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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (MSBTE)

CERTIFICATE of Completion of Microproject

This is to certify that the student
Name Enrollment No. Roll No.
1.Jamadar Aman Nafis. 2100150331 01(S)
2.Ekunde Chaitrali Vijay. 2100150321 02(S)
3.Yash Manoj Kangiri. 2100150339. 03(S)
4.Jamadar Mohammad Zaid . 2100150359 04(S)

Made a report on Prepare chart on Schematic representation of

electrical-electronic symbols used in automobile for partial fulfilment
towards completion of diploma in Mechanical Engineering for the
Academic year 2023-2024 from government polytechnic, solapur
(0015) Sign :-

Prof.A.S.Kappikeri. Dr.Ashok Upadyay

(H.O.D.M.E Minority) (Principal)

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• CONTENT :-

Sr.No. Title Page no.

1. Abstract. 03.

2. Brief Introduction. 04.

3. Introduction. 06.

4. Electrical and Electrical 07.

components of vehicle.
5. Chart for Symbolic representation 14.
of Various components used in
Automobiles.

6. What is importance of 16.

Automotive Electronics ?
7. Electronic Components used in 17.
Automobile.
8 Chasis Electronic Components. 18.

9. Electrical Components used in 21.

Automobiles.
10. Detailed Study of major 22.
Electrical components used in
Automobiles.
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• ABSTRACT :-

Automobile electrical system has gradually evolved over the years and
today it assimilates. automatic computer control of the automotive
mechanics. In the early days, automobiles electrical system comprised
of only basic wiring technologies that were used for distributing power
to other parts of a vehicle. It had only switches, wires, relays and
controlled motors as its key components but today's electrical system
includes sensors, actuators, alternators, battery. oxygen sensors,
generator, starter solenoid, starter drive, high power electrical system
and other devices.
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A.Brief Introduction
Automobile electrical system has gradually evolved over the years and today it
assimilates. Automatic computer control of the automotive mechanics. In the
early days, automobiles electrical system comprised of only basic wiring
technologies that were used for distributing power to other parts of a vehicle. It
had only switches, wires, relays and controlled motors as its key components but
today’s electrical system includes sensors, actuators, alternators, battery. Oxygen
sensors, generator, starter solenoid, starter drive, high power electrical system
and other devices.

B. Aim of the Micro-

Project This Micro-Project aims
at:
TO learn about electronic and electrical components and their
symbol which are produced through non conventions machining
process

C. Intended Course Outcomes

Prepare a simple electrical-electronic circuits relevant to
automobile systems.

D. Literature Review

Automobile electrical system has gradually evolved over the years and
today it assimilates. automatic computer control of the automotive
mechanics. In the early days, automobiles electrical system comprised
of only basic wiring technologies that were used for distributing power
to other parts of a vehicle. It had only switches, wires, relays and
controlled motors as its key components but today's electrical system
includes sensors, actuators, alternators, battery. oxygen sensors,

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generator, starter solenoid, starter drive, high power electrical system

and other devices.
Automotive electronics are electronic systems used in vehicles,
including engine management, ignition, radio, carputers, telematics,
incar entertainment systems, and others. Ignition, engine and
transmission electronics are also found in trucks, motorcycles, off-road
vehicles, and other internal combustion powered machinery such as
forklifts, tractors and excavators. Related elements for control of
relevant electrical systems are also found on hybrid vehicles and
electric cars.
Electronic systems have become an increasingly large component of the
cost of an automobile, from only around 1% of its value in 1950 to
around 30% in 2010. Modern electric cars rely on power electronics for
the main propulsion motor control, as well as managing the battery
system. Future autonomous cars will rely on powerful computer
systems, an array of sensors, networking, and satellite navigation, all of
which will require electronics. Electrical and electronic system content
in both automotive and commercial vehicles will continue to become
more complex as new technologies are accepted and implemented.
From vehicle level integration requirements to individual subsystems
and component design validation. exponent's vehicle electronics group
has significant expertise and industry experience that includes
powertrain, body, chassis, safety, and entertainment electrical and
electronic systems hardware and software. Our staff has experience
designing and analyzing vehicle wiring and circuits, starting and
charging systems, batteries, motors, switches, lamps, internal
combustion and hybrid engine management systems, instrumentation,
power mirrors and windows, automatic headlamp aiming, heads-up
display, electric assist power steering, wireless tire pressure monitoring,
electronic suspension control, antilock brakes, electronic stability
control, traction control, electronic throttle control, electric brake
systems, passive seat belt systems, mobile communication systems, and
front and side multi-stage supplemental restraint systems.
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1.INTRODUCTION :-

Automobile electrical system has gradually evolved over the years and
today it assimilates. automatic computer control of the automotive
mechanics. In the early days, automobiles electrical system comprised
of only basic wiring technologies that were used for distributing power
to other parts of a vehicle. It had only switches, wires, relays and
controlled motors as its key components but today's electrical system
includes sensors, actuators, alternators, battery. oxygen sensors,
generator, starter solenoid, starter drive, high power electrical system
and other devices.
Automotive electronics are electronic systems used in vehicles,
including engine management, ignition, radio, carputers, telematics,
incar entertainment systems, and others. Ignition, engine and
transmission electronics are also found in trucks, motorcycles, off-road
vehicles, and other internal combustion powered machinery such as
forklifts, tractors and excavators. Related elements for control of
relevant electrical systems are also found on hybrid vehicles and
electric cars.
Electronic systems have become an increasingly large component of the
cost of an automobile, from only around 1% of its value in 1950 to
around 30% in 2010. Modern electric cars rely on power electronics for
the main propulsion motor control, as well as managing the battery
system. Future autonomous cars will rely on powerful computer
systems, an array of sensors, networking, and satellite navigation, all of
which will require electronics. Electrical and electronic system content
in both automotive and commercial vehicles will continue to become
more complex as new technologies are accepted and implemented.
From vehicle level integration requirements to individual subsystems
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and component design validation. exponent's vehicle electronics group

has significant expertise and industry experience that includes
powertrain, body, chassis, safety, and entertainment electrical and
electronic systems hardware and software. Our staff has experience
designing and analyzing vehicle wiring and circuits, starting and
charging systems, batteries, motors, switches, lamps, internal
combustion and hybrid engine management systems, instrumentation,
power mirrors and windows, automatic headlamp aiming, heads-up
display, electric assist power steering, wireless tire pressure monitoring,
electronic suspension control, antilock brakes, electronic stability
control, traction control, electronic throttle control, electric brake
systems, passive seat belt systems, mobile communication systems, and
front and side multi-stage supplemental restraint systems. Exponent
personnel are versed in the failure modes of high duty cycle sensors and
actuators, both inert and detrimental effects of electromagnetic
interference, and relevant mitigation methods. Exponent engineers and
scientists are trained in taguchi's robustness design practices including
total cost function, control factors, and life cycle cost management. In
order to optimize product design, validation, and life testing processes
for vehicle electronic systems, our engineers have implemented the
design of experiments and are capable of exploring factors not
understood or previously considered during initial product design and
development. Exponent's professionals have experience with methods
for proactively reviewing designs of vehicle systems,

• 2.Electrical and Electronic Components of

Vehicle :-
Electric current is used for a number of purposes in the automobile,
electric current flows through different system to fulfill the different
objects of cranking the engine. For starting, for production of spark to
burn the air fuel mixture in S.I. engine, charging of battery, lighting the
lamp, blowing the horn, electrical fuel pump, wind shield and many
others Electricity is the movement of electrons. Electrons create charge,
which we can harness to do work. They all operate using the same basic
power source
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The three basic principles explained using electrons, or more

specifically, the charge they create:
• Voltage is the difference in charge between two points.
• Current is the rate at which charge is flowing.

• Resistance is a material’s tendency to resist the flow of charge

(current). Resistance is measured in ohms . The higher the
temperature, the higher the resistance.
Electricity and magnetism are very closely related. Electricity is
flowing through a conductor while a magnetic field is created around it.
If a magnet move near a conductor or in a coil, it create electron flow
inside of it, which can be develop an electricity.

• Following are the electrical and electronic components of the

vehicle

 Resistors

 Capacitor

 Semiconductor

 Diodes

 Zener diodes

 Transistor Relay

 Solenoids
 Fuses

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• Starter

• 2.1.Resistor :-
A Resistor is a passive element that opposes current flow in a circuit.
It is a twoterminal element, dissipates its energy in the form of heat.
The resistor will damage due to the overflow of electric current
through it. Resistance is measured in units of ohms and resistance Its
function is to limit current flow and and thereby voltage in circuits
where full current flow and voltage are not needed or desired.

Provide fixed voltage drops. The resistors used in electronic circuits

are manufactured from small carbon rods, and the size of the resistors
determines its resistance. Carbon resistors have a negative
temperature coefficient (NTC) and this must be considered for some
applications. Thin film resistors have more stable temperature
properties and are constructed by depositing a layer of carbon onto an
insulated former such as glass.
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• 2.2.Capacitors :-
The function of capacitor is to store an electric charge. In its simple
form it consists of two plates separated by an insulating material. The
capacitor constitutes of dielectrical materials having property to hold
electrical charge but cannot flow the free electrons through these like
air automobile it is used for reducing arcing across contacts breaker

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points Where the dielectric substance is connected to the voltage the

electrons are accumulated to one side start shifting to another side
which is called charging of capacitor.

• 2.3.Semiconductor :-
These cannot provide a current flow when pure but when another
small amount of material is added to a semiconductor. Then it
provide movement of electron. Depending upon the type of impurity
(material) added they are called as N-type or P-type. • N-type
semiconductor material are produced by doping silicon or germanium
with a element having five electron in Their outermost orbit E.g.
Phosphorus, antimony or bismuth. Similarly P type semiconductor is
obtained by doping germanium or silicon in the element having three
electron Eg. Boron, aluminium in outermost orbit.
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• 2.4.Diodes :-
A Diode is an electronic component with two terminals that are anode
and cathode. It allows electron current flow from cathode to anode
but it blocks another direction means allowing current to flow in one
direction only.The diode will have low resistance in one direction and
high resistance in another direction. The diodes are formed by
combining P-type and N-type semiconductor.

• 2.5.Zener :-
These are used for low voltage circuits, wave rectification circuits and
so forth.

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• 2.6.Transistors :-
It is a semiconductor device which can be used as an electronic solid
state switch or a current amplifier. Transistor are made in three section
N and P type material. It may be PNP transistor or NPN transistor.
Central section is called base and one end called emitter and other is
called collector. Base control the current flow.

• 2.7.Transformer :-
It is used to produce AC power supply, energy is transferred in between
primary and secondary coils the form of mutual inductance.
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• 2.8.Relay :-
A Relay is an electric switch that allows a small amount of current to
control a high current circuit.

Solenoids
Solenoids are electromagnetic switches with a movable core that
converts current flow into movement

• 2.9.Mechanical Fuses :-
Fuses provide protection from high current. The fuse will flow
sufficient current and it is used to provide over current protection.

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Sr. No. Component name Symbolical representation

1. Diodes

2. Capacitors

3. Resistors

4. Battery circuit

5. Fuse circuit

6. Transformer

7 Transistor
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• What is the importance of Automotive

electronics ?

Automotive electronics play a crucial role in modern

vehicles, contributing to safety, comfort, and overall
functionality. These electronic systems include engine
management, safety features such as airbags and anti-
lock braking systems, entertainment and navigation
systems, as well as various sensors and control units. They
help improve fuel efficiency, reduce emissions, enhance
driver and passenger safety, and provide a more
comfortable and enjoyable driving experience.
Additionally, automotive electronics are integral to the
development of autonomous and electric vehicles,
shaping the future of transportation.

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• Car’s Interior Electronic components :-

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• Chassis electronic components :-

The chassis system has a lot of sub-systems which monitor

various parameters and are actively controlled:
• ABS – Anti-lock Braking System
• ASR / TCS – Anti Slip Regulation / Traction Control
System
• BAS – Brake Assist
• EBD – Electronic Brakeforce Distribution
• EDC – Electronic Damper Control
• EDS – Electronic Differential Slippery
• ESP – Electronic Stability Program
• ETS – Enhanced Traction System
• PA – Parking Assistance

Passive safety
Main article: Passive safety
These systems are always ready to act when there is
a collision in progress or to prevent it when it senses a
dangerous situation:
• Air bags
• Hill descent control
• Emergency brake assist system

Driver assistance
Main article: Advanced driver-assistance systems
• Lane assist systems
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• Speed assist system

• Blind spot detection
• Park assist system
• Adaptive cruise control system
• Pre-collision Assist

Passenger comfort
• Automatic climate control
• Electronic seat adjustment with memory
• Automatic wipers
• Automatic headlamps - adjusts beam automatically
• Automatic cooling - temperature adjustment
Entertainment systems
• Navigation system
• Vehicle audio
• Information access
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• Engine electronics :-

One of the most demanding electronic parts of an automobile

is the engine control unit (ECU). Engine controls demand one
of the highest real-time deadlines, as the engine itself is a very
fast and complex part of the automobile. Of all the electronics
in any car, the computing power of the engine control unit is
the highest, typically a 32-bit processor.
A modern car may have up to 100 ECU's and a commercial
vehicle up to 40.
An engine ECU controls such functions as:
In a diesel engine:
• Fuel injection rate
• Emission control, NOx control

• Regeneration of oxidation catalytic converter

• Turbocharger control

• Cooling system control

• Throttle control

In a gasoline engine:
• Lambda control
• OBD (On-Board Diagnostics)
• Cooling system control
• Ignition system control
• Lubrication system control (only a few have electronic
control)
• Fuel injection rate control
• Throttle control

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• Electric Components used in

Automobile :-
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• The Major Electrical Components Consist

of as Follows :-

Alternator: In the early days of modern cars, gas was used to charge the
battery while today alternator or dynamo has taken its place. The alternator is
connected to the engine through gear and when the engine runs, the alternator
draws power from the engine which in turn generates electricity. Electricity
keeps the battery charged and also fulfills the requirements of all the
electrical components.

Battery: The battery is the most essential electric vehicle part. It transmits
power to a self-starter to start the engine of a car. Besides, starting the engine
of a car, the battery can also be used in place of the generator. For example,
you can play the audio system in your car when the engine is off and at the
same time, it supplies power to headlights and air-conditioning too. In fact, it
is the backbone of the electrical system in a vehicle.

Starter: It serves only one but very significant purpose and that is to start
your vehicle. The battery-powered starter rotates the flywheel, helping the
crankshaft to run at the required speed to keep the engine running. The starter
receives a punch of electric energy in a second therefore it is advised to keep
headlights, and audio system off before using the starter. It will ensure the
long life of it.

Fuel Pump Switch: A petrol engine needs sparks to fire and the ignition coil
helps to burn the fuel while in diesel engine needs the pump to remain on to
keep injecting fuel so that the engine would continue to run.

Cooling Fans: In the traditional model of cars, cooling fans (also known as
radiator fans) were connected to the engine. However, with the advancement
of technology in the car, mainly after 4WD advancement, the cooling fans are
connected to the battery so that it can run even when the engine of the car is
off.

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Air Conditioner Blower: There are fans in the passage of the switch knob
which are electric-powered. The fans circulate the air into the car cabin.

Lighting: The entire lighting system in the car is electrified. They are battery-
powered so that they can be kept on even when the car is not running or off.
In the traditional model, the gas was used for lights.

Motor: There are some of the motors in the car which are both electric and
battery-powered. The wiper ensures safe driving by wiping the rainwater
from the front glass while window glass can also be operated through the
switch. Besides, the side glasses in most of the cars are also adjusted through
a switch which is both battery and electric-powered.