Activity 2 2-1

Worksheet
Meter Components:
The 1820 Automotive Electronics Program requires the use of a shop Digital Multimeter. Obtain
a shop Digital Multimeter (DMM) from your instructor. Compare it to the DMM on the ATech
board and also to Figure 2-1.
(1) Digital Display
(2) Measurement Selection
(3) Test Probe Jacks
(Figure 2-1)
Notice there are three basic areas; a digital display, some sort of measurement selection, and test
probe jacks.

Digital Display:
Most DMM’s have a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The display is limited to 3 1/2 digits, which
means that only three or four digits can be displayed at a time.
1. Does a typical calculator display many more numbers than a DMM? yes
Measurement Selection:
Measurement selection is usually done with a knob or several buttons.
2. Are there many letters and numbers on the meter’s knob (or buttons)? yes
3. Do you also see symbols for Volts, Amps, and Ohms? yes
There are two types of DMM’s: Manual Ranging and Auto-Ranging. If letters and numbers
appear on the selection knob or buttons, it is a manual ranging DMM. If only Volts, Amps and
Ohms are on the selection knob, it is an auto-ranging DMM.
On Manual Ranging meters, you select two things:
• the type of measurement, (volts, amps, or ohms)
• and the range
On Auto-Ranging meters, you only select:
• the type of measurement (volts, amps, or ohms)
4. What type is your DMM? Auto Ranging

Test Probe Jacks:
There are typically three (3) test probe jacks on a DMM.
a. Common (Ground) - Black Probe.
b. V/(Ohm) - Red Probe when measuring Volts or Ohms.
c. A - Red Probe when measuring Amps.
Some meters have a fourth jack for measuring larger currents up to 10 Amps. This jack would be
labeled 10A.
5. How many jacks does your DMM have? 3
6. How are they labeled?

A- red- for measuring amps
____________________________________________________________
Com- black- for common ground
____________________________________________________________
V/(Ohm)-red- for measuring volts and ohms
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
7. Where does the black probe always go? Common ground
8. Remember, when measuring Amps, where does the red probe go?
A- on the left.
_____________________________________________________________________
How To Read The Meter:

Because the DMM has only a 3 or 4 digit display, long whole numbers and long decimal
numbers can’t fit on it the way they do on a calculator.
9. Can a measurement of:

3,457,000 Ohms fit on the meter display? no
or
0.00253 Amps? no
To get around this limitation, the DMM uses Letters to abbreviate measurements.

Abbreviating Long Whole Numbers:
The capital letters M and K are used to abbreviate long whole numbers.
The symbol M is called Mega or one million (1,000,000).
When this letter is used during a measurement, the meter display is abbreviating a long whole
number by 6 decimal places.
• For example:
2.50 M (ohms) = 2,500,000. Ohms
.250 M (ohms) = 250,000. Ohms
Notice the location of the decimal points.
10. Looking at these examples, how many places has the decimal point moved?
6
____________________________________________________________
The symbol K is called Kilo or one thousand (1,000).
When this letter is used during a measurement, the meter display is abbreviating a long whole
• For example:
56.4 K (ohms) = 56,400. Ohms
1.246 K (ohms) = 1,246. Ohms

3
11. How many places has the decimal point moved? _____________________________
M (Mega) and K (Kilo) are commonly used to abbreviate resistance (ohms) measurements.

Abbreviating Long Decimal Numbers:
The lower-case letters m and u are used to abbreviate long decimal numbers.
The symbol m is called milli or one thousandth (1/1000).
When this letter is used during a measurement, the meter display is abbreviating a long decimal
• For example:
25.1 mA = 0.025 Amps

165.0 mA = 0.l65 Amps
12. How many places does the decimal point move when the symbol m (milli) is used?
3
The symbol m (milli) is usually used to abbreviate small measurements of Volts and Amps
(milli-volts, mV or milli-amps, mA).
The symbol u is called micro or one millionth (1/1,000,000).
When this letter is used during a measurement, the meter display is abbreviating a long decimal
• For example:
125.3 uA = 0.0001253 Amps

4.6 uA = 0.0000046 Amps
13. How many places does the decimal point move when the symbol u (micro) is used?
6
The use of the symbol u (micro) is not common in automotive electronic measurements but it
does appear on some DMMs.
14. If your meter is manual ranging, are there any positions on the measurement selector
that have no letters? no

In these positions, the measurement is not abbreviated and “what you see is what you get.”
Meter Practice:
15. Change the following meter displays to the actual measurement.
Meter Display Letter Actual Measurement
A. 109.0 mV Volts
B. 11.96 V Volts
C. 6.65 K (ohms) Ohms
D. 1.35 M (ohms) Ohms
E. 1.173 mA Amps
F. 1.173 A Amps
G. 125.0 uA Amps
16. You are measuring the voltage across a 02 sensor and the DMM reads
158. mV. How many volts is that? __________________________________ Volts
17. When using an ohmmeter to test a spark plug wire, the meter displays 6.65 K ohms.
How many ohms is that? _________________________________________ Ohms
18. You are checking the current draw on a battery (parasitic load) and the meter
displays .251 A. The service manual spec is 10-30 mA. Is there something wrong in
the automobile? _______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Manual Range Selection:
If a DMM is Manual Ranging, you must also select the proper range to make a measurement.
Some typical ranges are given below:
Voltage Ranges: 200V, 20V, 2V, and 200mV
Current Ranges: 2A, 200mA, 20mA, 2mA, 200uA
Resistance Ranges: 20M, 2M, 200K, 20K, 2K, 200 (ohms)

The numbers and letters on the range determine what the meter can measure up to in that
position.
When you are not sure what range to select, a “good rule of thumb” is to start on a high range
and work your way down.
If you have a Manual Ranging DMM, select the 20 M (ohm) range and measure the variable
resistor end-to-end (component #7 on the 1820 board).
19. In the 20M range, what does the display read? _____________________________
20. Now repeat for all ranges:
Range Display
2 M (ohm)
200 K (ohm)
20 K (ohm)
2 K (ohm)
200 (ohm)
21. Which two ranges displayed 0.00? ___________________ and _________________
22. Which two ranges displayed OUT-OF-LIMIT (OL)? ______________________ and

_______________________
23. Which range was best (displayed the most digits of the resistance value)?
_______________________________________________
24. How many ohms is the resistor? ______________________ ohms.
Two ranges displayed 0.00 because the resistor value is less than the smallest value that can be
displayed in that range.
Two ranges displayed OUT-OF-LIMIT because the resistance value is greater than the range
value.
The best range is the one that shows the most digits of the measurement.

On-Trainer Measurements:
(Figure 2-2)
Build the circuit in Figure 2-2. Use red wire in the path to the resistors, B-C and D-E. Use black
wire for the ground, F-G.
Measuring Voltage:
Set up the DMM to measure Volts. Make sure to put the red and black probes in the proper jacks
on the meter.
Remember, when making a Voltage Measurement, the meter probes are placed in parallel with
(across) the component.
Measure the voltage across the first resistor, C-D.
25. Meter Display?

Range (manual only)
Actual Measurement? Volts

Now measure the voltage across the second resistor, E-F.
26. Meter Display _____________

Range (manual only) _____________
Actual measurement _____________Volts
Measuring Amps:
Set up the DMM to measure Amps. Make sure to put the red probe in the proper jack on
the meter.
Break the circuit by removing the wire at D.
Remember, when making a Current Measurement (Amps), the meter probes are placed in
series with the circuit.
Measure the current in the circuit by placing the red probe at point D and the black probe at
point E.
27. Meter Display _____________

Range (manual only) _____________
Actual measurement _____________ Amps
Measuring Ohms:
Set up the DMM to measure Ohms. Make sure to put the red probe in the proper jack on the
meter.
Disconnect the resistors from the circuit power.
Remember, when making a Resistance Measurement (Ohms), the component must be

disconnected from the circuit.
Measure the resistance of the first resistor, C-D.
28. Meter Display ______________________________

Range (manual only) ___________________________
Actual measurement ___________________________ Ohms

Measure the resistance of the second resistor, E-F.
29. Meter Display ______________

Range (manual only) ______________
Actual measurement ______________ Ohms
Other Positions:
30. Does the DMM you are using also have a position?
If so, this is the Diode Check position. This selection will be the topic of a future activity.
Conclusion:
The DMM is an important tool used in automotive service. If you are having trouble
understanding how to use a DMM, seek additional help from your instructor.
When you purchase a DMM, an “Owner’s Manual” will be provided with the meter. Be sure to
familiarize yourself with the manual because each meter may be slightly different.

In Shop Worksheet
Activity 2
Purpose:
The purpose of this activity is to use a Digital Multi-Meter to make several in-shop and on-car
measurements.
Resistance Measurements:
• With your instructor, obtain a typical Spark Plug Wire and Ignition Pick Up Coil.
1. Spark Plug Wire Resistance:

• Set up your DMM to measure Ohms, and record the resistance of a typical spark
plug wire.
(Display)
a. ___________________________ K Ohms or
(Actual)
b. ___________________________ Ohms
You may have expected that a wire would have no resistance at all (0 Ohms), but most
automotive plug wires have a resistance of several thousand Ohms.
When checking plug wires, look for dry or cracked insulation or a loose connection, which could
cause the spark to “leak” out and get shorted to ground.
2. Pick-Up Coil Resistance:

• Now, measure the resistance of the GM Pick-Up Coil.
(Display)
a. ___________________________ K Ohms or
(Actual)
b. ___________________________ Ohms
Activity 2 – In Shop Worksheet

A typical GM Pick-Up coil should have a resistance of 500 to 1500 Ohms.
3. What would you expect if the measurement read 0 Ohms?
4. What would you expect if the measurement read Out-Of-Limit?
Voltage Measurements:
• With your instructor, make these measurements on a live GM vehicle equipped with a
computerized emission control system.
Battery Voltage and Charging Voltage:

• Set up your DMM to measure volts, and measure the voltage of the battery with the
ignition OFF.
5. What voltage do you measure?
• Now, repeat this measurement with the engine running.
6. Voltage with engine running?
7. Was the voltage greater with the engine running, or with the engine OFF?
8. Why do you think the voltage increased? __________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
A typical automotive charging system puts out 13 to 15 volts in order to power electrical
components and charge the battery. This voltage has to be greater than the typical 12-volts of the
battery so that the electrical current will flow into it.
Activity 2 - In Shop Worksheet

Oxygen Sensor Voltage:
The Oxygen Sensor determines the quality of the exhaust gas (rich or lean), and puts out a
voltage between 0.1 Volts and 0.9 Volts to the computer (or 100 to 900 millivolts).
In this way, the computer can control the fuel mixture for proper burning.
• Consult the service manual for the location and harness of the O2 sensor of your
automobile.
• Disconnect the O2 Sensor wire and install a jumper wire with the correct terminals.
• Place the Digital voltmeter between the O2 wire at the jumper and any good body ground
(or Bat -).
Note: This measurement must be made with a digital meter that has an Internal Impedance of
10 M Ohms or greater. Activity 3 covers this in more detail.
• With the ignition switch ON, but with the engine OFF, measure the voltage across the
O2 sensor.
9. What voltage do you measure?

A. mV or B. Volts
When the engine is not running, the computer provides a REFERENCE VOLTAGE to the O2
Sensor. On GM Vehicles, the Reference Voltage is about 0.45 Volts.
• Now, start the vehicle and let it warm up for 5 minutes at 2000 RPM. (If you are familiar
with computer control, this is to make sure the system runs in “closed loop”).
• Repeat the voltage measurement with the engine running.

10. What do you notice about the voltage reading?
____________________________________________________________________
When the engine is running, the O2 sensor voltage will be constantly changing as the computer
adjusts the fuel mixture.
Current Measurements:
Generally, a DMM is not used to measure electrical currents in the automobile because these
currents can be quite large. For instance, a starter motor current draw is around 100 Amps, and a
headlight is around 10 Amps. Most DMM’s can only handle a maximum of 2 Amps. (Some
DMM’s can handle up to 10 Amps.)
11. What is the maximum current your DMM can handle?

____________________________________________________________________
DMM’s are usually fused for 2 Amps in case the maximum current is exceeded. The meter may
not be fused for the 10 amp range.
One test where a DMM is used to measure current on a vehicle is when checking the very small
amount of current used by electronic memory circuits. This current is called the PARASITIC
load on the battery and continues to flow even when the vehicle is OFF.
Some devices that have electronic memory are:
a. A digital clock to remember the date and time.
b. A digital radio with automatic pre-sets.
c. The computer system memory which holds the trouble codes.
You may have noticed that when a battery is disconnected from the vehicle, and later
reconnected, the digital clock and radio have to be reset. This is because the memory inside these
devices is erased when the battery is disconnected.

Measuring the Parasitic Load:
• With the vehicle OFF, disconnect the negative terminal of the battery.
Note: Make sure all doors are closed and all lights are off or the added current load may
blow the DMM fuse.
• Set up your DMM to measure 2 Amps (fused), and place the meter in SERIES with the
battery and disconnected cable. (Black probe on battery negative, and Red probe on the
disconnected cable.)
Important: Do not place the DMM probes across the battery terminals.
• Record the Parasitic Load current that you measure.
12. Parasitic Load Current:
A. _____________ mA or B. _____________ Amps
Typically, the Parasitic Load is less than 50 mA (or 0.050 Amps).
Activity 2- In Shop Worksheet

Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 3
Why Use a DMM?
Activity Contents:
• Meter Loading
• Component Damage
• Inaccurate Measurements
• Meter Polarity

Worksheet
Meter Loading:
A DMM should be used when troubleshooting electronic circuits instead of an analog (needle-
type) meter or test light. Now we will look at the reason why.
B+
ELECTRICAL
LOAD 1
CURRENT
WATER
LOAD 2 +
FLOW
VOLTMETER
-
(Figure 3-1)
Figure 3-1 shows the similarity of water flow and electrical current flow. When you measure
voltages around a circuit, the meter is placed in parallel (across) the component you are
measuring. The meter “feels” the amount of pressure (voltage) by causing a certain amount of
current to flow through it.
In many automotive electronic control circuits, the amounts of current flow are so small to begin
with that any extra current will affect the overall measurement and possibly even cause damage
to the control components. If an analog meter (or test light) is used in an electronic circuit, two
things could happen:
(1) The electronic components might be damaged.

(2) The measurement will be inaccurate.

Component Damage:
(Figure 3-2)
Build the circuit in Figure 3-2. Use red wire in the path to the resistor (B-C, C-F). Use black wire
for the ground connections (D-E, G-H).
1. What do you expect the voltage to be across the parallel resistors?
2. Using a test light, probe the voltage across the resistors. Describe the light:
3. Now, using a hand-held DMM, measure the same voltage (F-H): Volts
4. Was battery voltage measured by both the test light and DMM?
Now, let’s see what happened to the current flow in the circuit with both the test light and DMM.

Set up the DMM to measure Amps. If using a Manual Ranging DMM, select the 2 mA range.
Make sure the red test probe is plugged into the proper jack for measuring Amps. (If there are
two jacks for measuring Amps, do not use the one labeled 10A).
Break the circuit at point (A) and properly insert the Ammeter in series with the circuit. (Red
probe to the positive power supply post and Black probe to point A.)
5. What is the total current flow in the circuit?

A — in mA
B — in Amps
Now, probe the voltage across resistor (F-G) with a 12-Volt test light.
6. What is the new total current with the test light attached (you may need to change
ranges if you are using a manual ranging DMM)?
mA or A
Here we see that the use of the Test Light can cause a significant increase in current flow in
electronic circuits. This increase in current can damage the electronic control components of an
automotive circuit. An analog (needle-type) meter can also increase current flow in a circuit.
The affect of the test light (or Analog Meter) increasing the current in a circuit is called Meter
Loading.
To prevent heavy meter loading, electronic voltmeters like the DMM have a very high internal
resistance. This internal resistance is called Impedance. An Analog Meter may have an internal
Impedance (resistance) of 250 K ohms, (250,000 Ohms) but a DMM can have an internal
Impedance of 10 M ohms (10,000,000 Ohms) or more.
Remember, in electricity, more resistance (or impedance) means less current flow, so the Digital
Voltmeter causes less meter loading.

A DMM is best for troubleshooting electronic circuits. Figure 3-3 tries to illustrate the effects of
meter loading with a water flow example.
TEST LIGHT
+ OR
ANALOG
- VOLTMETER
HEAVY METER LOADING
DIGITAL
VOLTMETER
SMALL METER LOADING
(Figure 3-3)
Inaccurate Measurements:
(Figure 3-4)

Build the series circuit in Figure 3-4. Use red wire in the path to the resistors (B-C, D-E). Use
black wire for the ground (F-G).
7. With 12 Volts connected at B+, what voltage would you expect to measure across the
two equal resistors wired in series? Volts
8. Now measure the voltage across each resistor with the DMM.
(C-D) Volts
(E-F) Volts
Keep the DMM in place across E-F and probe the voltage across E-F using a test light.
9. What happened to the voltage across E-F with the test light connected?
Here we see the heavy meter loading of the Test Light also affects the accuracy of the readings,
but the DMM does not.
Meter Polarity:
Referring back to the circuit of Figure 3-4, use a DMM to measure the voltage across the resistor
(E-F), but this time, put the red test probe on ground (F), and the black test probe on point (E).
10. What does the meter read? Volts
This is a nice feature on a DMM: even if the probes are reversed, the meter can still make the
same measurement with a minus (-) sign in the display.
Conclusion:
In summary, the DMM is safer and more accurate for troubleshooting automotive electronic
circuits because it causes less meter loading. Also, DMM’s are more rugged than Analog Meters
because there are no moving parts inside. This makes the DMM ideal for the automotive shop.
The DMM is a very valuable automotive diagnostic tool if you understand how to use it
properly. The best way to learn this meter is to use it. Stick with it!!

Automotive
Electronics
Instructor Guide
“Need to Know” Review
Unit I: Introduction to Automotive Electronics
1. In electronics, the relationship between volts, amps and ohms is the

____________________________________________________________________.
2. Electronic devices are also called __________________________________________

components.
3. Electronic devices control electricity without _______________________________.
4. Electronic control components only operate when connected to the power supply in
one direction or have correct .
5. Name three areas in the automobile that are controlled by electronic or computer
circuits.
a) _________________________________
b) _________________________________
c) _________________________________
6. What type of meter is necessary for making measurements in electronic circuits?

___________________________________________________________________
7. A DMM uses letters to large number measurements.
Unit I Review
8. When using a DMM, how many decimal places and what kind of number (whole
or decimal) do each of these letters represent?
Letter Decimal Places Type of Number

M
K
m
u
9. Manual Ranging DMM use numbers to select the proper ______________________.
10. When test equipment is inserted into a circuit and it changes the total current and
accuracy of the measurement, this affect is called
___________________________________________________________________.
11. Which meter (Analog or Digital) is:
a) more accurate? _________________________________
b) causes less meter loading? _________________________________
c) has higher input impedance? _________________________________
d) has no moving parts? _________________________________
Unit I Review
Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 4
Diode Behavior
Activity Contents:
• Diode Circuit
• Diode Construction
• Forward and Reverse Bias
• Diode Turn-On Voltage

Worksheet
Diode Circuit:
We are now ready to study some basic electronic components used in the automobile. The first is
the DIODE.
(Figure 4-1)
Build the circuit in Figure 4-1. Use red wire in the path to the bulb; B-C, D-E. Use black wire for
the ground; F-G.
Make sure the Diode is connected as shown with the striped end toward the bulb.
Turn on the main power switch.
1. Describe the circuit load (bulb)? __________________________________________
The diode is the control component in this circuit.
2. Is the diode now conducting (like a closed switch) or insulating (like an open switch)?
____________________________________________________________________

3. Does the diode have any mechanical parts?
Now swap the connections on the diode so that the striped end faces Bat (+) and the other end
faces the bulb. (See Figure 4-2).
(Figure 4-2)
4. Describe the circuit load (bulb)? __________________________________________
5. Is the diode conducting (like a closed switch) or insulating (like an open switch)?
_____________________________________________________________________
Here we see that, in one direction, the diode acts like a closed switch (conductor).
In the other direction, it acts like an open switch (insulator).
Diode Construction:
Diodes are made from special materials called semi-conductors. The most common semi-
conductor used in e1ectronics is SILICON. Pure Silicon, by itself, is an insulator - it will not
conduct electricity. But, it can be made to conduct by adding other materials to it. This process is
called Doping.

Silicon that has been treated to conduct negative charges (electrons) is called N-Type material.
Silicon that has been treated to conduct positive charges is called P-Type material
When a piece of P-Type and N-Type Silicon are put together, they make a DIODE. These two
layers are also called a P-N Junction.
Figure 4-3 summarizes this process.
(Figure 4-3)
Figure 4-4 shows the schematic symbol of the diode. Notice that the symbol looks like an arrow.

(Figure 4-4)
The back of the arrow is the side made of P-Type material; this end is called the ANODE (+).
The front of the arrow is the side made of N-Type material; this end is called the CATHODE (-).
Diodes come in different shapes and sizes. Look at the ones on the 1820 board. Notice that one
end of each diode is striped. The striped end is always the CATHODE.
6. Does the Diode have polarity (a positive and negative side)?

__________________________________________________________________
7. What other circuit component always has a positive and negative side (polarity)?
__________________________________________________________________

Forward and Reverse Bias:
DIRECTION OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT FLOW
(Figure 4-5)
Figure 4-5 shows a simple bulb circuit Notice the arrow showing the direction of Electrical
Current Flow. Remember that in the automotive trade, electrical current is defined to flow
from Plus (+) to Minus (-).
A. FORWARD BIAS B. REVERSE BIAS
(Figures 4-6A and 4-6B)
Figures 4-6A and 4-6B show the diode in two different circuits similar to the ones you have just
built.
In Figure 4-6A:
8. What side of the diode, Anode (+) or Cathode (-), is B+ connected to?
_________________________________________________________________
9. What type of material is the Anode (P-type or N-Type)?
When a diode is placed in a circuit with the arrow pointing in the direction that current would
flow (Anode (+) connected to Battery (+) and Cathode (-) connected to Battery (-) through the
bulb), it will be ON (act like a closed switch). This is called FORWARD BIAS.
In Figure 4-6B:
10. What side of the diode, Anode (+) or Cathode (-) is B+ connected to?
11. What type of material is the Cathode (P-Type or N-Type)?
When a diode is placed in a circuit with the arrow OPPOSITE the direction that current would
flow (Cathode (-) connected to Battery (+) and Anode (+) connected to Battery (-) through the
bulb); it will be OFF (act like an open switch). This is called REVERSE BIAS.
Diode Turn-On Voltage:

Reconstruct the diode circuit in Figure 4-1 with the Anode (+) connected to Bat (+) and the
striped end or Cathode (-) connected toward the bulb and ground Bat (-).
12. Describe the bulb:
13. Is the Diode Forward Biased or Reverse Biased?
You will need a DMM to measure the following voltages. If you are using a manual ranging
DMM, you must select the proper voltage range to make your measurement. Recall from
Activity #3 that the rule of thumb in choosing the proper range is to start on a high range and
work down until the measurement is most readable. You can narrow your choices by looking at
the circuit conditions. For example:

14. What is the highest voltage that you would expect to see on this lamp circuit with a
car battery as the power source? Volts
15. What range would you start with?
• Using the DMM, measure the voltage across the bulb (E-F).
16. Voltage across bulb: Volts
• Now measure the voltage across the diode. Place the red probe on the Anode (+) and the black
probe on the Cathode (-).
17. Voltage across the diode: Volts
The diode is not a perfect switch when forward biased. It takes a little pressure (voltage) to make
it turn on.
The TURN-ON Voltage of a Silicon diode is about 0.6 volts.
We will now take a closer look at this TURN-ON voltage.
(Figure 4-7)
Build the circuit in Figure 4-7. Use red wire for the paths B-C, D-E and F-G. Use black wire for
the ground, H-I.

18. By looking at the circuit, is the diode Forward Biased or Reverse Biased?
The variable resistor and the 1K resistor make up the load in this circuit.
• Turn the knob on the variable resistor all the way to the left (Counter-Clockwise CCW).
• Using a DMM, measure the voltage across the diode. Place the red probe on the Anode (+) and
the black probe on the Cathode (-).
19. Voltage across the diode: Volts
• Now measure the voltage across the I K resistor~ Place the Red probe on point C and the Black
probe on point H.
20. Voltage across the resistor: Volts
• Repeat these measurements for different positions of the knob and fill in the chart below.
21. Knob Position Diode Voltage Resistor Voltage

CCW
1/4 turn
1/2 turn
3/4 turn
CW
22. Describe the Diode Voltage:
23. How about the Resistor Voltage?
Here we see that the TURN-ON Voltage of a Forward Biased diode remains fairly constant at
about 0.6 volts while the load varies a great deal.
Conclusion:
The Diode is the most basic electronic (semi-conductor) device. Without any moving parts, this
Solid-State component is able to control the flow of electricity based on how it is connected to
the power supply. The ability of the diode to conduct electrical current in one direction, but not
in the other makes it a useful one-way electrical check-valve. In the activities to follow, we will
see how this feature is used in automotive electronics circuits.

Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 5
Diode Troubleshooting
Activity Contents:
• Using the Analog Ohmmeter (Optional)

• Using the DMM-Diode Check Position
• Troubleshooting Diodes (Using the DMM in Diode Check)
• Meter Summary
• Troubleshooting a Shorted Diode
Analog Meter (Optional)
Digital Meter
• Troubleshooting a Degraded diode
Analog Meter (Optional)
• Troubleshooting an Open diode

Worksheet
This activity is designed to give the automotive technician some insight into
troubleshooting diode circuits in the automobile.
Using the Analog Ohmmeter (Optional):

The traditional method for troubleshooting Diodes is using an Analog Ohmmeter. Obtain
an Analog Ohmmeter from your instructor. Figure 5-1 shows an analog Ohmmeter used
to test the diodes in a rectifier bridge in an alternator.
BRUSH REGULATOR
HOLDER
INSULATED
HEAT SINK INSULATING
WASHER
GROUNDED
HEAT SINK
Check rectifier bridge with Ohmmeter connected from grounded heat

sink to flat metal on terminal. Reverse leads. If both readings are the
same, replace rectifier bridge.
Repeat test between grounded heat sink and other two flat metal clips.
Repeat test between insulated heat sink and three flat metal clips.
To replace bridge, remove attaching screws.
(Figure 5-1)
Let’s first look at how to test a single diode with an Analog Ohmmeter.
• Set the Analog Meter on the 1820 board for measuring Ohms (X 1K scale).
• Touch the two probes together and “zero” the meter by adjusting the knob.
1. Is the Ohmmeter a self-powered meter?

Troubleshooting Diodes Using an Analog Ohmmeter
(Figure 5-2)
• Using Figure 5-2, measure the resistance of diode #10 using the Analog Meter.
2. Is the diode conducting (low resistance) or insulating (high resistance)?
• Swap the probes and measure the resistance of the diode again.
3. Is the diode conducting (low resistance) or insulating (high resistance)?
A good diode will show a low resistance (conducting like a closed switch) in one direction, and a
high resistance (like an open switch) in the other.
Using the DMM - Diode Check Position:

• Obtain a DMM from your instructor. Make sure that the Red Probe is in the jack labeled
“OHMS/VOLTS”, and the Black Probe is in the jack labeled “GROUND”.

Most DMMs have a DIODE CHECK position. This position is typically marked by a diode
symbol located in the Ohms range.
• Turn on your DMM and select this position.
4. Is there a battery source inside the Digital meter?
Troubleshooting Diodes (Using the DMM in DIODE CHECK):

• With the DMM in the DIODE CHECK position, put the Red probe (+) on the Anode (+) and
the Black probe (-) on the Cathode (-) or striped end of diode #10.
5. Is this a Forward Bias or Reverse Bias connection?
6. What is the reading on the DMM?
This is the FORWARD BIAS Check with the DMM.
This reading is not a resistance; it is the “turn-on” VOLTAGE of the diode.
A good diode will have a “turn-on” voltage of about 0.6 Volts when Forward Biased.
• Now place the Black probe (-) on the Anode (+) and the Red probe (+) on the Cathode (-) or
striped end of diode #10.
7. Is this a Forward Bias or Reverse Bias connection?
8. What is the reading on the DMM?
This is the REVERSE BIAS Check with the DMM.
A good diode will measure “OUT OF LIMIT” (OL) or “1” on the left-hand side of the display.
This means that no electrical current should flow when the diode is Reverse Biased.

Meter Summary:
You may be wondering if the DMM ohms range can be used to check diodes like the Analog
Ohmmeter. The answer is no. In the other OHMS ranges, beside Diode Check, the voltage inside
the DMM is less than the turn-on voltage of a diode.
• For
practice, fill in the chart below from the choices listed. Put the letter of each choice in the
chart.
9. Good Diode Behavior:

Forward Bias Reverse Bias
Analog Ohmmeter
DMM - Diode Check
Choices: a. High Resistance (Like an open Switch)

b. Display reads 0.6 volts
c. Display reads “Out of Limit” (OL)
d. Low Resistance (Like a dosed Switch)
Remember, with diodes, we are concerned with two measurements, Forward Bias and Reverse
Bias.
When Forward Biased, a diode will act like a low resistance (closed switch) and have about 0.6
Volts across it.
When Reverse Biased, a diode will act like a high resistance (open switch) and display Out of
Limit on a DMM in DIODE CHECK.
The automotive technician must be able to use both the Analog and Digital meters to make these
measurements.

Troubleshooting a Shorted Diode:
(Figure 5-3)
• Connect a yellow wire across diode #10, as shown in Figure 5-3.
This will cause a SHORTED diode fault.
Note: Yellow wire is used whenever a fault is built into the ATech Trainer circuit.
Analog Meter (Optional):

• Set the Analog Meter to measure OHMS.
• Using the Analog Ohmmeter, measure the resistance of the diode in both directions.
10. What happened to the Low Resistance measurement with the Analog Meter?
11. What happened to the High Resistance measurement with the Analog Meter?

Digital Meter:
• Repeat this measurement using a DMM in the DIODE CHECK position, and fill in the chart
below.
12. DMM - Diode Check - Short *

*Diode # 10
13. What happened to the Forward Bias measurement with the DMM?
14. What happened to the Reverse Bias measurement with the DMM?
With the Analog Meter, we can tell diode #10 is shorted because both measurements displayed a
low resistance (acting like a closed switch).
With the DMM in DIODE CHECK, we see that diode #10 is shorted because the Meter displayed
a Zero (0) voltage drop across the diode for both Forward and Reverse Bias.
Troubleshooting a Degraded Diode:
(Figure 5-4)
• Build the circuit in Figure 5-4. Use Yellow wire for the paths, E-C and F-D.

By adding a resistor in parallel (across) the diode, we can create a DEGRADED diode fault.
Analog Meter (Optional):

• Using the Analog Ohmmeter, measure the resistance of the diode in both directions.
15. What happened to the Low Resistance measurement with the Analog Meter?
16. What happened to the High Resistance measurement with the Analog Meter?
• Repeat these measurements using a DMM in the Diode Check position, and fill in the chart
below.
17. DMM - Diode Check - Degraded *

*Diode # 10 ___________ ___________
18. What happened to the Forward Bias measurement?
19. What happened to the Reverse Bias measurement?
• With
the Analog Meter, we can tell diode #10 is degraded because the High Resistance
measurement is not as high as it should be.
• With
the DMM in DIODE CHECK we see that diode #10 is degraded because the Reverse Bias
measurement shows a voltage drop when it should display “Out of Limit”.

Troubleshooting an Open Diode:
Another common fault of a diode is for it to burn out or become OPEN.
20. From your experience, what kind of resistance would an OPEN Diode measure in
both directions?
21. In Forward Bias, what would a DMM in DIODE CHECK display for an OPEN
Diode?
22. How about in Reverse Bias?
Conclusion:
Automotive Diode Troubleshooting typically involves testing components such as the Rectifier
Bridge and Diode Trio of the Alternator. These circuits are tested ON-Bench using an Analog
Ohmmeter or DMM. The techniques learned in this Activity are identical to the ones used in the
automotive shop.

Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 6
The Diode As A Rectifier
Activity Contents:
• Direct Current (DC)

• Alternating Current (AC)
• Half Wave Rectifier
• Full Wave Rectifier
• Automotive Rectifier Bridge

Worksheet
At this point, we know that a diode is an electronic device that conducts electricity in only one
direction. We also know how to check the diode with a DMM or Analog Meter.
But what are some practical uses of a diode? This activity looks at the diode as a RECTIFIER.
In electrical terms, to Rectify means to change an Alternating Current (AC) into a Direct
Current (DC).
Direct Current (DC):

Direct Current (DC) is electrical current that does not change direction (or polarity) as time goes
on. Also:
• DC is the only kind of electricity that can be produced with chemicals.
• DC is the only kind of electricity that can be stored.
1. What electrical storage device is used in an automobile?
2. How many volts DC (Direct Current) is a typical car battery?

_____________________________________
A B
(Figure 6-1A and 6-1B)
Figure 6-1A shows a 12-volt battery connected to a voltmeter. Figure 6-lB shows a graph of the
battery voltage as time goes on. Notice the graph shows a constant +12 volts DC.
Direct Current also means that the polarity of the voltage is constant.

Alternating Current (AC):
Alternating Current (AC) is electrical current that DOES change direction (or polarity) as time
goes on.
• AC is produced by spinning a magnet (rotor) in the presence of a coil of wire (stator).
• AC cannot be stored.
• The most familiar use of AC is the electricity in your house that is produced by generators at
the electric company.
3. What component in the automobile produces Alternating Current?
(Figure 6-2)
Figure 6-2 shows one cycle of Alternating Current In the first-half-cycle, ‘electrical current is
being “pushed” through the meter by the positive voltage (+ pressure); in the second half-cycle,
current is being “pulled” through the meter by the negative voltage (- pressure). This "push-pull”
cycle repeats as the magnet spins causing the direction of current flow to alternate back and
forth.
Alternating Current also means that the polarity of the voltage is changing; first (+) to (-), then
(-) to (+).
4. In the figure, what polarity (+ or -) is the first half-cycle?
5. What polarity (+ or -) is the second half-cycle?
On the trainer, we can duplicate this switching polarity by swapping the red and black power
connections (A and H) on the board back and forth.

(Figure 6-3)
• Build
the circuit in Figure 6-3. Use red wire in the path to the bulb, B-E. Use black wire for the
ground, F-G.
• Measure the voltage across the bulb using a DMM. Place the red probe at point (E) and the
black probe at point (F). Also identify the polarity on the DMM display.
6. What is the voltage and polarity (+ or -) across the bulb?

Volts Polarity
• Now,without moving the DMM probes, swap the power leads to the board. (Red to point H,
and Black to point A.)
7. What is the voltage and polarity (+ or -) across the bulb now?

Volts Polarity
8. Did the polarity of the voltage change?
9. Did the current flow also change direction in the circuit?

Here we see that switching the power connections back and forth represents AC. Now place the
power leads back to their original position.
In the automobile, the AC produced by the alternator must be converted to DC in order to charge
the battery and operate all the other electrical loads. This is the reason for RECTIFICATION.
We will now see how Solid-State diodes can be used to RECTIFY AC into DC without any
moving parts.
Half Wave Rectifier:
(Figure 6-4)
• Build the circuit in Figure 6-4.
• Measure the voltage across the bulb. (Red probe at point E and Black probe at point F.)
11. What is the voltage and polarity across bulb? Volts
12. Why is this slightly less than the voltage measured before?
(If necessary, refer back to Activity #4)

• Keep the DMM in place and swap the power connections to the board.
14. What voltage does the DMM measure? Volts
15. Did the diode let the current flow in this direction?
• Return the power leads to their original position.
(Figure 6-5)
Figure 6-5 shows what we just did. The diode only allowed the positive part of the switching
(AC) supply voltage to turn on the bulb. This is called HALF-WAVE rectified DC because only
the positive half of the AC wave goes through the diode.
The problem here is that half of the time the bulb is off and half of the total power is wasted.

Full Wave Rectifier:
Is there a way to convert all the AC into DC? The answer is yes, but it requires an assembly of
diodes called a BRIDGE.
(Figure 6-6)
• Build the circuit in Figure 6-6. Use green wire for B-C, C-D, I-J, and J-M. Use red wire from
H-E and E-K. Use black wire from F-G and G-L
The bulb should be ON.
• Using a DMM, measure the voltage across the bulb. (Red probe at point K and Black probe at
point L)
16. What is the voltage and polarity across the bulb? Volts
17. What is the direction of current flow from? (K to L) or (L to K)?
• Without moving the probes of the DMM, swap the power connections to the board.
18. Describe the bulb now:
19. What is the voltage (and polarity) across the bulb? Volts

20. What is the direction of current flow? from (K to L) or (L to K)?
21. Did the diode bridge keep the electrical current flowing in one direction even when
the power connections were reversed?
(Figure 6-7)
Automotive Rectifier Bridge:

Figure 6-7 shows what we just did. Both the positive half-cycle and the negative half-cycle of the
AC were changed to DC. This is called FULL WAVE rectified DC.
In an automobile, the stator in the alternator produces THREE PHASE AC. Figure 6-8 shows the
actual diode bridge used in an automobile.
RECTIFIER BRIDGE
(Figure 6-8)
6-8 Automotive Electronics – Activity

This bridge uses six (6) diodes to convert the AC from 3 stator coils into DC for the alternator’s
output current. (See figure 6-9)
(Figure 6-9)
Many alternators also include a Diode Trio. This component also rectifies AC current from the
stator to DC current used to create a magnetic field in the rotor. This (magnetic) field current is
controlled by the regulator. (See Figure 6-10)
(Figure 6-10)

Conclusion:
Figure 6-9 summarizes the Half-Wave Rectifier, Full-Wave Rectifier, and Full-Wave (Three
Phase) Rectifier, which convert AC into DC
(Figure 6-11)
In the past, automobiles used generators to produce electricity. These generators used mechanical
switching to convert the AC into DC. These moving parts required frequent maintenance. Now,
by using Solid-State diodes in the Alternator, AC is RECTIFIED into DC without using any
moving parts. Once again, one advantage of using electronic parts is that they require less
maintenance.

In Shop Worksheet
Activity 6
Purpose:
The purpose of this activity is to check out the Rectifier Bridge and Diode Trio of an alternator
using both an Analog Ohmmeter and DMM.
Rectifier Bridge:
• With your instructor, obtain an Analog Ohmmeter and a Rectifier Bridge from a G.M.
alternator.
Figure 6-12 shows the Rectifier Bridge and its internal diode construction.
(Figure 6-12 — Schematic and Actual)
1. How many diodes are in the Rectifier Bridge?
Notice that the Rectifier Bridge is made up of two heat-sinks that are insulated from each other.
Three diodes are common to one heat sink, and three diodes are common to the other.
Also notice how the three studs are connected to the diodes.
Figure 6-13 shows how to check the Bridge using the Analog Ohmmeter.

(Figure 6-13)
• Place one probe of the Ohmmeter on one heat sink, and the other probe on the first stud.
(Make sure the probe touches the copper foil around the stud).
• Then reverse the probes.
2. When checking a diode with an Analog Ohmmeter, we expect a ______________

Resistance in one direction and a_____________________ Resistance in the other.
• Repeat these two measurements for each of the 3 terminals (six diodes).
Using a DMM in Diode Check:

• Obtain a DMM from your instructor, and set it to the DIODE check position.

3. What two types of tests can be done on a Diode with a DMM in DIODE check?
(If necessary, refer back to Activity 6)
A.
B.
• Repeat the measurements on the Rectifier Bridge using the DMM in DIODE Check.
4. What should the reading be for a Forward Bias check on one of the diodes?
5. What should the reading be for a Reverse Bias check on one of the diodes?
Diode Trio:
Figure 6-14 shows the Diode Trio and its internal diode construction.
(Figure 6-14)
6. How many diodes are in the Diode Trio? __________________________________

7. What side of each diode (Anode or Cathode) is tied together?
Figure 6-15 shows how to check the Diode Trio using the Analog Ohmmeter.
(Figure 6-15)
• Connect the Ohmmeter as shown and then reverse the probes.
You should measure a Low Resistance in one direction, and a High Resistance in the other.
• Repeat this test for the other two diodes.
Using a DMM in Diode Check:
• Repeat the measurements on the Diode Trio using the DMM in DIODE Check.
8. The Display should read about 0.6 Volts when the Diode is Biased.
9. The display should read “Out-of-Limit” when the Diode is Biased.

Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 7
The Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Activity Contents:
• LED Operation
• LED Turn-On Voltage
• Testing a LED Using a DMM

Worksheet
LED Operation:
You will now be introduced to a special purpose diode that is used as an indicator. This special
diode gives off (emits) light, so it is called a Light Emitting Diode or LED
LED’s come in a variety of shapes, colors, and sizes. Red, green and yellow are common colors.
Look at the LED on the ATech Trainer (component #12).
Notice that the schematic symbol for the LED is similar to a regular diode with the addition of
two lines showing that it gives off light. The back of the arrow is still the Anode (+) and the front
of the arrow is still the Cathode (-).
Similar to a diode, the Anode (+) is made of P-Type Silicon Material, and the Cathode (-) is
made of N-Type Silicon Material.
(Figure 7-1)
• Buildthe circuit in Figure 7-1. Use red wire in the path to the LED, B-C, D-E, and F-G. Use
black wire for the ground, H-I.

Important: Make sure that the resistor is in series with the LED or too much current will burn
it out.
• Close the toggle switch.
1. Describe the LED
2. What sides of the LED and power supply are wired together?
a. Bat (+) (through the switch and resistor) to
b. Bat (-) to
3. From your experience with diodes, is the LED Forward Biased or Reverse Biased?
(If necessary, refer back to Activity #4)
• Now, reverse the connections to the LED as shown in Figure 7-2.
(Figure 7-2)

• Flip the toggle switch back to its ON position.
4. Describe the LED:
5. What sides of the LED and power supply are wired together?
a. Bat (+) (through the switch and resistor) to
b. Bat (-) to
6. From your experience with diodes, is the LED Forward Biased or Reverse Biased?
(If necessary, refer back to Activity #4.)
Here we see that the LED is similar in operation to a regular diode. When Forward Biased, the
LED is ON and electrical current is flowing through it. When Reverse Biased, the LED is OFF
and no current is flowing.
But how does the Forward Bias TURN-ON voltage of the LED compare to the turn-ON voltage
of a regular diode? Let’s explore this further.
LED Turn-On Voltage:
(Figure 7-3)

• Build
the circuit in Figure 7-3. Use red wire in the path to the LED, B-C, D-E, F-G, and H-I.
Use black wire for the ground, J-K.
• Close the toggle switch.
• Turn the knob of the variable resistor all the way to the left (CCW).
• Measurethe voltage across the LED using a DMM. Place the Red probe on the Anode (+) and
the Black probe on the Cathode (-).
7. What voltage do you measure? Volts
8. Keep the meter in place and rotate the variable resistor to the middle. What is the
voltage across the LED? Volts
9. Now rotate the variable resistor all the way to the right (CW). What is the voltage
across the LED? Volts
10. Does the Turn-ON voltage of the LED remain fairly constant for different positions
of the variable resistor?
11. What is the constant TURN-ON voltage of a regular diode? Volts
(If necessary, refer back to Activity #4.)
12. How does the TURN-ON voltage of the LED compare to the TURN-ON voltage of a
regular diode?
Similar to a regular diode, the LED has a constant Turn-ON voltage. However, this voltage is
considerably higher than the typical 0.6 volts of a regular diode. Most LED’s have a Turn-ON
voltage ranging from 1.5 to 2.2 volts.
Now lets see if we can check an LED using a DMM.

Testing an LED Using a DMM:
• Disconnect the LED from the circuit. Set your DMM to the Diode Check position.
• Place the Red probe on the Anode (+) and the Black probe on the Cathode (+).
13. What is the reading on the DMM? Volts
14. Look closely at the LED; is it on?
This is the FORWARD BIAS check.
• Now place the Black probe on the Anode (+) and the Red probe on the Cathode (-).
15. What is the reading on the DMM? Volts
16. Look closely at the LED; is it on?
This is the REVERSE BIAS check.
Remember, when using the DIODE CHECK position on a DMM, it is a good idea to disconnect
the diode from the circuit. Otherwise, the readings you get may not be accurate.
Conclusion:
It is important to remember that the LED needs a resistor in series with it to limit the amount of
current flow. If the 12 volts is placed directly across it, the LED will burn out immediately.
The LED has been used in automotive instrument panels, for example, radio display. There is no
filament, but rather a semi-conductor junction that “glows” when a certain amount of voltage is
placed across it. This makes it a rugged indicator that is not prone to vibration damage.

Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 8
The Clamping Diode
Activity Contents:
• High Voltage Spikes

• High Voltage Spike Protection
• Troubleshooting Clamping Diodes

Worksheet
We will now examine another automotive use for the diode. Diodes can PROTECT other
electronic circuits from possible damage caused by the harsh conditions in the automobile.
This activity looks at the diode as a CLAMP. In electrical terms, to CLAMP means to hold down
the voltage from going beyond a dangerous level that could harm other circuits.
High Voltage Spikes:

In the automobile, there are many devices that can cause unwanted high-voltage spikes. First, we
will see how these high-voltage spikes are created.
(Figure 8-1)
Build the circuit in Figure 8-1. Use red wire in the path to the relay coil, B-C. Use black wire for
the ground path, D-E.
Now, disconnect the red wire at point C, and tap the tip of the wire on that point. Look very
closely at the tip of the wire as you do this.

You may be able to see a faint spark.
When electrical current flows in a coil of wire like the relay coil, a magnetic field is created
around it. As the circuit is broken, the magnetic field collapses causing a REVERSE-VOLTAGE
SPIKE across the coil. This voltage spike can be thousands of volts depending on the size of the
coil and the amount of current flowing through it. This process is called INDUCTION. You may
have studied that the ignition coil in an automobile “fires” the spark plugs using INDUCTION.
In order to better see the REVERSE VOLTAGE SPIKE created by the relay coil, we can add an
LED to the circuit. The LED is only in the circuit to help “see” the High-Voltage Spike.
(Figure 8-2)
• Connect the LED to the circuit as shown in Figure 8-2. Use green wire in the path C-F and
G-H. Use black wire for the ground, I-J. The resistor has been added as a precaution against
burning out the LED.
• Reconnect the red wire at point C.

1. Is the relay energized?
2. Is the LED on or off?
3. From your knowledge of LED’s gained in Activity #7, is this LED Forward Biased or
Reverse Biased?
• Once again, disconnect the red wire at point C, and tap the tip of the wire on that point. Look
very closely at the LED as you do this.
4. What do you notice about the LED?
You should have noticed that the LED flashed when power was REMOVED from the circuit.
The flashing LED shows that the high-voltage spike was opposite the polarity of the battery. The
LED will not be very bright because the high-voltage spike only lasts for a very short time.
(Something like 1/1000 of a second).
While a high voltage spike from a coil is a good thing for firing spark plugs, it is an unwanted
side effect in other circuits. The high-voltage spikes, created when relays and solenoids are
switched on and off, can damage the electronic control components in an automotive circuit.
We will now see how this problem can be corrected.

High Voltage Spike Protection:
• Reconnect the red wire at point at point C.
(Figure 8-3)
• Connect the DIODE to the circuit as shown in Figure 8-3. Use green wire for the path C-L. Use
black wire for the path D-K.
Note: Be sure that the diode is connected as shown or it may be damaged.
5. Is the diode wired across (in parallel with) the relay coil?
6. Is the diode wired in a FORWARD BIAS or a REVERSE BIAS direction?
• Once again, disconnect the red wire at point C, and tap the tip of the wire on that point. Look
very closely at the LED.
7. Describe the LED when power is removed from the circuit as it was before.

Here we see that the REVERSE VOLTAGE SPIKE no longer causes the LED to light. This means
that the diode has CLAMPED the high-voltage spike.
8. What is the turn-on voltage of a diode? ____________________________Volts
Many relays and solenoids in the automobile have built in Clamping Diodes connected in
parallel to their coils. These diodes always appear in the REVERSE BIAS direction because
they CLAMP the REVERSE VOLTAGE SPIKE.
One good example of an automotive damping diode is on new model GM air conditioner
compressor circuit. (See Figure 8-4)
ECM
ELECTRON
SURGE
(Figure 8-4)
With these diodes in place, however, these components must be “plugged in” (in only one
direction).
9. What would happen to the Clamping Diode if a relay or solenoid were hooked up
backwards? __________________________________________________________
If a Clamping Diode is connected to a car battery in the FORWARD BIAS direction, it will burn
out almost immediately because its turn-on voltage of 0.6 volts has been exceeded.

Troubleshooting Clamping Diodes:
• Build the circuit in Figure 8-5, which has just the relay and Clamping Diode wired together.
(Figure 8-5)
• Using a DMM in the DIODE check position, place the Red probe on the Anode (+) and the
Black probe on the Cathode (-) of the Clamping diode.
10. From your experience, is this a Forward Bias or Reverse Bias check?
(If necessary, review Activity #5).
11. What Voltage does the DMM read? Volts
12. How does this voltage compare with the TURN-ON voltage of a regular diode?
• Now place the Red probe on the Cathode (+) and the Black probe on the Anode (+) of the
Clamping diode.

13. From your experience, is this a Forward Bias or Reverse Bias check?
14. What does the DMM read?
15. Does this reading compare with a regular diode?
• Now disconnect the diode from the relay and repeat the two measurements.
16. Place the Red probe on the Anode (+) and the Black probe on the Cathode (-). What
voltage does the DMM read? Volts
17. How did the relay coil affect the TURN-ON voltage or Forward Bias measurement?
18. Place the Red probe on the Cathode (-) and the Black probe on the Anode (+). What
does the DMM read?
19. How did the relay coil affect the Reverse Bias measurement?
When checking a Clamping Diode, or when checking a coil that has a clamping diode across it,
the clamping diode must be disconnected from the circuit in order to get accurate measurements.
Conclusion:
Clamping Diodes provide a simple and in-expensive way to protect automotive electronic
circuits from high-voltage spikes. Clamping Diodes are also known as NOISE SUPPRESSION
diodes because they suppress or lower the amount of electrical interference or “noise” in a
circuit.

In Shop Worksheet
Activity 8
Purpose:
The purpose of this activity is to investigate the CLAMPING diode used on the A/C Clutch in
late model G.M. vehicles.
A/C Clutch:
• With your instructor, locate a late model GM Vehicle with Air Conditioning and the appropriate
Service Manual.
• Make sure the vehicle is NOT running and the A/C dash control is OFF.
• If available, locate this circuit in the Service Manual for this vehicle. Figure 8-6 shows a typical
schematic of this circuit.
(Figure 8-6)

• Disconnect the A/C Clutch connector and probe the harness connector with the DMM set to
DIODE Check.
1. What do you measure?
• Now reverse the probes and repeat the measurement.
3. Do these two readings match with what a normal Diode would do?
• Now, reconnect the A/C Clutch connector and probe the harness connector with the DMM set to
the DIODE check position.
• Now, reverse the probes and repeat the measurement.
6. Do these two readings match with what a normal diode would do?
Important: When checking coils that have CLAMPING diodes across them, the diodes must be
disconnected for accurate testing.
7. Why are CLAMPING diodes placed across coils such as the A/C Clutch?
8. In what direction are CLAMPING diodes ALWAYS used when connected across a
coil (Forward Bias or Reverse Bias)?

Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 9
The Zener Diode
Activity Contents:
• Standard Diode Operation

Standard Diode – Forward Bias
Standard Diode – Reverse Bias
• ZENER Diode Operation
ZENER Diode – Forward Bias
ZENER Diode – Reverse Bias
• The Automotive Voltage Regulator

Worksheet
Another special purpose diode used in the automobile world is the ZENER Diode. Before
looking at the ZENER Diode, we will review the operation of a standard diode.
Standard Diode Operation:
(Figure 9-1)
• Build the circuit in Figure 9-1. Use red wire for the paths: B-C, D-E, G-H, and I-J. Use black
wire for the ground paths, K-L and F-M.
1. Is the diode in the Forward Bias position or the Reverse Bias position?
• Flip the toggle switch to the ON position.
• Set up a DMM to measure the voltage across the wiper-arm of the variable resistor and ground.
(Red probe on point G and Black probe on point M).

2. Rotate the variable resistor all the way to the left (CCW). How many volts do you
measure? Volts
This is the amount of voltage that is available to the diode.
3. Now measure the voltage across the diode. (Red probe on the Anode (+) (point J) and
Black probe on the Cathode (-) (point K). Volts
• Repeat these measurements for different positions of the variable resistor.
4. 1/4 Turn Position

a. Variable Resistor Voltage Volts
b. Diode Voltage Volts

6. 3/4TurnPosition
7. Full Turn Position

• With this information, complete the chart below.
Standard Diode - Forward Bias:
Position Variable Resistor Voltage Diode Voltage

CCW
1/4 turn
1/2 turn
3/4 turn
CW

• Flip the toggle switch OFF.
8. Was the diode voltage fairly constant for different positions of the variable resistor?
Notice that, in Forward Bias, the Standard diode “turn-on” voltage remains constant as the
available voltage increases.
• Now, swap the connections on the diode as shown in Figure 9-2.
(Figure 9-2)
9. Is the diode in the Forward Bias position or the Reverse Bias position?
• Again,
set up a DMM to measure the voltage across the wiper-arm of the variable resistor and
ground. (Red probe on point G and Black probe on point M).
measure? Volts

11. Now measure the voltage across the diode. (Red probe on the Cathode (-) (point K)
and Black probe on the Anode (+) (point J). Volts
• Repeat these measurements for the other positions of the variable resistor.




Standard Diode - Reverse Bias:

CCW
1/4 turn
1/2 turn
3/4 turn
CW

16. Was the diode voltage constant for different positions of the variable resistor?
Notice that, in Reverse Bias, the Standard diode does not affect the available voltage at all. It
behaves like an open switch.
We will now compare the Standard diode to the ZENER diode.
ZENER Diode Operation:
Figure 9-3 shows the schematic symbol of a ZENER Diode. Notice that it looks like the symbol
of a standard diode with the addition of slanted lines on one end. The back of the arrow is still
called the Anode and the other end is still called the Cathode.
(Figure 9-3)
• Look on the 1820 Trainer at the ZENER diode (component #17.)
17. Which end of the diode is striped (Anode or Cathode)?

(Figure 9-4)
• Build the circuit in Figure 9-4. Use red wire for the paths: B-C, D-E, C-H, and I-J. Use black
wire for the ground paths, K-L and F-M.
18. Is the ZENER diode in the Forward Bias position or the Reverse Bias position?
• Set up a DMM to measure the voltage across the wiper-arm of the variable resistor and ground.
(Red probe on point G and Black probe on point M).
measure? Volts
This is the amount of voltage that is available to the ZENER diode.
20. Now measure the voltage across the ZENER diode. (Red probe on the Anode (+)
(point J) and Black probe on the Cathode (-) (point K). Volts
• Repeat these measurements for different positions of the variable resistor.

21.1/4 Turn Position
b. Zener diode Voltage Volts



ZENER Diode - Forward Bias:

CCW
1/4 turn
1/2 turn
3/4 turn
CW
25. Was the ZENER diode voltage fairly constant for different positions of the variable
resistor?
• Compare this chart to the Forward Bias chart of the Standard diode. Notice that, in Forward
Bias, the ZENER diode behaves just like a Standard diode.

• Swap the connections on the ZENER diode as shown in Figure 9-5.
(Figure 9-5)
26. Is the ZENER diode in the Forward Bias position or the Reverse Bias position?
• Again,
set up a DMM to measure the voltage across the wiper-arm of the variable resistor and
ground. (Red probe on point G and Black probe on point M).
measure? Volts
28. Now measure the voltage across the ZENER diode. (Red probe on the Cathode (-)
(point K) and Black probe on the Anode (+) (point J). Volts

• Repeat these measurements for the other positions of the variable resistor.




ZENER Diode - Reverse Bias:

CCW
1/4 turn
1/2 turn
3/4 turn
CW
33. Was the ZENER diode voltage constant for different positions of the variable
resistor?
• Compare this Reverse Bias chart with the Reverse Bias chart of the Standard Diode.

34. In Reverse Bias, what does the ZENER diode voltage do as the available voltage is
increased?
35. What was the maximum ZENER voltage reached in the Reverse Bias chart?
Volts
Here we see the difference of the Standard Diode and the ZENER Diode. In REVERSE BIAS,
the ZENER diode holds the available voltage to a specific value. This is called the ZENER
VOLTAGE. ZENER diodes can be designed to have many different values of ZENER
VOLTAGE. The 1820A Trainer uses a 5-volt ZENER.
The Automotive Voltage Regulator:

In the automobile, a Zener Diode is used for voltage regulation.
In electrical terms, to regulate means to hold a voltage at a constant level. In the automobile, the
Zener Diode inside the regulator keeps the charging voltage at a constant value around 14.5
volts.
Figure 9-6 shows the automotive voltage regulator.
(Figure 9-6)

Figure 9-7 is the schematic drawing of the actual automotive voltage regulator. Although it may
look complicated, you can still locate the ZENER Diode in the circuit.
(Figure 9-7)
36. Is the ZENER diode in a Forward Bias or a Reverse Bias position?
Conclusion:
The ZENER diode is a special purpose diode used for voltage regulation. It is always used in the
Reverse Bias position.

In Shop Worksheet
Activity 9
Purpose:
The purpose of this activity is to investigate the ZENER diode used in an automotive voltage
regulator.
On Car Test:
• With your instructor, locate a GM Vehicle with a typical SI Charging System. This
common charging system uses a generator containing a voltage regulator, rectifier bridge,
and diode trio. (Newer CS Charging Systems have a different regulator and no longer use a
diode trio.)
Procedures:
• With your instructor’s permission, connect a fast charger and a voltmeter to the battery as
shown in Figure 9-8. Set the Charger to its lowest setting.
(Figure 9-8)
• Turn the ignition ON, but don’t start the car.
1. What do you notice about the generator lamp on the dash?
2. What voltage do you read at the battery?
• Slowly increase the charge rate as you observe the dash light.

3. What voltage do you read when the light dims and goes out? Volts
This is the voltage set by the ZENER diode inside the Voltage Regulator. The dash light should
dim as the regulator senses a high voltage ± 16V.
This procedure only tests out the voltage regulator and Rotor windings for proper operation. It
does not test the Rectifier Bridge, Diode Trio, or Stator.
Off Car Test:

This test can be performed on bench, as well, but wiring everything together can be awkward.
Figure 9-9 shows how to test the Voltage Regulator on the bench.
(Figure 9-9)
The test light represents the ROTOR inside the generator and can be watched like the generator
light in the car.
By following the same procedure described in the ON-Car test, the test light should go out (or
dim) when the battery voltage reaches the Zener voltage.

Automotive
Electronics
Instructor Guide

Unit II: Diodes
1. The two layers of a diode are material and

material.
2. The positive terminal side of a diode is called the and

the negative terminal is called the .
3. When a diode’s anode is connected to the battery + and the cathode is connected to battery -,
the diode is and acting like a(n) switch.
4. When the diode’s anode is connected to the battery - and the cathode connected to battery +,
the diode will be and acting like a(n) switch.
5. The turn-on voltage of a diode (2 layers) is .
6. A diode can be tested using an analog meter in the position, or a

D.M.M. in the position.
7. Changing Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC) is called .
8. To full wave rectify requires an assembly of diodes called a .
9. The turn-on voltage of a L.E.D. is .
Unit II Review
10. High voltage spikes can be caused by current flow in a coil of wire. This is
called .
11. A diode used to protect electronic components from voltage spikes is called a
and is connected to
the coil and must be bias.
12. The diode used for voltage regulation is called a .
Unit II Review
Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 10
The Transistor Circuit
Activity Contents:
• The Relay Circuit

Low Current Control of High Current
• The Transistor Circuit
• Relay and Transistor Comparison
• Transistor Construction
• Transistor Operation
Control Path: Base-Emitter
Load Path: Collector-Emitter
Automotive Example

Worksheet
We are now ready to study another very common electronic component used in the automobile,
the TRANSISTOR. You may recall that in Activity #1, we briefly compared a transistor circuit
to a relay circuit. Now, we will look at each of these circuits in more detail.
The Relay Circuit:
(Figure 10-1)
• Buildthe circuit in Figure 10-1. Use red wire in the path to the bulb: B-H and I-J. Use green
wire in the relay coil path; B-C and D-E. Use black wire for the grounds, K-L and F-G.
1. Is electricity flowing through the relay coil and energizing the relay switch?
2. Describe the load (bulb).

The relay is an electro-mechanical device that contains both a coil and a mechanical switch.
(See Figure 10-2).
(Figure 10-2)
When current flows through the coil, a magnetic field is created. This magnetism pulls the relay
switch dosed.
3. Does the relay make a mechanical clicking sound when it is switched on and off?
Low Current Control of High Current:

Referring to Figure 10-1:
4. Which path (red or green) is the control path?
5. Which path (red or green) is the load path?
• Using a DMM (set to Amps), measure the current in the control path. Remove the green wire,
D-E, and place the DMM in series with the control circuit, Red probe at (D) and Black probe at
(E).
6. Control path (relay coil) current. Amps
• Replace the green wire D-E.

• Now measure the electrical current in the load path (bulb).
• Remove red wire, K-L, and insert the DMM in series with the load circuit, Red probe at (K)
and Black probe at (L).
7. Load path (bulb) current. Amps
8. Is the load current greater than the control current?
9. About how many times greater?
This is a typical electrical control circuit. The electro-mechanical relay controls the current to the
bulb.
The relay component contains two separate electrical paths: one path passes through the relay
coil, and the other path through the relay switch.
By using a relay, low current in the coil can control high current to the load.
10. Does a starter motor circuit relay prevent starter motor current (100 plus Amps) from
traveling through the ignition switch?
11. Does a horn relay keep the high current for the horn out of the steering column?
While this circuit works perfectly well it does have its limitations. The speed of mechanical
switching is slower. Also, relays, and other electro-mechanical devices that contain moving
parts, are subject to mechanical wear which causes reduced operation or failure. Therefore,
these parts require more frequent replacement.

The Transistor Circuit:
(Figure 10-3a)
Build the circuit in Figure 10-3. Use red wire in the path to the bulb: B-C, D-E. Use green wire
for B-H, I-J, and K-L in the second path. Use black wire for the ground, F-G.
12. Is the transistor being energized?
In this circuit, the relay has been replaced with an electronic device - a Transistor.
• Refer to Figure 10-3.
14. Which path (red or green) do you think is the control path?
15. Which path (red or green) do you think is the load path?

(Figure 10-3b)
Notice that both the control path and load path share a common path to ground in the
circuit, F-G.
• Using a DMM, measure the current in the control path. Remove the green wire, K-L, and place
the DMM in series with the control circuit, Red probe at (K) and Black probe at (L).
16. Control path (transistor) current. Amps
• Replace the green wire K-L
• Now measure the electrical current in the load path (bulb).
• Remove red wire, D-E, and insert the DMM in series with the load circuit, Red probe at (D)
and Black probe at (E).
17. Load path (bulb) current. Amps
18. Is the load current greater than the control current?
19. About how many times greater?

Similar to the relay circuit, the transistor has two electrical paths, a control path and a load path.
Once again, the smaller current in the control path is used to control the larger current in the load
path. (The resistor in the control path limits the control current.)
Relay and Transistor Comparison:
20. Compare the control current and the load current of the transistor to the relay by
filling in the chart below:
Transistor Relay
Control Current
Load Current
21. How do the Control Currents compare?
22. How do the Load Currents compare?
Here, we see that the transistor requires less control current than the relay in order to turn on.
This is what makes the transistor useful as an electronic switch.
The load currents should be the same since the bulb is the same in both circuits.
23. Did the transistor make a clicking sound like the relay did?
The transistor is an electronic or Solid-State device. There are no moving parts inside the
transistor in comparison to the relay. This means the electronic control device is capable of
turning on and off many times faster than the mechanical control circuit.
There are three basic advantages to using a transistor:

⇒ Low control current
⇒ No moving parts (Solid-State)
⇒ High switching speeds

Transistor Construction:
Similar to the diode studied in Activity #4, the Transistor is made of the semi-conductor, Silicon,
modified into P-Type and N-Type material.
(Figure 10-4)
Figure 10-4 shows the schematic symbol of the TRANSISTOR as well as the 3-layer construction.
Notice there are three terminals, the BASE (B), the COLLECTOR (C), and the EMITTER (E).
Some transistors are constructed as NPN and others are constructed as PNP.
24. For the NPN transistor, what type of Silicon material is each layer made of?
COLLECTOR
BASE
EMITTER
25. For the PNP transistor, what type of Silicon material is each layer made of?
COLLECTOR
BASE
EMITTER

• Look carefully at the schematic symbols for both the NPN and PNP transistors in Figure 10-4.
26. Which transistor terminal (Collector, Emitter, or Base) is always in the middle?
27. Which transistor terminal always looks like an arrow?
28. Which transistor terminal is always at the non-arrow end?
For both the NPN and PNP transistors:

♦ The BASE terminal is always in the middle
♦ The EMITTER terminal is always marked by an arrow
♦ The COLLECTOR terminal is always at the non-arrow end
29. Which way does the EMITTER arrow point for an NPN transistor (towards the BASE
or away from the BASE)?
30. Which way does the EMITTER arrow point for a PNP transistor?
For an NPN transistor, the EMITTER arrow points away from the BASE.
To help remember this, try memorizing “The arrow is Not Pointing iN (NPN).”
For a PM’ transistor, the EMITTER arrow points towards the BASE.
To help remember this, try memorizing “The arrow Points iN Permanently (PNP’).”
Now look at the transistors on the 1820 component board.
31. What kind of transistors are these (NPN or PM’)?

32. How many package styles do you see?
In the automobile, NPN transistors are the most common. They are designed for different
purposes. Some are made to control very large electrical currents while others are made to handle
smaller currents.
Transistor Operation:
• Look at the transistor in the circuit of Figure 10-3a.
33. Which transistor terminal (Base, Collector, or Emitter) is connected to the Green
Control Path?
34. Which transistor terminal is connected to the Load?
35. Which transistor terminal is connected to Ground?
Again, notice that both the Control Path through the BASE and the Load Path through the
COLLECTOR share a common Ground through the EMITTER.
Control Path: BASE-EMITTER:

• Make sure the toggle switch is in the ON position.
• Using a DMM (set to Volts), measure the voltage across the BASE and EMITTER (Red probe
on L and Black probe on F).
36. BASE-EMITTER Voltage? Volts
This is the turn-ON voltage of the transistor.
37. What other electronic component has a similar turn-ON voltage?

(Figure 10-5)
Figure 10-5 highlights the BASE and EMITTER of the NPN transistor. (This region is sometimes
called a P-N junction.)
38. Is the transistor BASE and EMITTER similar to a diode in both construction and
operation?
The BASE to EMITTER path is always the control path in the transistor.
When these two layers are Forward Biased, the transistor is “energized” ON.
When the BASE-EMITTER voltage is less than the turn-on voltage (0.6 Volts) or if these two
layers are Reverse Biased, the transistor is turned OFF.
If necessary, review Activity #4 on Forward and Reverse Bias
39. To Forward Bias (turn ON) the BASE-EMITTER of the NFN transistor means:
The P-Type BASE must be connected to BATTERY
and the N-Type EMITTER must be connected to BATTERY .
40. Also, the BASE-EMITTER voltage must be at least Volts

to turn the transistor ON.
Automotive Electronics - Activity 10 10-11

Load Path: COLLECTOR-EMITTER:
• Make sure the toggle switch is in the ON position.
• Referring to the transistor circuit of Figure 10-3, use a DMM (set to Volts), measure the
voltage across the COLLECTOR and EMTITER (Red probe on E and Black probe on F).
41. COLLECTOR-EMITTER Voltage? Volts
42. Is this the same voltage drop you would expect across a dosed switch?
The COLLECTOR and EMITTER form the load path in the transistor. Like the relay switch
contacts, when the transistor is turned ON (BASE-EMITTER Forward Biased), the COLLECTOR
and EMITTER become like a closed switch.
Automotive Example:
As an electronic switch, the transistor can be used in place of a mechanical switch where high
switching speeds are required. One such place in the automobile is the ignition module.
(Figure 10-6)
Figure 10-6 shows an NPN transistor inside an automotive ignition module. Control signals from
the Computer turn on this transistor and fire the ignition coil at precisely the right time.

Conclusion:
This activity introduced the transistor as an electronic switch. The load was either full ON or full
OFF. In the next activity, we will see how the load current in the transistor can be varied by
adjusting the control current. This makes the transistor much more useful than a relay which only
has two operating positions, ON or OFF.

In Shop Worksheet
Activity 10
Purpose:
The purpose of this activity is to understand the use of Transistor Switching in a typical
Solid State Ignition module.
Solid State Ignition Module:

• With the help of your instructor, locate a typical 4-terminal G.M. Ignition Module as
shown in Figure 10-7.
(Figure 10-7)
1. What type of transistor is inside the module (NPN or PNP)?
The transistor has replaced the traditional breaker points.
The ignition coil is also shown with its Primary winding connected to Bat + and the ignition
module, the Secondary winding are connected to a spark plug.
2. What terminal of the transistor is connected to one side of the primary coil?

3. What terminal of the transistor is connected to Ground?
4. What terminal of the transistor is controlled by the signal from the pick-up coil?
The pick-up coil sends an AC pulse to the module. This pulse is converted to a DC pulse inside
the module which turns on the transistor and completes the Primary circuit. Then, when the
transistor turns OFF, the Secondary fires the spark plug.
On Bench Procedure:
• Wire up the 4-terminal Ignition module as shown in Figure 10-8 using jumpers with alligator
clips.
Notice:
• the B+ terminal is connected to Battery positive
• the module case is grounded (Battery negative)
• the Test Light is used in place of the ignition coil primary windings. One side at Battery + and
the other side at the module C (coil) terminal.
The Test Light (primary winding) is now powered and waiting to be connected to ground by the
transistor.
(Figure 10-8)
Activity 10 – In Shop Worksheet Answers

5. With the pick-up coil P and N terminals disconnected, describe the Test Light:
• With one hand at Battery positive, wet your finger and touch the P terminal of the module.
This duplicates a positive pulse from the pick-up coil.
6. Describe the Test-Light.
Note: Your body is used as a current-limiting resistor. Do not connect the sensitive input
terminals P and N of the ignition module directly to the battery.
The Test-Light should have turned on when the transistor base was forward-biased.
This shows just how sensitive the ignition module is. The signal from the pick-up coil is pretty
small, and the module must be sensitive enough to switch the primary circuit.
Late Model Ignition Modules:

In the past, spark advance was controlled by vacuum or by mechanical means. Now, spark
advance is computer controlled. The computer makes the decision as to where the advance
should be based on engine conditions.
Late model G.M. ignition modules have seven (7) terminals instead of four (4). The additional
terminals are used to connect the ignition module to the computer.

Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 11
The Amplifier
Activity Contents:
• The Rheostat Circuit

• The Transistor as an Amplifier
• Turn-On Voltage

Worksheet
The Rheostat Circuit:
In Activity #10, the transistor was introduced as an electronic switch that could be turned ON
and OFF like a mechanical switch. Now, we will look at another use of the transistor.
(Figure 11-1)
• Build the circuit in Figure 11-1. Use Red wire in the path to the bulb; B-C and D-E. Use Green
wire for: B-H, I-J, L-M, and N-O. Use Black wire for the grounds: F-G and K-P.
• Rotate the variable resistor all the way Counter-Clockwise (CCW) and toggle the switch to the
ON position.
• Now, slowly rotate the variable resistor all the way Clockwise (CW).
2. Describe what you notice:

Here we see that the transistor can be adjusted between full OFF and full ON just like a valve or
faucet can be adjusted to control water flow. Figure 11-2 shows this comparison.
BASE
FULL OFF
COLLECTOR
EMITTER
BASE
VARYING BETWEEN
ON AND OFF
COLLECTOR
EMITTER
BASE
FULL ON
COLLECTOR
EMITTER
(Figure 11-2)
This type of transistor circuit is similar to the new style electronic dimmers used on the
automobile instrument panel.
• View the circuit you have constructed.
3. Which path (Red or Green) is the Control Path?
4. Which path is the Load Path?

• Compare this electronic dimmer circuit with the older style rheostat in Figure 11-3.
(Figure 11-3)
5. How many circuit paths do you see in the old style mechanical rheostat circuit?
6. How many circuit paths were in the electronic transistor circuit?
In the older rheostat circuit, both the Control Path and the Load Path are the same. All the current
going through the load also passes through the rheostat. This means that the rheostat has to be
big enough to handle the large load current. Also, all the wiring has to be a heavier gauge to
handle the load current, as well.
In the electronic dimmer circuit, the variable resistor does not need to be as big as the rheostat
because it is on the control side of the transistor where the current is low.

The Transistor as an Amplifier:
• Let us take a closer look at the control current and the load current in the circuit of Figure 11-1.
Rotate the variable resistor all the way Counter Clockwise (CCW) so that the bulb is at full
brightness.
• Using a DMM set to Amps, measure the current in the control path. Remove the Green wire,
N-O, and place the DMM in series in the control circuit, Red probe at (N) and Black probe at
(O).
7. What is the Control Current entering the BASE of the transistor when the variable
resistor is rotated fully CCW?
AMPS
• Write this value in the table, below, and repeat this measurement for different positions of the
variable resistor
8. Position Control Current (AMPS)

fully CCW
1/4 Turn
1/2 Turn
3/4 Turn
fully CW
• Reconnect the Green wire in the control path, N-O, and rotate the variable resistor all the way
Counter-Clockwise so that the bulb is at full brightness again.
• Now, let’s measure the current in the Load Path for different positions of the variable resistor.
Remove the Red wire, D-E, and place the DMM in series in the control circuit, Red probe at
(D) and Black probe at (E).
• Rotate the variable resistor fully Counter-Clockwise.
9. What is the Load Current entering the COLLECTOR of the transistor?

Amps
10. Describe the brightness of the bulb:

• Write this value in the table, below, and repeat this measurement for different positions of the
variable resistor.
11. Position Load Current (AMPS) Bulb Brightness

fully CCW
1/4 Turn
1/2 Turn
3/4 Turn
fully CW
• Using the measurements in Questions 8 and 11, fill in the table below with the values of
Control Current, Load Current, and Bulb Brightness.
12. Position Control Current Load Current Bulb Brightness

fully CCW
1/4 turn
1/2 turn
3/4 turn
fully CW
13. What happened to the Load Current and Bulb Brightness as the Control (BASE)
Current was decreased?
14. At what position (or positions) of the variable resistor was the transistor acting like a
closed switch?
15. At what position was the transistor acting like an open switch?
Note: Larger control (BASE) currents make the transistor turn full ON (saturation)
Very small control currents (or no control current) make the transistor turn full OFF
(cutoff).

16. Between which two positions does the brightness of the bulb change the most?
and
In this range of control (BASE) currents, the transistor is between full ON and full OFF. In this
range, the transistor is acting like an AMPLIFIER
Turn-On Voltage:
• Reconnect the Red wire in the load path, D-E, and rotate the variable resistor all the way
Counter-Clockwise so that the bulb is at full brightness.
• Using a DMM set to Volts, measure the voltage across the BASE and EMITTER [(Red probe
at (O) and Black probe at (F)].
17. BASE-EMITTER Voltage: Volts
18. Does the BASE-EMITTER continue to behave like a diode?
19. Is the BASE-EMITTER turned ON (Forward Biased)?
• Rotate the variable resistor until the bulb appears to be at about half brightness. Measure the
BASE-EMITTER Voltage again.
20. BASE-EMITTER Voltage: Volts
21. Did the BASE-EMITTER Voltage change very much or did it remain constant?
Here we see that the BASE-EMITTER turn ON voltage remains fairly constant when the
transistor is full ON or between full ON and full OFF. This should not be surprising because the
BASE-EMITTER does behave like a diode that always has a constant turn ON voltage when
Forward Biased.

Automotive Example:
In the automobile, we have seen how a transistor amplifier can replace a rheostat as the instrument
panel dimming control.
Figure 11-4 shows the service manual schematic of the transistor dimmer control circuit.
To Instrument bulbs
(Figure 11-4)
Another common place to find a Transistor Amplifier circuit is in the radio.
The radio’s volume control (variable resistor) varies the BASE currents to the transistors that
drive the speakers.

Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 12
Transistor Troubleshooting
Activity Contents:
• Diode Review
• Bench Testing a Transistor
Base To Emitter
Base To Collector
Collector To Emitter
Good NPN Transistor Behavior
• Transistor Faults
Shorted Base-Emitter
Shorted Collector-Emitter
• In-Circuit Testing
Good Transistor Behavior
Bad Transistor Behavior

Worksheet
After a general understanding of transistors, the automotive technician must be able to bench test
and troubleshoot transistor circuits, since these circuits are replacing older mechanical and
electrical components in the automobile.
This activity is designed to give the automotive technician some insight into troubleshooting
these automotive transistor circuits.
Diode Review:
Before looking at the transistor, let’s review the troubleshooting of a diode (or P-N junction).
(Figure 12-1)
Figure 12-1 shows the schematic symbol of the diode, and the two layer internal construction of
P-Type and N-Type material.
1. When Battery Positive is connected to the Anode (P-Type material) and Battery
Negative is connected to the Cathode (N-Type material) through a load, what is this
called?
2. In this condition, the diode acts like a (an) switch.

3. When Battery Negative is connected to the Anode (P-Type material) and Battery
Positive is connected to the Cathode (N-Type material), what is this called?
4. In this condition, the diode acts like a (an) switch.
• Obtain a DMM that has a DIODE CHECK position from your instructor.
5. In the DIODE CHECK position, which DMM probe acts like Battery Positive?
and Battery Negative?
6. Using the DMM in DIODE CHECK, do a Forward Bias measurement on diode #10
on the 1820 Board. What voltage do you measure? Volts
• Now do a Reverse Bias measurement on diode #10 on the 1820 Board.
7. What does the DMM display?
At this point, we should be comfortable making Forward Bias and Reverse Bias measurements
on diodes. If not, review Activity #5 on diode troubleshooting.
We will see that troubleshooting transistors is similar to testing diodes.

Bench Testing a Transistor:
(Figure 12-2)
Figure 12-2 shows the schematic symbols for the NPN transistors, and the 3-Layer internal
construction of P-Type and N-Type material.
8. From observation, what is each layer of the NPN transistor made of?
COLLECTOR
BASE
EMITTER
Base To Emitter:
9. Look at the BASE and EMITTER of the NPN transistor. Do these two layers look
like a diode?
10. Which terminal (BASE or EMITTER) is like the Anode end of a diode (P-Type
material)?
11. Which terminal (BASE or EMITTER) is like the Cathode end of a diode (N-Type
material)?

• Using the DMM in DIODE CHECK, place the Red probe on the BASE and the Black probe on
the EMITI’ER of transistor #21 on the 1820 Board.
This is the BASE to EMITTER Forward Bias Measurement.
• Now swap the probes with the Black probe on the BASE (P-Type) and the Red probe on the
EMITTER (N-TYPE).
This is the BASE to EMITTER Reverse Bias Measurement
In a good transistor, the BASE-EMITTER junction always acts like a diode.
Base To Collector:
• Look at the other side of the NPN transistor, BASE and COLLECTOR
14. Which terminal (BASE or COLLECTOR) is like the Anode end of a diode (P-Type
material)?
15. Which terminal (BASE or COLLECTOR) is like the Cathode end of a diode (N-Type
material)?
• Using the DMM in DIODE CHECK, place the Red probe on the BASE and the Black probe on
the COLLECTOR of transistor #21 on the 1820 Board.
This is the BASE to COLLECTOR Forward Bias Measurement.
• Now swap the probes with the Black probe on the BASE (P-Type) and the Red probe on the
COLLECTOR (N-TYPE).

This is the BASE to COLLECTOR Reverse Bias Measurement
In a good transistor, the BASE and COLLECTOR also acts like a diode.
Collector To Emitter:
• Look at the COLLECTOR to EMITTER path of the NPN transistor.
18. How many layers are there between these terminals?
• Using the DMM, place the Red probe on the COLLECTOR, and the Black probe on the
EMITTER.
• Now swap the probes with the Black probe on the COLLECTOR and the Red probe on the
EMITTER.
Here we see that the DMM displays Out of Limit for both COLLECTOR to EMITTER
measurements. The COLLECTOR to EMITTER path does NOT test like a diode.
• Fill in the chart below with the results of the measurements in questions 12, 13,16,17,19 and
20. This chart summarizes the behavior of a good NPN transistor.
Good NPN Transistor Behavior:
21. Forward Bias Reverse Bias

-B to E:
-B to C:
-C to E: Red to C Black to C
Black to E Red to E

For a good NPN transistor, the BASE to EMITTER path and the BASE to COLLECTOR path
should both act like diodes.
When Forward Biased, these two paths should have about 0.6 volts across them.
When Reverse Biased, they should display Out of Limit (like an open switch).
The COLLECTOR to EMITTER path is not like a diode and should always display Out of Limit
(like an open switch) for both measurements.
Although the PNP transistor is not included on the 1820 Board, the troubleshooting techniques
are similar to the ones described above.
Transistor Faults:
We will now cause some common transistor faults and see how these measurements change.
Shorted Base-Emitter:
(Figure 12-3)
Connect a yellow wire across the BASE and EMITTER of NPN transistor #21 as shown in
Figure 12-3. Remember, yellow wire is used for visual faults on the ATech trainer Circuits.

• Using your DMM, repeat the Forward and Reverse Bias Measurements on this faulted
transistor. Record your measurements m Table 22, below.

-B to E:
-B to C:
Black to E Red to E
• Compare Table 22 with Table 21.
23. What happened to the Forward Bias measurement of the BASE-EMITTER?
24. What happened to the Reverse Bias measurement of the BASE-EMITTER?
Shorted Collector-Emitter:
(Figure 12-4)
Connect a yellow wire across the COLLECTOR and EMITTER of NPN transistor #21 as shown
in Figure 12-4.

• Using your DMM, repeat the Forward and Reverse Bias Measurements on this faulted
transistor. Record your measurements in Table 25, below.

-B to E:
-B to C:
Black to E Red to E
• Compare Table 25 with Table 21.
26. What happened to the COLLECTOR-EMITTER measurements?
In Circuit Testing:
Good Transistor Behavior:
(Figure 12-5)
• Build the circuit in Figure 12-5. Use red wire in the path to the bulb, B-C, D-E. Use green wire
for B-H, I-J, and K-L. Use black wire for the ground, F-G.

• Toggle the switch ON.
• Using the DMM set to volts, measure the BASE to EMITTER voltage (Red probe on L and
Black probe on F).
• Now, measure the voltage across the COLLECTOR to EMITTER (Red probe on E and Black
probe on F).
29. Is this a good voltage drop across a closed switch?
No surprise! When the transistor is energized “ON”, it measures about 0.6 volts across the BASE
and EMITTER, and the COLLECTOR and EMITTER are acting like a dosed switch.
• Now toggle the switch OFF.
30. Again, measure the voltage across the BASE-EMITTER. Volts
31. Measure the voltage across the COLLECTOR-EMITTER. Volts
32. Is the COLLECTOR-EMITTER path acting like an open switch?
These measurements represent good transistor switching behavior.

Bad Transistor Behavior:
Shorted Base-Emitter
(Figure 12-6)
• Now, add a yellow wire and short out the BASE-EMITTER as shown in Figure 12-6. (L-F)
• Toggle the switch back and forth a couple of times.
33. What do you notice?
34. Measure the BASE-EMITTER Voltage. Volts
35. Measure the COLLECTOR-EMITTER voltage. Volts
36. Is the transistor stuck On or Off?

(Figure 12-7)
• Now, add a yellow wire and short out the COLLECTOR-EMITTER as shown in Figure 12-7.
(E-F)
• Toggle the switch back and forth a couple of times.
37. What do you notice?
38. Measure the COLLECTOR-EMITTER voltage. Volts
39. Is the transistor stuck On or Off?
A shorted BASE-EMITTER or a shorted COLLECTOR-EMITTER are common faults when a

transistor burns out.
Other common faults might be an open BASE, COLLECTOR, or EMITTER.
40. Would the bulb be On or Off for an OPEN BASE fault?
41. How about for an OPEN COLLECTOR or OPEN EMITTER fault?

Review:
Now we see that troubleshooting transistors is similar to troubleshooting diodes.
On bench, we perform a FORWARD-BIAS (.6V) and REVERSE-BIAS (OL) check on the

BASE-EMITTER and BASE-COLLECTOR terminals using the DMM in Diode check.
For the COLLECTOR-EMITTER path, we expect to measure Out of Limit when the transistor is
tested on bench.
In circuit, we expect to see about 0.6 volts across the BASE-EMITTER when the transistor is
turned ON and 0 volts across this junction when the transistor is turned OFF.
Also, in circuit, we expect the COLLECTOR and EMITTER to act like a closed switch when the
transistor is ON, and an open switch when the transistor is OFF.
Conclusion:
Troubleshooting automotive transistor circuits can be made simple if the automotive technician
understands these four basic areas:
1. A general knowledge of transistors.
2. Know how a circuit should work by reading a circuit description in the service manual.
3. Know how to read automotive wiring schematics and component diagrams.
4. Know how to use a DMM.

In Shop Worksheet
Activity 12
Purpose:
The purpose of this activity is to investigate and troubleshoot the Transistor used in late
model G.M. dash dimmer circuits.
Transistorized Dimmer:
Late model G.M. Vehicles since 1987 are using a transistorized dimmer circuit instead of
the traditional rheostat control. Figure 12-8 shows a schematic of this type of circuit.
(Figure 12-8)
1. What type of transistor is in the Remote Dimmer Module? ____________________
Troubleshooting:
With your instructor, obtain an actual Remote Dimmer Module. Troubleshooting the Remote
Dimmer Module is exactly the same as any NPN transistor.
The circuit schematic shows the transistor collector as terminal D, the emitter as terminal C,
and unlabeled is the base.
• Notice that the Collector of the transistor is also the case of the power transistor and must
be insulated from the heat sink.

• Using your DMM set to DIODE check, do a Forward Bias test across the Base and Emitter.
2. What Voltage do you measure? Volts
• Now do a Reverse Bias test on the Base and Emitter.
3. What does the display read?
4. How does this compare to a diode?
• Repeat these tests on the Base and Collector.
5. Base-Collector Forward Bias test. Volts
6. Base-Collector Reverse Bias test.
7. How does this compare to a diode?
Here we see that both the Base-Emitter Junction and the Base-Collector Junction both behave
like diodes.
• Now, let’s check the Emitter and Collector path.
• Place the Red probe on the Collector and the Black probe on the Emitter.
• Now, reverse the probes and repeat the measurement.
10. Is this the same type of reading that would appear across an open switch?
Conclusion:
The Remote Dimmer Module is simply an NPN power transistor. It is tested in the same way any
transistor would be tested. It is one of the few transistors in the automobile that is accessible
since most are “buried” inside other modules or the computer.

Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 13
Combining Transistors
Activity Contents:
• Single Transistor Operation

• Darlington Pair

Workshop
We have seen how a single transistor can be used as an electronic switch, and how it can be used
as an amplifier.
This activity looks at how transistors can be wired together to achieve improved performance
over single transistor operation.
Single Transistor Operation:
(Figure 13-1)
• Build the circuit in Figure 13-1. Use red wire in the path, B-C and D-E. Use green wire in the
path, B-H, I-J, and K-L. Use black wire for the ground path, F-G.
• Toggle the switch ON and leave the switch in this position.
2. What size resistor is in the Control Path? Ohms

• Now, let us measure the current in the Control Path.
• Break the Control Path by removing the green wire, K-L.
• Using a DMM set up to measure Amps, measure the control (BASE) current in the power
transistor. (Red probe on point K, and Black probe on point L).
3. How much Control Current do you measure?

mA or A
4. Is this enough Control Current to turn on the power transistor and cause the bulb to
light?
• Replace the green wire, K-L.
(Figure 13-2)
• Now, let’s reduce the Control (BASE) Current by replacing the 1K resistor with the 27K
resistor (more resistance) as shown in Figure 13-2.
5. Describe the bulb with the 27 K resistor in the Control Path?

• Remove the green wire, K-L and measure the Control (BASE) Current in the circuit.
6. How much Control Current do you measure?

mA or A
7. Is this enough Control Current to turn on the power transistor and cause the bulb to
light?
Here we see that the larger resistance in the Control Path made a lower control current,
But, this was not enough to turn on the power transistor and cause the bulb to light.
The Darlington Pair:

In any transistor control circuit, lower Control Current is desired because it would be nice to turn
on the transistor with as little power as possible. But, if the load is too heavy, the lower BASE
current won’t be enough to turn the transistor on.
For example, in the automobile the “computer chips” inside the ECMs provide the Control
Currents to the power transistors (often called drivers) that handle the heavy loads such as the
Fuel Pump motor, Cooling Fan, or Injector pulsing. Sometimes, even the Power Transistor
Control Currents are greater than the internal computer chips (inside the ECM) can handle?
Is there any way to make the lower Control Current turn on the power transistor?
The answer is yes.

(Figure 13-3)
• Build the circuit shown in Figure 13-3. Use red wire in the load path, B-C and D-E. Use green
wire in the control path, B-H, I-J, K-L, and M-N. Use blue wire for O-E and black wire for the
ground, F-G.
9. What value resistor is in the Control Path? Ohms
• Using your DMM set to Amps, measure the Control (BASE) Current in the first transistor.
Break the Control Path by removing green wire, K-L. Place the Red probe on K, and the Black
probe on L.
10. What Control (BASE) Current do you measure in the first transistor?
mA or A
Here, we see that, by adding a second transistor to the circuit, the lower Control Current is now
able to turn on the bulb.

• Replace the green wire, K-L, and measure the BASE current m the second (power) transistor by
removing green wire, M-N, and inserting the DMM between these points (Red probe on M, and
Black probe on N).
11. What BASE current do you measure in the power transistor?

mA or A
• Now, replace green wire M-N, and measure the current in the Load path. Remove red wire,
D-E, and insert the DMM between these points.
12. What Load current do you measure?

mA or A
• Fill in the chart, below, with the measurements you made on the two-transistor circuit.
13. First Transistor Power Transistor Power Transistor

BASE Current BASE Current LOAD Current
Here, we clearly see the advantage of using two transistors instead of one. We are now able to
control the Large Load Current with the Lower Control Current.
This double transistor circuit is called a DARLINGTON PAIR. The first transistor AMPLIFIES
the first BASE current making a larger BASE current for the Power Transistor. If you are familiar
with stereo equipment, this is similar to using a PRE-AMP to drive a POWER AMPLIFIER
Conclusion:
By chaining transistors together in this way, extremely low control currents can be made to
switch very large load currents. This means that very large electrical loads can be controlled by
the electronic circuitry inside the ECM computer.
Inside the ECM computer, there is a whole electronic section that comes between the delicate
(very low current) computer circuitry and the external connectors that hook up to the wiring
harness. The purpose of this section is to boost the control capability of the computer chips that
cannot handle heavy loads directly.
The Darlington Pair is just one example of using several transistors together in one control
circuit. Many times, circuits with several transistors are “buried” inside modules, such as the
Ignition Module, Voltage Regulator, or Vehicle Speed Sensor - Buffer. In all these cases, the
circuits are either SWITCHING or AMPLIFYING electricity.

Automotive
Electronics
Instructor Guide

Unit III: Transistors
1. Like a relay, a transistor has electrical paths. One path

uses current to control
current to a load.
2. The three terminals of a transistor are .
3. The two transistor terminals always used in the control path are
and .
4. The turn-on voltage of a transistor is volts, just like a diode.
5. When a transistor is either full ON or full OFF, it is being used as a

.
6. When a transistor is controlling between full ON and OFF, it is being used as a (n)
.
7. When testing transistors, a DMM can be used in the position.
8. Two transistors wired together as a Pre-Amp and Amp for greater sensitivity is called a
.
Unit III Review

Unit III Review
Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 14
The Capacitor
Activity Contents:
• Varieties
• Specifications
Capacitance Value
Voltage Rating
Polarization
Schematic Symbol
• Large Capacitor
Charging and Discharging
• Time Delay
• Small Capacitor
Electrical Noise
The Capacitor as a Filter

Worksheet
We are now ready to look at another electronic device called a CAPACITOR. The Capacitor is
another name for a Condenser.
A Capacitor is an electronic device that can “absorb” or store electricity. On older cars, the
Condenser was used to “absorb” the unwanted spark that would “jump” across the breaker points
when they opened.
Varieties:
Component #9 on the ATech Board is an Electrolytic Capacitor. Component #11 is also a
capacitor. It is a ceramic disc type. Capacitors come in different shapes and sizes depending on
their purpose.
CERAMIC
1 5 1 K
TERMINAL TERMINAL
METAL OXIDE
SURFACE
ALUMINUM PAPER &

FILM ELECTROLYTE
ELECTROLYTIC
(Figure 14-1)
We will first look at the specifications of a Capacitor, and then study their use in automotive
circuitry.
Specifications:
Capacitance Value:
Capacitors have different values of Capacitance. This refers to their electrical storage capacity.
The Base unit of Capacitance is the FARAD. This is a very large unit of Capacitance, so most
Capacitors are sized in millionths of Farads. This is also known as microfarads, abbreviated as
uF or mfd.

1. How many microfarads (uF) is Capacitor #9? uF
Small Capacitors are not marked as clearly as large Capacitors. Many times the CAPACITANCE
marking is coded by the manufacturer so it cannot be read directly. The small capacitor on the
ATech board has a value of 0.1 uF. This is 10,000 times LESS than the large capacitor.
Voltage Rating:
• Look closely at the large Capacitor on the ATech trainer.
2. Is there a Voltage Rating on the Capacitor?
3. What is the Voltage Rating? Volts
The Voltage Rating on a Capacitor tells us the maximum allowed voltage that can be placed
across the Capacitor without damage. Inside the capacitor, are rolled up metal foils. Any voltage
larger than the Voltage Rating can cause these foils to short. Capacitors used in the automobile
usually have a Voltage Rating that is twice as large as needed. This is to guarantee proper
operation.
4. What is the Voltage Rating on the small Capacitor? Volts.
Polarization:
• Again, look closely at the large Capacitor (Cap).
5. Are there any markings on the Cap that show a “+” or “-” sign?
This Capacitor happens to be POLARIZED. This means that it should only be connected to the
power supply in one direction. Most large Capacitors are Polarized; therefore, it is important to
check the packages for these markings.
6. Is the small “Cap” POLARIZED?
The small Capacitor is NOT polarized, so it can be connected in either direction to the power
supply.

7. In summary, the three electrical specifications of a Capacitor are
value, rating,
and markings.
Schematic Symbol:
(Figure 14-2)
Figure 14-2 shows the schematic symbols of a Polarized Capacitor and a Non-Polarized
Capacitor. For the Polarized Cap, many times the (+) sign on the flat end is not drawn.
Now, we will look at the two Capacitors on the ATech board more closely.

Large Capacitor:
Charging and Discharging:
(Figure 14-3)
• Connect the Capacitor as shown in Figure 14-3. Use red wire in the path B-C and black wire in
the path D-E.
• Disconnect the red and black wires from the Capacitor.
• Using the Meter set to Volts, measure the voltage across the Capacitor.
Here we see that the Capacitor has been CHARGED up to 12 Volts.
• Place the Voltmeter back across the Capacitor and hold it there for about 1 minute.
9. What is happening to the voltage across the “Cap”?

Here we can actually watch the Capacitor DISCHARGE slowly through the Voltmeter.
• Take a wire and short out the Capacitor as shown in Figure 14-4. Remove the wire and
measure the voltage across the cap with the Voltmeter.
(Figure 14-4)
By placing a wire across the Capacitor, we can DISCHARGE the “Cap” completely.
We will now take a look at how we can control the time it takes the capacitor to charge and
discharge.

Time Delay:
(Figure 14-5)
• Build the circuit in Figure 14-5. Use red wire in the path B-C, D-E, and F-G. Use black wire
for the grounds, H-I and J-K.
Note: The toggle switch connects the “Cap” to Power (C) or ground (J).
• Toggle the switch to the left (J).
• Using either the Analog Voltmeter or a DMM set to volts, place the probes across the capacitor.
• While watching the meter, toggle the switch to the right (C).
11. What is happening to the voltage across the cap?
• Toggle the switch to the left as you watch the meter.
12. Again, what happens to the voltage across the cap?

Here we see that the charge and discharge time is being controlled by using a resistor in the path.
The charge and discharge time depends on both the value of capacitance, and the value of
resistance. The larger the capacitance (storage capacity) or resistance (less current), the longer
the delay.
Let’s see how we can use this delay to do something useful.
(Figure 14-6)
• Build the circuit in Figure 14-6. Use red wire in the path to the bulb, B-C and D-E. Use green
wire in the control path, B-H, I-J, and K-L Use black wire for the ground, F-G.
This circuit should look familiar. It is a transistor switching circuit used to control the bulb.
13. Does the bulb turn ON immediately or is it delayed?
• Toggle the switch OFF.

14. Does the bulb turn OFF immediately, or is it delayed?
• Modify the circuit by adding the Capacitor as shown in Figure 14-7. Use blue wire for
J-M, and black wire for the ground, N-O.
(Figure 14-7)
15. Does the bulb turn ON immediately, or is it delayed?
• Toggle the switch OFF.
16. Does the bulb turn OFF immediately or is it delayed?
This circuit shows how a capacitor can be used to make a delayed turn OFF for the bulb. This
circuit is similar to the Seat Belt Warning Light, which has an immediate turn ON, and a delayed
turn OFF.

One use of the Capacitor is in electronic time delays. It can be charged up with electricity, and
can store it until it is discharged. By controlling the charge or discharge time, useful delay
circuits can be made.
Small Capacitor:
Electrical Noise:
Another use for a Capacitor is as an electronic FILTER Just as a water filter strains out unwanted
impurities, a Capacitor can filter out unwanted electrical impurities or “NOISE”.
Let’s first look at where this “NOISE” comes from.
(Figure 14-8)
• Build the circuit in Figure 14-8. Use red wire in the path to the LED, B-C, D-E, and F-G. Use
green wire in the path, L-M and N-O. Use blue wire in the path, J-K and K-G. Use black wire
for the ground, H-I.
• While watching the LED, touch the base of the first transistor with your finger (point P).
17. Describe the LED as you touch the base.

Are you surprised? The LED should come on as you touch the base.
All around us there are sources of electrical noise. Some of these sources are lightning, radio
signals (RF interference), and AC “hum” (from power lines). In the room where you are sitting,
the biggest source of electrical noise is probably the fluorescent lights overhead. Many times,
you can actually hear this “static” on an AM radio.
This circuit amplifies the “noise” picked up by your own body and turns on the LED so you can
“see” it.
With any electronic equipment, the unwanted “NOISE” can interfere with the proper operation
of the sensitive electronic circuits. In the automobile, the input signals to the computer can be
affected by the “noise” in the same way.
The Capacitor as a Filter:

Is there a way to FILTER out this NOISE? The answer is yes.
(Figure 14-9)
• Add the Capacitor to the circuit as shown in Figure 14-9. Use blue wire for the path P-Q and
black wire for the ground, R-S.
• Touch the base of the first transistor with your finger again (point P).

18. Describe the LED.
19. Was the small capacitor able to filter out the noise?
Here we see that just a small amount of capacitance is able to solve the problem. In the
automobile, all signals coming into the computer have some sort of noise filtering.
Conclusion:
The capacitor is an electrical storage device that can be charged and discharged. This feature can be
used to make electronic delay circuits.
Also, the capacitor can be used as an electronic filter to remove electrical “noise” from signals
that go into electronic equipment.

Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 15
The Photo Resistor
Activity Contents:
• Operation
• Schematic Symbol
• Automotive Uses
• Auto-Light Turn-On Circuit
(Optional):
• 1802 Troubleshooting Worksheet

Operation:
We will now look at another interesting electronic component.
(Figure 15-1)
• Set up a DMM to measure OHMS.
1. Under normal room lighting conditions, measure the resistance of component #3 as

shown in Figure 15-1. OHMS
2. Cover component #3 with your finger to block the light hitting it, and repeat the
resistance measurement. OHMS
3. What happened to the resistance of component #3 as you blocked (decreased) the light?
This electronic component is commonly called a Photo Resistor. Its resistance depends on the
amount of light hitting it.
In normal light, the Photo Resistor acts like a LOW resistance.
In the dark, the Photo Resistor acts like a HIGH resistance.

Schematic Symbol:
• Look at the schematic symbol of the Photo Resistor on the ATech Board. Notice it looks like a
resistor, with the addition of two little arrows showing that it is sensitive to light.
Automotive Uses:
In the automobile, this part can be used to:
⇒ Sense oncoming headlights, and automatically switch from high-beam to low-beam.
⇒ Automatically turn on lights when the automobile is driven at night.
⇒ Automatically adjust the rear-view mirror to its nighttime position when a car
approaches from the rear, and return the mirror to its original position when no one is
behind the driver.
Many late model cars already have one or more of these features.
• Let’s look at a familiar circuit and see if we can modify it to show one of these uses.
(Figure 15-2)
• Build the circuit in Figure 15-2 Use red wire in the path to the bulb, B-C and D-E. Use green
wire in the control path, B-H and I-J. Use black wire for the ground, F-G.

• Set up a DMM to measure volts, and measure the voltage across the BASE and EMITTER of
the power transistor (points J and F).
5. What BASE-EMITTER voltage do you measure? Volts
This is the TURN-ON voltage of the power transistor.
• Add the Photo Resistor to the circuit as shown in Figure 15-3. Use blue wire for the path, I-K,
and black wire for the ground, L-M.
(Figure 15-3)
6. With normal room light, describe the bulb:
Note: If the bulb does not light then there is not a sufficient voltage drop across the photo resistor
to turn on the transistor. Continue on to step 7.
• Disconnect wire I-K and remove it from the circuit.
• Disconnect wire I-J (blue) at J (base of the transistor).
• Connect a wire from I to N (resistor). This will make a connection between I-N.
• Connect a blue wire between point O and point J to complete the circuit.
• Refer to Figure 15-4 for the drawing of the circuit. An additional resistor is put into the circuit
due to the current gain of the transistor.
7. Cover the Photo Resistor with your finger, and describe the bulb now:

Auto-Light Turn-On Circuit:
Here, we see that by adding a Photo Resistor to the circuit, we can make the bulb turn ON when
the room light gets dark. This circuit can be used to automatically turn on the car lights for
nighttime driving.
Can we make sense of this electronic circuit operation using our understanding of basic
electricity?
(Figure 15-4)
8. Which transistor terminals are the photo resistor connected across?

and
• Measure the voltage across the BASE and EMITTER with normal room lighting conditions.
10. Is this less than the transistor turn-ON voltage measured in question 5?
In normal room light, the photo resistor provides a low resistance path to ground.
11. Does the low resistance photo resistor lower the voltage across the Base-Emitter?

12. If the voltage is low in one branch of a parallel circuit (photo resistor), what will the
voltage be in the other branch (Base-Emitter)?
The low resistance photo resistor lowers the BASE-EMITTER voltage below the turn-ON
voltage of the power transistor, and the bulb turns off. This is also called “pulling the voltage
low.”
• Cover the photo resistor and measure the voltage across the BASE and EMITTER again.
(You may want to cover the photo resistor with a piece of folded paper to free up your hands.)
14. How does this voltage compare to the turn-ON voltage of the power transistor?
When dark, the high resistance photo resistor does not lower the BASE-EMITTER voltage, and
the bulb turns ON.
Conclusion:
By using the photo resistor with transistor circuits, we can make light sensitive circuits for the
automobile. The photo resistor is one example of how electronics is changing the automobile. It
will be interesting to see the number of new features the automobiles of tomorrow will have, as
other electronic components are made available to this industry. The automotive technician has a
challenging job ahead in trying to keep up with all these changes to the automobile. The ATech
1820 course is designed to make this job easier.

Troubleshooting Worksheet
With this worksheet and the Model 1802 Keypad, identify and locate “hidden” faults in the
Photo-Resistor Circuit. If necessary, refer to the Model 1802 directions.
Before you begin troubleshooting, do you know how this circuit should operate? This is
important before you begin looking for problems.
(1.) Identify the troubleshooting CIRCUIT NUMBER?

16 - “ENTER” (#)
(2.) Select the MODE OF OPERATION

The Main Menu is:
1 = TROUBLE - for troubleshooting practice. Problems are randomly inserted.

Students have only ONE selection with 2 diagnostic questions.
A correct or incorrect response is provided. Students will then
select 1 (new fault), or 2 (new circuit);
Or
2 = EXAM - In this mode the student selection is captured and can be retrieved by
the instructor ONLY.
Or
3 = INSTRUCTOR ONLY - Allows the instructor to score student tests and insert
specific faults. Not for student use.
After selecting, key “ENTER” (#).
With your understanding of electricity, test meters and the circuit schematic, locate and identify
the type of fault inserted in this circuit. Remember to use what was discovered about this circuit
in the Activity Worksheet.
(3.) Diagnostic Question: FAULT IN COMPONENT#?

Select the component at fault (by number), then key “ENTER” (#).
The possible fault locations in this circuit are:

#3 – Photo-Resistor
#16 – Power Transistor
#18 – Ground Path
Activity 15 – Troubleshooting Worksheet

(4.) Diagnostic Question: 1 = OPEN 2 = SHORT TO GROUND
Identify the type of fault (by number), then key “ENTER” (#).
The possible faults in this circuit are:

#1 - Open
#2 - Short to Ground
After practicing the troubleshooting of this circuit (Mode 1), review your results with the
instructor. A troubleshooting test (Mode 2), or diagnosing a specific fault (Mode 3) may be
requested.

Automotive
Electronics
Student Manual
Activity 16
Combined Electronics
Activity Contents:
• Circuit Operation
(Optional):
•1802 Troubleshooting Worksheet (blue pages)

Worksheet
Circuit Operation:
This activity combines two circuits you have already worked with.
First, we will look at the Photo-Resistor circuit similar to Activity #15.
(Figure 16-1)
• Reconstruct the Photo-Resistor circuit as shown in Figure 16-1. Use red wire in the path to the
bulb, B-C and D-E. Use green wire in the control path, B-H and I-J. Use blue wire for the path,
I-K, and black wire for the grounds, F-G and L-M.
1. Which path is the Control Path, red or green?
2. Which path is the Load Path, red or green?
3. With normal room light, describe the bulb:
• Cover the Photo-Resistor with your finger.

As in Activity #15, the bulb should turn ON when the Photo-Resistor is covered.
• Hold your hand about a foot above the Photo-Resistor, and cast a shadow over it.
5. Describe the bulb as you do this:
Here we see that the circuit is not sensitive enough to sense the shadow made by your hand.
We can improve the sensitivity of this circuit by using two transistors instead of one.
(Figure 16-2)
Modify the circuit by adding the second transistor as shown in Figure 16-2. Use blue wire for the
path, N-E, and green wire for the paths, I-P and O-J.
6. What is the name for the two-transistor combination? (Refer to Activity 15)
7. In normal room light, describe the bulb:

• Again, hold your hand about a foot over the Photo-Resistor, and cast a shadow over it.
8. Describe the bulb as you do this:
9. Was the two-transistor circuit able to detect the shadow made by your hand and turn
on the bulb?
Here we see that the original Photo-Resistor circuit was improved by using the Darlington-pair
transistor combination.
Conclusion:
This circuit is a good example of how different electronic circuits can be combined to improve
the performance of the overall circuit. When trying to understand how a “complicated” circuit
works, always try to break up the larger circuit into smaller “chunks” that you already
understand. In this way, you will be able to understand and troubleshoot large circuits.
A troubleshooting worksheet has been provided for this activity. Make sure you are comfortable
with the operation of this circuit before attempting the worksheet
16-4 Automotive Electronic Activity 16

Troubleshooting Worksheet
With this worksheet and the Model 1802 Keypad, identify and locate “hidden” faults in the
Photo-Resistor Circuit. If necessary, refer to the Model 1802 directions.
Before you begin troubleshooting, do you know how this circuit should operate? This is
important before you begin looking for problems.
(1.) Identify the troubleshooting CIRCUIT NUMBER?

17 - “ENTER” (#)
(2.) Select the MODE OF OPERATION

The Main Menu is:
1 = TROUBLE - for troubleshooting practice. Problems are randomly inserted.

Students have only ONE selection with 2 diagnostic questions.
A correct or incorrect response is provided. Students will then
select 1 (new fault), or 2 (new circuit);
Or
2 = EXAM - In this mode the student selection is captured and can be retrieved by
the instructor ONLY.
Or
3 = INSTRUCTOR ONLY - Allows the instructor to score student tests and insert
specific faults. Not for student use.
After selecting, key “ENTER” (#).
With your understanding of electricity, test meters and the circuit schematic, locate and identify
the type of fault inserted in this circuit. Remember to use what was discovered about this circuit
in the Activity Worksheet.
(3.) Diagnostic Question: FAULT IN COMPONENT#?

Select the component at fault (by number), then key “ENTER” (#).
The possible fault locations in this circuit are:

#3 – Photo-Resistor
#8 – Transistor
#16 – Power Transistor
#18 – Ground Path

(4.) Diagnostic Question: 1 = OPEN 2 = SHORT TO GROUND
Identify the type of fault (by number), then key “ENTER” (#).
The possible faults in this circuit are:

#1 - Open
#2 - Short to Ground
After practicing the troubleshooting of this circuit (Mode 1), review your results with the
instructor. A troubleshooting test (Mode 2), or diagnosing a specific fault (Mode 3) may be
requested.

Automotive
Electronics
Instructor Guide

Unit IV: Capacitors and Photo Resistors
1. A capacitor is an electronic component that can electricity.
2. The storage capacity of a capacitor is called .
3. A capacitor that must be connected to the power supply in one direction is called
.
4. Controlling the charge and discharge rate of a capacitor provides

circuits.
5. A capacitor is used as a filter to remove electrical .
Unit IV Review
Unit IV Review - Answer Sheet
Model 1820A
NATEF TASKS
Record Keeping Sheet
Student: ____________________________________ Instructor: ___________________________________
At this point in the program, ask your instructor to review your ability to perform the following NATEF tasks
and record your progress.
VI. SYSTEMS ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC Date Grade
A. General Electrical System Diagnosis
1. Identify and interpret electrical/electronic system concern; determine _______ _______

necessary action.
4. Diagnose electrical/electronic integrity for series, parallel and series-parallel _______ ______
circuits using principles of electricity (Ohm’s Law).
5. Use wiring diagrams during diagnosis of electrical circuit problems. _______ _______
6. Demonstrate the proper use of a digital multimeter (DMM) during diagnosis _______ _______
of electrical circuit problems
7. Check electrical circuits with a test light; determine necessary action. _______ _______
8. Measure source voltage and perform voltage drop tests in electrical/electronic _______ _______
circuits using a voltmeter; determine necessary action.
9. Measure current flow in electrical/electronic circuits and components using an _______ _______
ammeter; determine necessary action.
10. Check continuity and measure resistance in electrical/electronic circuits and _______ _______
components using an ohmmeter; determine necessary action.
1
12. Locate shorts, grounds, opens and resistance problems in electrical/electronic _______ _______
circuits; determine necessary action.
15. Inspect and test switches, connectors, relays, solid state devices, and wires _______ _______
of electrical/electronic circuits; perform necessary action.
*This program also reinforces many tasks dealing with electronic controls such as: Engine Controls,
Transmission Controls, Antilock Brakes, "Air Bags" and Automatic Climate Controls.

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Model 1820A

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VI. SYSTEMS ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC

A. General Electrical System Diagnosis

1. Identify and interpret electrical/electronic system concern; determine P-1

4. Diagnose electrical/electronic integrity for series, parallel and series-parallel P-1

5. Use wiring diagrams during diagnosis of electrical circuit problems. P-1

9. Measure current flow in electrical/electronic circuits and components using an P-1

ATech Supports ASE/NATEF

Automotive Electronics – 2002

ATech Supports ASE/NATEF

Automotive Electronics – 2002

NATEF Task Record Keeping:

1. Electricity and Electronics

2. The Digital Multi-Meter

3. Why Use a DMM?

II. INTRODUCTION TO SEMICONDUCTORS/DIODES

6. The Diode as a Rectifier

7. The Light Emitting Diode (L.E.D.)

8. The Clamping Diode

9. The Zener Diode

III. TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS

10. The Transistor Circuit

11. The Amplifier

13. Combining Transistors

IV. MORE ELECTRONICS

14. The Capacitor

15. The Photo Resistor

16. Combined Electronics

NATEF Record Keeping Sheet

• Master Switch and Power Supply Posts

• Edge Connector and Locking Pins

The back edge of the workstation has the following:

• Electronic Course Card

Component Type Component and Number

To begin, read the following information and review whenever necessary.

The Model 1802 keypad has 12 keys:

(1.) CIRCUIT NUMBER? _ _ _ _ _

(2.) SELECT MODE OF OPERATION:

A CORRECT or INCORRECT display is provided after both answers are entered.

CLEAR - MAIN MENU

You cannot continue without an instructor code number.

The first question displayed is:

(3.) FAULT IN COMPONENT #?

(4.) The display choices are:

1 = OPEN 2 = SHORT TO GRD

Mode 1 - Troubleshooting Practice

CORRECT (OR INCORRECT)

Both diagnostic questions must be accurate to receive a CORRECT response.

ASK INSTRUCTOR TO REVIEW

Automotive Electronics – Activity 1 1-1

• Close the toggle switch in the circuit.

2. Describe the bulb: its red

3. Does the relay click because if its mechanical operation? yes

This circuit’s load (bulb) is controlled by a relay.

1-2 Automotive Electronics - Activity 1

Low Current Control of High Current:

Referring to Figure 1-1:

4. Which path is the low current control path, red or green?

5. Which path is the high current load path, red or green?

Automotive Electronics – Activity 1 1-3

7. What component represents the high current load?

1-4 Automotive Electronics – Activity 1

10. Describe the bulb: It doesnt do anything

21. Which two ranges displayed 0.00? ___ and _